Czarina Pherese J.

Sulit
BIO 1
I.

II.

Cellular Structure
Defining Cells
A. Cells
The basic building blocks of life
Simplest structure capable of basic life processes
All living things are composed of cells
2 Types of Cells
A. Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryote comes from the Greek word Pro meaning "before" and Karyon" meaning
nut or kernel
Can be divided into two domains: Archaea and Bacteria
Main distinction: No nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Example:

B. Eukaryotic Cell
Comes from the Greek word Eu meaning Well and Karyon meaning nut or kernel
Main distinction: Has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
2 Examples of Eukaryotic Cell
a) Animal Cell
Example:

b) Plant Cell

c)

Example:

Animal vs. Plant Cell

Table of Comparison

Similarities of Animal and Plant Cells

Common Features of All Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Plasma Membrane
Present, cell membrane Present, cell wall and a cell
membrane
Cytosol
Present
Present
Cytoskeleton
Present
Present
Chromosomes
Present
Present
Ribosomes
Present
Present
Membrane-bound Organelles
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Nucleus
Present
Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Present
Present
Golgi Apparatus
Present
Present
Mitochondria
Present
Present
Vacuoles
Present
Present
Vesicles
Present
Present
Peroxisomes
Present
Present
Differences of Animal and Plant Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Centrioles
Present
Absent
Lysosomes
Present
Absent
Cell Wall
Absent
Present
Chloroplasts (Plastid)
Absent
Present
Vacuoles
One or more small
One large central vacuole
vacuoles
Shape
Round (Irregular)
Rectangular (Fixed)

III.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

A. Table of Comparison
Cell Type

Eukaryotic Cell
Usually multi-cellular

Cell Size

10-100um

Examples
Common Features of All Cells
Plasma Membrane
Cytosol

Animals and Plants cell

Present
Present
Present

Cytoskeleton
Number of Chromosomes

Present
More than one, multiple double helix

Ribosomes
Membrane-bound Organelles
Nucleus
DNA

Large
Present
Present
Found in the nucleus, bounded by a
membranous nuclear envelope
Present
Present
Present
Present

Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles and Vesicles
Peroxisomes
IV.

Prokaryotic Cell
Usually unicellular
(Cyanobacteria may be multi-cellular)
1-10um
Bacteria
Present
Present
Present, where most of the chemical
reaction of metabolism takes place
Present, Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton
One (Plasmids not a true chromosome),
single circular
Small
Absent
Absent
Found in an unbound region called the
nucleoid
Absent
Absent
Present
Absent

Common Features of All Cells

A. Plasma Membrane
Selective barrier
Allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste in and out of the cell
Composed of a Phospholipid bilayer
a) Hydrophilic (head) water loving
b) Hydrophobic (tails) water fearing

B. Cytosol
The semi-fluid substance inside the cell composed mostly of water
Contains ions and macromolecules (Nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates and fats)
C. Cytoskeleton
Backbone of the Cell
Dynamic networks of protein structural filaments, microtubules, microfilaments and
intermediate filaments, criss-crosses the cytoplasm, anchoring the organelles in places
Provides the structure and shape of the cell
Helps maintain cells organization

D. Chromosomes
Condensed chromatin fibers, which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and
histone proteins
Carries genetic information in the form of genes

E. Ribosome
Protein Factories
Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
Carry out protein synthesis either as:
a) Free Ribosome Located in cytosol
b) Bound Ribosome Located at the surface of ER and nuclear envelope

V.

Membrane-bound Organelles (Eukaryotic Cells)

A. Nucleus
Data Storage
Contains DNA and Chromatin
Parts
a) Nuclear Envelope
A double layered membrane
i. Inner Membrane
ii. Outer Membrane
Composed of Nuclear Lamina: protein
b) Nuclear Pores

Allow the exchange of cellular materials between nucleoplasm and

cytoplasm
c) Nucleoplasm
Cellular material
d) Nucleolus
Inner core
Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

B. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Biosynthetic Factory
2 Types of ER
a) Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids and steroids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Stores calcium ions
b) Rough ER
Associated with Ribosomes, thus making it rough
Assembles and transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus

C. Golgi Apparatus
Shipping and Receiving
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called Cisternae (folds)
a) Cis face
Receiving side of Golgi Apparatus
b) Trans face
Shipping side of Golgi Apparatus
Function
a) Modifies products of the ER
b) Manufactures certain macromolecules

c)

Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

D. Vacuoles and Vesicles

Diverse Maintenance Compartments (Packages)
Storage/transport bubbles derived from ER and Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
a) Food Vacuoles: Forms when a cell engulf another cell by a process called
Phagocytosis

b) Contractile Vacuoles: Pump out excess water (freshwater protest)

The difference of Vacuole in Plant and Animal Cells
i. Plant Cell
- Central vacuoles: hold organic compounds and water
(mature plant cells)
- 1 vacuole

ii. Animal Cell

- 2 or more vacuoles

 Vesicles

E. Lysosome
Digestive Compartments
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules (Proteins, fats,
carbohydrates and nucleic acids)
Fuses with food vacuoles to digest the molecules inside
Recycles the cells own organelles and macromolecules through a process called autophagy

F.

