Michael Faraday IET International Summit: MFIIS-2015, September 12 13, 2015, Kolkata, India

(Paper ID: 138)

STEADY STATE HARMONIC STABILITY ANALYSIS

IN IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM FOR FAULT AT
GENERATOR BUS
D. K. Ray*, S. Chattopadhyay**, K. D. Sharma***, S. Sengupta***
*MCKV Institute of Engineering, debopoma86@gmail.com
** Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology, surajitchattopadhyay@gmail.com
***University of Calcutta, kaushikdassharma@yahoo.com, samarsgp@rediffmail.com

Keywords: Active Power, Harmonic Power, Harmonic

Stability, Operating Point, Stability Zone

nonlinear, and the same holds for the relationship between

real and reactive power consumption at a bus or the generated
real power and scheduled voltage magnitude at a generator
bus [7]. Direction of harmonic power flow is also important
Abstract
to depict the possible source of harmonic generation in a
In this paper steady state harmonic stability has been assessed system. If the possible source of harmonic generation can be
in IEEE 14 bus system for fault at generator bus. It has been predicted, adequate technologies can be implemented for
achieved by applying passivity based impedance model in conditioning and attenuating the harmful effects of those
Gauss-Seidal iteration technique. Power and load angle have harmonic components at the customer location. Various
been determined at normal condition as well during fault research works has been seen to develop fundamental as well
condition at generator bus. Fundamental and harmonic bus as harmonic [Y-Bus] matrices [8] - [10] for power flow
voltages have been determined both for normal and fault analysis. Some power flow assessments [11], [12] have been
conditions. Operating points in P-SODQHKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHG seen to generate a particular predefined system model, which
and zone of operation has been assessed for both fundamental
are considered to be the sole generator of harmonic
and harmonic components. Significant shift of the harmonic
frequencies in a system. Simulation based real time dynamic
operating points have been observed during fault condition.
generator equivalent modeling [13] has been seen to improve
the voltage stability. Modeling of passivity and activity based
1 Introduction
polyphase systems [14] has been seen, which proves that in
addition to harmonics generated by the source, harmonics can
Stability assessment is a challenging issue in planning and be generated from the any part of the interconnected system.
security assessment of power systems [1]. Stability is Harmonic power flow estimation has been seen using fast
concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain fourier transform (FFT) [15]. Small disturbance stability at
acceptable voltage, power at all buses in the system under the operating point [16] of a power system has been seen
normal conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance where the power flow equation encounters a saddle node
[2]. This disturbance can be due to various abnormalities bifurcation, since the differential algebraic equation will have
occurring in the system due to the presence of various zero eigen value at equilibrium. Research [17], [18] reveals
harmonic frequencies, power imbalance, faults, and system the change in magnitude and direction of power flow in a test
blackouts occurring in an interconnected grid system [3], [4]. ring system for harmonic frequencies present in the network.
Research [5] reveals a stability analysis technique in a single A new method [19] for tracing voltage power curves in an
feeder comprising of two-bus system using ABCD line unbalanced radial distribution system has been seen, where
parameters, where monitoring the feeders voltage at leading the proposed method starts with the base case loading
and lagging load conditions, PV and QV curves has been conditions leading to maximum loading point where no illdrawn, to monitor stability of feeders. Typically, the conditioning problems has been detected. The results have
deleterious effects of power frequency disturbances are been seen to be authenticated in a test 33-bus radial feeder
predominantly felt in the long run and such disturbances do system, IEEE 13-node system and IEEE 123-node feeder
not result in immediate failure of electrical devices [5]. Power system. Since, none of the above analysis has been seen to
losses due to harmonics in a system greatly reduce the system deal with the harmonic steady state stability at symmetrical
efficiency and hence degrade system stability. Harmonic short circuit fault condition, work has been proceeded to
power flow calculations are thus becoming a routine in power analyze the same.
sector, which are used for regular prediction of the degree of
harmonics in existing systems and in the design of new This paper analyzes the steady state stability of an IEEE 14
system parameters. However, in the power flow problem, the bus system for fault at generator bus using passivity based
relationship between voltage and current at each bus is impedance model. Power, bus voltage and load angle have

261

Michael Faraday IET International Summit: MFIIS-2015, September 12 13, 2015, Kolkata, India
(Paper ID: 138)
been determined at normal as well as at fault condition. The
shifting of the system operating points has been assessed
during fault condition in P-SODQH

12-13
13-14

0.22092+0.19988i
0.17093+0.34802i

0
0

1
1

Table 3. Bus data considered for analysis

Injected MVAR

Qmax

Qmin

MW

MW

Generator

MVA
R

Angle degrees

Voltage magnitude

Bus code

Analysis has been done on IEEE 14 bus system as shown in

Figure 1 [20], whose bus characteristics, line and bus data has
been presented in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.

