Mobile System

Chapter 1: Introduction to Mobile System

1. Mobile Technologies
a. Telecommunication
b. Invention of Radio
c. Invention of Television
d. Invention of Computer
i. 1st generation (ENIAC)
ii. 2nd generation
iii. 3rd generation
iv. 4th generation
e. Internet
i.
f. Wireless Technology
i. Cable -> Optical Fiber -> Wireless Access -> Bluetooth -> WiFi -> WiMAX
-> GiFi
2. Mobile Devices
- Small handheld and extremely portable computing device having a display screen with
touch input/miniature keyboard
- Categories:
o Console
o Smartphones
o Tablets
o Cell phones
- Features
o Portable
o Operational System [iOS, Android, Symbian, Windows Mobile, Blackberry OS]
o Apps [Natives, Web Apps, Mobile sites]
3. Mobile System
- Electronic telecom device often referred to as a cellphone
4. Wireless Systems
- WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network [short range & low power]
- WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network [medium range & medium power]
- WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network [long range & high power]
- 1G Cellular networks
- 2G Digital networks
- 3G High speed IP data networks & mobile broadband
- 4G All IP networks

Chapter 2: Analog & Digital

i.
ii.
iii.

Analog
Relating to/ using signal or information represented by a continuously variable physical
quantity
Digital
Data expressed as series of digit 0 and 1, represented by values of a physical quantity
Analog vs Digital

iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
-

Analog Devices
Microphone
Headphones
Speakers
Sensors (temperature, pressure, etc)
Digital Devices
Computers/laptops/iPad
Mobile phones
MP3 Player
Digital Camera
Definitions
Analog data: information that is continuous
Digital data: information that has discrete states
Analog signal: infinite number of values in a range
Digital signal: limited number of values
Analog & digital mobile systems
1st generation
o Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
o Total Access Communication System (TACS)
o Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
o Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS)
o Japanese Mobile Cellular System (MCS)
o CNET
o MATS-E
nd
2 generation (Digital Cellular Systems)
o Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
o North American TDMA (IS-136 TDMA)
o Extended TDMA (E-TDMA)
o Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network (iDEN)
o Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95 CDMA)
o Japanese Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

viii.

2.5 generation (Packet Digital Cellular System)

o General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
o Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)
o CDMA2000 (1xRTT)
o Evolution Data Only (1xEVDO)
o Evolution Data and Voice (1xEVDV)
rd
3 generation (Wideband Digital Cellular Systems)
o Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
o Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000)
o Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA)
Comparison Digital vs Analog communication system

Chapter 3: Broadband & Wireless

1) Broadband
a. Definition
i. In telecommunication: wide bandwidth data transmission with an ability
to simultaneously transport multiple signals & traffic types. MEDIUM:
coxial cable, optical fiber, radio
ii. In Internet access: Any high-speed Internet access that is always on and
faster than traditional dial-up access.
b. Type of Broadband
- Cable
- DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
Mainly for business applications.
More costly
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
Mainly for residential usage.
Cheaper than SDSL.
- SDSL

- ADSL
- Internet connectivity
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
LAN extension
Wired connection
Satellite
Wireless (WiFi)
c. Broadband Technologies
i. Telecommunications
ii. Computer networks
iii. TV & video
iv. Power lines
2) Wireless
a. Definition: transfer of information/power between 2 or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor
b. Wireless Communications
- Radio
Radio communication
Microwave communication
- Free-space optical (FSO)
Optical communication technology that uses light propagating in
free space to transmit wirelessly data for telecommunications/
computer networking.
- Sonic
Ultrasonic short range communication involves the transmission&
reception of sound
- Electromagnetic induction
Short range communication & power
Used in biomedical situations
b. Wireless Applications
- Mobile telephones
- Mobile accessories
- Data communications
- Medical technologies
- Computer interface devices
- Video games
Chapter 4: Mobile Computing Environment
A. Definition
a. Computing : operation of computers