Peroxisomes
Oxidative Compartments
Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
Oxidizes compounds and neutralizes free radicals (damage from environment,e.g. pollution)

G. Mitochondria
Chemical Energy Conversion or Power House of the Cell
Sites of cellular respiration
Uses oxygen (Aerobic respiration) to generate ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the energy
currency of the cell
Converts glucose and other nutrients to ATP and ATP in turn, serves as energy battery for
cellular process
Produces metabolites in the mitochondrial matrix

H. Chloroplasts (plants)
Capture of Light Energy
Sites of photosynthesis
Found in plant cells
Contains the green pigment (Chlorophyll) as well as enzymes and other molecules that
function in photosynthesis
Absorbs sunlight to produce food (sugars) for the plant

VI.

VII.

VIII.

Non Membrane-Bound Organelles

A. Centrioles
Main function is to produce aster and spindle for cell division
B. Flagellum
For the locomotion of Cells
C. Cilia
Serves as sensory organelles
Membrane-bound vs. Non Membrane-bound Organelles
A. Many organelles are also filled with a fluid. These fluid-filled organelles are surrounded by a
plasma membrane to separate their insides from the rest of the cytoplasm. These are the socalled membrane bound organelles, such as the lysosomes, Golgi complex, and mitochondria. By
the way, the similarities between the terms cytoplasm and plasma membrane can help you
remember and understand their meanings: the plasma membrane serves to create boundaries
between objects in the cytoplasm.
B. Organelles that are not fluid-filled don't need to be separated from the rest of the cell in the same
way, so they don't have a membrane. These are the non-membrane bound organelles.
Other Specialized Compartments of the Cell
A. Plant Cell Walls
Incorporated with the central vacuole
B. Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
Outside the cell
Allow communication between cells

C. Intercellular Junctions
Provides direct contact with neighbouring cells or between a cell or extracellular matrix
Animal Cells
a) Tight Junction
Membranes of neighbouring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage
of extracellular fluid
b) Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions which fasten cells together into strong sheets
c) Gap Junction
Communicating junctions which provides cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent cells

Plant Cells
a) Plasmodesmata
Equivalent, Gap Junction
Channels that perforate plant cell walls
Place where water and small solutes (sometimes proteins and RNA) pass
from cell to cell

IX.

X.

Endomembrane System
A. Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
B. Relationship among organelles of the endomembrane system
C. Components
Nuclear Envelope
ER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Plasma Membrane
Cells rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to function

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XI.
Reference
Abramson, J. (n.d). Non-Membrane Bound Organelles: Definition & Examples. Study.com. Retrieved from the web
on August 19, 2016: http://study.com/academy/lesson/non-membrane-bound-organelles-definitionexamples.html
Jasuja, N., Sehgal, P. & Tilahun, A. (n.d). Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic Cell. Diffen. Retrieved from the web on
August 19, 2016: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell
Jasuja, N., Sehgal, P. & Tilahun, A. (n.d). Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell. Diffen. Retrieved from the web on August 19,
2016: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Animal_Cell_vs_Plant_Cell
Velarde, M. (2016). Bio 1: The Cell and Its Composition. Powerpoint Presentation.
(n.a). (n.d). All Cell Parts. Google Images. Retrieved from the web on August 19, 2016:
https://www.google.com.ph/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=ls-2V_SXJKTY8gflxIPIAg
(n.a). (n.d). Extracellular Matrix. Boundless. https://www.boundless.com/biology/definition/extracellular-matrix/
(n.a). (n.d).Wikipedia: Cell Junction. Retrieved from the web on August 19, 2016:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_junction
(n.a). (n.d). Wikipedia: Extracellular Matrix. Retrieved from the web on August 19, 2016:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix
(n.a). (n.d). Wikipedia: Eukaryote. Retrieved from the web on August 19, 2016:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote
(n.a.). (n.d). Wikipedia: Prokaryote. Retrieved from the web on August 19, 2016:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

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