P13.32. A 1.0cm. diameter pipe widens to 2.0cm, then narrows to 0.50cm diameter.

The speed in the first section is 4.0

m/s, what is the speed in the other two sections?
The equation of continuity applies as long as the pipe is full. Note that A1, A2, and A3 and v1, v2, and v3 are the crosssectional areas and the speeds in the first, second, and third segments of the pipe.

Solve: (a) The equation of continuity is

A1 v1

A2 v2

r 21 v1

A3 v3
2

(0.005 m) ( 4.0 m/s)

v2

0.005 m
0.01 m

r 22 v2

r 23 v3
2

(0.01 m) v 2

r 21 v1

r 23 v3

(0.0025 m ) v3

(4.0 m /s )

r 22 v2

1.0 m/s

0.005 m

v3

(4.0 m /s)

0.0 025 m

16 m /s

(b) The volume flow rate through the pipe is

A1v1

(0.005 m) 2(4.0 m/s) 3.1 10 4 m3/s

P13.33. What does the second pressure gauge read?

Treat the oil as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoullis equation.
Consider the path connecting point 1 in the lower pipe with
point 2 in the upper pipe a streamline.

Solve: Bernoullis equation is

1 2
p2
v2
2
Using p1 200 kPa
105 Pa 110 kPa.

2.00

gy2

105 Pa,

p1

1 2
v1
2

gy1

900 kg/m3, y2 y1

p2

p1

1
2

10.0 m, v1

v 21

v22

g(y1

2.0 m/s, and v2

y 2)
3.0 m/s, we get p2

1.1

P13.35. A rectangular trough of height 0.45m width 0.3m and length 1.2m has a small drain hole at the bottom of one
end. What is the velocity of the water stream coming out of the hole?

Treat the water as an ideal fluid

obeying Bernoullis equation.

g(y2

y1 ) (p1

p2 )

1
2

v1

v2

Consider a point at the surface and a point in the hole. The pressure at the two points is the same (Patm), so p1 p2 0.
Further assumptions are that the area of the trough is so large that (1) it doesn't matter, and (2) the speed of the water at the
top is zero (v1 0).
Call y2 y1 h 0.45 m.
Solve: Since the pressures are equal we have
1
gh
v21 v22
2
Now set v1

0 and cancel .

gh

1 2
v2
2

Solve for v2.

v2

2gh

2(9.8 m/s2 )(0.45 m)

3.0 m/s

Assess: The result is independent of the area of the trough, as long as it is big enough that we can assume v1

0. The

result v2 = 2gh is known as Torricellis theorem.

P13.53.

The pictorial representation below gives the relevant diameters of a 2ml syringe. A nurse uses the syringe to
inject medicine into a patient with a blood pressure of 140/100. (a) How much force must he exert on the plunger with his
thumb? (b) if the syringe is emptied in 2 seconds, what is the speed of flow of the medicine through the needle?

Solve: (a) Because the patients blood pressure is 140/100, the minimum fluid pressure needs to be 100 mm of Hg above
atmospheric pressure. Since 760 mm of Hg is equivalent to 1 atm and 1 atm is equivalent to 1.013 105 Pa, the minimum
pressure is 100 mm 1.333 104 Pa. The excess pressure in the fluid is due to force F pushing on the internal 6.0-mmdiameter piston that presses against the liquid. Thus, the minimum force the nurse needs to apply to the syringe is

F
(b) The flow rate is Q

fluid pressure

area of plunger

(1.333 10 4 Pa)[ (0.003 m)2 ] 0.38 N

vA, where v is the flow speed of the medicine and A is the cross-sectional area of the needle. Thus,

Q
A

2.0 10 6 m3 /2.0 s
(0.125 10 3 m)2

20 m/s

P13.54. A water pistol with a 1.0 mm exit hole is fired horizontally 70cm above the ground. The water stream hits the
ground 1.2m away from the exit hole. What is the volume flow rate during the squirt?
The kinematic equation y = g t2 can be used to find the velocity of the water as it leaves the pistol, and the volume flow
rate is just the velocity times the area of the exit hole.
Solve:
floor.

The water has no vertical component of initial velocity as it leaves the pistol. It takes a time t
The

horizontal

distance

it

travels

in

this

time

is x (vx ) i t. Solving

for

the

initial

the water, (vx)i = x/t:

(vx )i

g
2y

(1.2 m)

(9.80 m/s2 )
2(0.70 m)

3.2 m/s

The volume flow rate as it leaves the pistol is

vA

v r2

2.5 10 6 m3/s

P13.57.

For the situation shown in the diagram, (a) what is the

water pressure as it exits the tube? and (b) calculate the height, h, of
the water in the tube.
We will treat the water as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoullis equation.
Let point 1 be beneath the standing column and point 2 be where the
water exits the pipe.
Solve:
(a) The pressure of the water as it exits into the air is p2

patmos.

(b) Bernoullis equation, Equation 13.14, relates the pressure, water

speed, and heights at points 1 and 2:
1 2
1 2
p1
v1
gy1 p2
v2
gy2
p1 p2
2
2
From the continuity equation,

v1A1

v2 A2

1
2

v 22

v21

(4m/s)(5 10 4 m2 ) v1(1 0 10 4 m2 ) 20 10 4 m3/s

g(y 2

v1

y1)

2m/s

Substituting into Bernoullis equation,

1
p1 p2 p1 pa tm os
(1000 kg/m 3 )[( 4 m/s)2 (2 m/s)2 ] (1000 k g/m 3 )(9.8 m/s)(4.0 m)
2
6000 Pa 39,200 Pa 45,200 Pa
But p1

p2

gh, where h is the height of the standing water column. Thus

45,200Pa
4.6m
(1000 kg/m3 )(9.8m/s2 )

2 y /g to hit the
velocity of

P13.58.

Assuming the air flowing through the nozzle

diagrammed at right behaves as an ideal, incompressible fluid.
(a) Calculate the flow speeds at points 1 and 2. (b) Calculate
the volume flow rate.
The ideal fluid (that is, air) obeys Bernoullis equation. The air
speeds at points 1 and 2 are v1 and v2, and the cross-sectional
areas of the pipes at these points are A1 and A2. Points 1 and 2
are at the same height, so y1 y2.

Solve:
(a) The height of the mercury is 10 cm. So, the pressure at point 2 is larger than at point 1 by

g(0.10m) (13,600 kg/m3 )(9.8m/s2)(0.10 m) 13,328 Pa

Hg

p2 p1 13,328 Pa

Using Bernoullis equation,

p1

1
2

ai r

v 21

air

gy1

p2

1
2

v12

v22

a ir

v22

ai r

2( p2

gy2

p1 )
ai r

1
2
2(13,3 28 Pa)
(1.28 kg/m3 )
p2

p1

ai r

Substituting v1

A2 v2

v1

A2
v
A1 2

(0.005m) 2
v 25 v2
(0.001m)2 2

25v2 in the Bernoulli equation, we get

(25v2) 2 v22 20,825 m2 /s2

Thus v1 25v2 145 m/s 150 m/s.
(0.005 m) 2 (5.78 m/s)
(b) The volume flow rate A2 v2

v2 5.78 m/s 5.8 m/s

4.5 10 3 m3/s.

v 22

20,82 5 m2 /s 2

From the continuity equation, we can obtain another equation connecting v1 and v2:

A1v1

v 21