b. Mobile: someone/something can move/ be moved easily & quickly from place to
place
B. Mobile computing: users with portable computers still have network connections while
they move
a. 2 aspect of mobile computing
User mobility can communicate anytime, anywhere with anyone
Device portability devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to
network
b. Nomadic Computing - The computing environment is nomadic and moves along
with the mobile user.
c. Pervasive Computing - computing environment, which is pervasive in nature and
can be made available in any environment.
d. Ubiquitous Computing - disappearing (nobody will notice its presence)
everyplace computing environment.
e. Global Service Portability - Making a service portable and available in every
environment. Any service of any environment will be available globally.
f. Wearable Computers - computers that may be adorned by humans like a hat,
watch, shoe or clothes (these are wearable accessories)
C. Application of Mobile Computing
a. Mobile Banking
b. Emergency Services
c. In companies
d. In courts
e. Credit card verification
f. Stock information control
g. For estate agents
h. Taxi/truck dispatch
i. Electronic mail
j. Vehicles
D. Issues of Mobile Computing
a. Security & privacy risks
i. Authentication
ii. Encryption
iii. User anonymity
iv. Threats
b. Unreliable & unpredictable wireless links
i. Wireless links are not reliable.
ii. They may vary over time and space.
c. Mobility
i. Poor quality wireless links.
ii. Intermittent connection

d. Limited resources
i. Insufficient bandwidth
ii. Limited battery power
iii. Limited processing, display & storage.
e. Human interface with device
i. Level of understanding of user-system interactions
f. Potential health hazards
i. Potential health damages from cellular radio frequencies
E. Research in Mobile Computing
a. Broadband & wireless communications
b. Biomedical communications
c. Parallel & distributed computing
d. Advanced information networking
e. Information security
f. Data mining
Chapter 5: Data Acquisition
1. Definition of Data Acquisition (DAQ)/Data Acquisition System (DAS)
a. process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and
converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be
manipulated by a computer
b. convert analog waveforms into digital values for easy processing
2. Components
a. Sensors that convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
b. Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be
converted to digital values.
c. Analog-to-digital converters, which convert conditioned sensor signals to digital
values.
3. Features
a. Acquire the necessary data
b. Monitor the complete operation to maintain on line and safe operations.
c. Collect, summarize and store data for diagnosis of operation and record purpose.
d. Flexible and capable of being expanded for future requirements.
e. Compute unit performance indices using on-line, real time data.
f. Reliable, easy-to-operate and must be user-friendly.

4. Block Diagram

a. Physical System/conditions
can be used as input of DAS
o Displacement
o Level
o Electric signals
o ON/OFF switch
o Temperature
o Pressure
o Light
o Force
b. Transducer Sensor
converts temperature, pressure, level, length, position, etc. into voltage,
current, frequency, pulses or other signals.
converts the physical conditions in electrical waveform for easy signal
processing
c. Signal Conditioning
improve the quality of signals generated by transducers before they are
converted into digital signals by the PC's data acquisition hardware.
d. Analog Digital A/D Converter
changes analog voltage or current levels into digital information.
5. Advantages
a. Reduce data redundancy.
b. Reduce updating errors and increased consistency.
c. Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs.
d. Improve data access to users through use of host and query languages.

e. Improve data security.

f. Reduce data entry, storage, and retrieval costs.
g. Facilitate development of new applications program
6. Disadvantages
a. Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design.
b. Substantial hardware and software start-up costs.
c. Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs.
d. Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database
system.
e. Initial training required for all programmers and users
Chapter 6: Data Management
I.

II.

III.

Definitions
a. Data - a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables
b. Information - data that has been processed
c. Data management - the development, execution and supervision of plans, policies,
programs and practices that control, protect, deliver and enhance the value of
data and information assets.
Issues in Mobile Data Management
a. Complex mobile data management.
b. Difficult to integrate & transform data.
c. Memory constraint.
d. Difficult to locate or track mobile objects.
e. Slow communication links, unpredictable user connection rates, near real-time
information requests, mobile application version control & mobile application
uptime.
Types of Mobile Data Management
a. Connection management
Complex & obscure
Must wrestle with emerging communication protocols, standards & low-level
operational aspects of wireless connectivity
Load balancing & scalability option should be provide
b. Integration management
Provide flexible and robust methods for tying into multiple back-end
information sources.
Ability to extend the investment made in large corporate information systems
to the mobile workforce in an efficient, transparent and meaningful way.
Requirement for data transformation and business data processing.
c. Memory management
A cache is a smaller and fast memory used for holding frequently used data
items.

 Data caching is important in mobile computing environment because these

environments has only narrow bandwidths.
o improve data availabilities
o Improve overall system performances
Requirement for evaluation metrics to analyze the cache management
d. Location management
Vary depending on the application domain.
Rely on a combination of storing some information about the location of the
objects at selected sites and on performing some form of searching.
Use data structure techniques for storing the location of moving objects
e. System administration
Requirement for centralized administration and control of users, devices,
applications and corporate data.
Applies pressure on the distributed server configurations, device management,
and communications methods used to support them.