Bus no.

Load

MVAR

2 System under analysis

30.38

17.7

40

-40

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

2
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

1.04
1.01
1
1
1.07
1
1.09
1
1
1
1
1
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
131.8
66.92
10.64
15.68
0
0
41.3
12.6
4.9
8.54
4.918
20.86

0
26.6
10
2.24
10.5
0
0
23.2
8.12
2.52
2.24
8.12
7

232
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

-40
0
0
0
-6
0
-6
0
0
0
0
0
0

50
40
0
0
24
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3 Theoretical Background
Figure 1. IEEE 14 bus system under study.
Table 1. Bus Characteristics
Buses
Bus 1
Buses 2, 3, 6, 8
Buses 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Gauss-Seidal iteration [21], [22] technique has been used in

assessing the system bus voltages. Let a bus be defined as K
within N nodes, where

I K50,250,350,550 Hz

Nature
Slack Bus
Generator Buses
Load Buses

Line Impedance
0.01938+0.05917i
0.04699+0.19797i
0.05811+0.17632i
0.05403+0.22304i
0.05696+0.17103i
0.06701+0.17103i
0.01335+0.04211i
0+0.25202i
0+0.20912i
0+0.17615i
0+0.55618i
0+0.11001i
0.03181+0.0845i
0.09498+0.1989i
0.12291+0.25581i
0.06615+0.13027i
0.12711+0.27038
0.08205+0.19207i

Susceptance
0.0264
0.0219
0.0187
0.0246
0.017
0.0173
0.0064
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

VK

Tap
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.932
0.978
1
0.969
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

n 1

K50,250,350,550 Hz

VK50,250,350,550 Hz

(1)

are the bus current matrices, wherein YK represent the bus

admittance matrices and VK represent the bus voltage
matrices at fundamental and harmonic frequencies. Now,

Table 2. Line data considered for analysis

Bus
Orientation
1-2
2-3
2-4
1-5
2-5
3-4
4-5
5-6
4-7
7-8
4-9
7-9
9-10
6-11
6-12
6-13
9-14
10-11

IK
1

YKK YKK

(2)

Kn n

n 1
nz K

at frequencies 50Hz, 250Hz, 350Hz, 550Hz respectively.

PK  jQK
VK*

(3)

N
1 PK  jQK
 VKnVn
*

YKK
VK
n 1
nz K

(4)

However, I K
and

VK

at frequencies 50Hz, 250Hz, 350Hz, 550Hz respectively, for

K=1, 2, 3-------N, where, PK and QK denote the active and
reactive power matrices and

VK * denote the complex

conjugate of VK at different frequencies as stated above, and j

is a complex operator. Acceleration factor of 1.6 has been
chosen for best convergence.

262

Michael Faraday IET International Summit: MFIIS-2015, September 12 13, 2015, Kolkata, India
(Paper ID: 138)
Let the complex voltages at buses K and M be expressed as

VK

VK exp( jG K )

VM

VM exp( jG M )

where, VK and VM are fixed and

(5)

PK

VK

PM

VM

4 Harmonic Stability Analysis using Passivity

Based Model
are variable.

G K and G M

where,

g  VK VM b sin G  VK VM g cos G

(7)

g  VK VM b sin G  VK VM g cos G

(8)

(17)

(6)

The power injections at the two buses will be given by

2

 VM YKM  VK VM YKM cos G

QM

GK  GM .

The passivity model based [14] power flow estimation has

been done for fundamental and harmonic components for
fault in bus 2. The fundamental and harmonic impedances
calculated, has been represented in voltage-current-frequency
plane in Figure 2, where Z11, Z22, Z33, Z44 denote the passive
impedances at 1st, 5th, 7th and 11th order of frequencies.

Depending upon the angle G , the direction of power flows

has been assigned, where G stands positive for power flow
from bus K to M and G stands negative for power flow from
bus M to K.
Now, if a symmetrical short circuit fault occurs at bus M, the
bus current vector, henceforth becomes [23],

0
 I
f

I bus

(9)

and the bus voltage at fault is denoted as,

Z bus I f

VT

(10)

where,

Z bus

Z KM
.
Z MM

(11)

As per Thevenins theorem, the post fault bus voltage in a

Thevenins equivalent network is

V f bus

V 0bus  Z bus I f

where, V

0
bus

Figure 2. Layer based representation of passive impedances

obtained

(12)

is the initial bus voltage at pre-fault condition.

The power flow from the K-th bus to M-th bus through the
line connected between these buses are given by,

The deviation of active power, maximum real power and delta

for fundamental and harmonic components at fault in bus 2
has been presented in Table 4, wherein h denotes data at
healthy condition and f denotes data at fault.

VK

VK VM

VM

sin G
X
YKM sin G  PMK

(15)
50Hz

PKM
and

QK

VK YKM  VK VM YKM cos G

34.92

20.47

0.38

-0.17

6.67

-2.79

19.01

13.18

0.11

-0.23

8.17

-5.5

32.33

13.11

0.6

-0.5

20.8

-6.5

121.16

24.74

0.3

-0. 2

23.4

-6.47

Feeder

10-11

line impedance of transmission line between buses K and M

at fundamental and harmonic frequencies.The power flow
equation to assess the operation of the power transmission
line between buses K and M within real power steady state
stability limits can be denoted [22] as

13-14

 Im[VK * (VK  VM ) yKM  VK *VK yKM ]

where, yKM 0 is the line charging impedance and z KM 0 is the
QKM

9-14

(14)

Changes observed
Pmax

9-10

? PKM

Table 4. Deviation of maximum real power, delta and

operating point of some feeders at fault in Bus 2
Frequency

S KM

V  VM

(13)
VK K
 VK yiKM
z KM

Re al VK * (VK  VM ) yKM  VK *VK yKM 0

(16)

263

10-11

17.75

7.01

0.2

-0.08

3.77

-1.65

13-14

11.78

5.2

0.27

-0.1

3.26

-1.93

9-14

11.55

4.01

0.05

-0.03

7.8

-1.05

9-10

30.8

6.77

0.03

-0.06

10.9

-1.79

10-11

14.25

4.12

0.15

-0.15

3.31

-0.7

13-14

11.08

3.06

0.2

-0.06

-0.9

9-14

10.77

2.36

0.04

-0.02

7.5

-0.5

9-10

27.11

3.97

0.02

-0.04

10.6

-1.24

10-11

3.39

2.12

0.09

-0.16

2.51

-2

13-14

2.35

1.57

0. 12

0.06

2.05

1.5

9-14

2.08

1.21

0.03

-0.14

1.07

-0.97

26

3.7

0.029

-0.1

9.02

-1

9-10

550Hz

350Hz

250Hz

Michael Faraday IET International Summit: MFIIS-2015, September 12 13, 2015, Kolkata, India
(Paper ID: 138)

Figure 3. P-FXUYHIRU-11 feeder

Depending on the power and voltage angle values, P-FXUYHV

of some feeders (10-11, 13-14, 9-14, 9-10) has been drawn
and the operating points of the system, for fundamental, and
harmonic components at fault in bus 2 has been assessed,
which has been presented in Figure (s) 3-6 respectively,
wherein N1, N5, N7, N11 denote the P- FXUYHV IRU
fundamental, harmonic components and F1, F5, F7, F11 denote
the P- FXUYHV IRU IXQGDPHQWDO KDUPRQLF FRPSRQHQWV IRU
fault in bus 2. The description of the operating points has
been provided in Table 5. The P- FXUYHV KDYH EHHQ GUDZQ
from the concept of significance of individual harmonic
frequencies in a system [6], [24].

Figure 4. P-FXUYHIRU-14 feeder

Table 5. Description of various operating points

Operating points
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Description
Operating point inN1
Operating point in F1
Operating point in N5
Operating point in F5
Operating point in N7
Operating point in F7
Operating point in N11
Operating point in F11

Figure 5. P-FXUYHIRU-14 feeder

264

Michael Faraday IET International Summit: MFIIS-2015, September 12 13, 2015, Kolkata, India
(Paper ID: 138)
fault at generator bus of an interconnected grid system
changes the location of operating point of respective feeders
in different zones of P-SODQH7KXVWKLVDQDO\VLVFDQEHXVHG
for harmonic stability analysis and fault bus assessment.

References

Figure 6. P-FXUYHIRU-10 feeder

5 Feature Extraction
The P- FXUYHV RI )LJure (s) 3-6 has been analyzed and the
following features have been extracted to demonstrate how
the system steady state stability changes for fault occurring in
generator bus of an interconnected grid system. The analysis
has been presented in Table 6.

550Hz

350Hz

250Hz

50Hz

Frequency

Table 6. Deviation of location of operating points for fault in

Bus 2
Feeder

10-11
13-14
9-14
9-10
10-11
13-14
9-14
9-10
10-11
13-14
9-14
9-10
10-11
13-14
9-14
9-10

Location of Operating points

Healthy

Faulty

Stable generating zone

Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone

Stable motoring zone

Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable generating zone
Stable generating zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable generating zone
Stable motoring zone
Stable motoring zone

7 Conclusion
Power system stability calculations are of utter importance, to
identify the possible zone of operation of a system for various
faults occurring into the interconnected network. This
analysis shows how the presence of symmetrical short circuit

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