Faculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering HK01

KA20703
FLUID MECHANICS
Dr Noor Sheena Herayani Harith
ROOM 22, LEVEL 2, BLOCK A,
TELEPHONE: 088-320000 EXT. 3595
EMAIL: drsheenafkj@gmail.com

UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Basic units is derived from Newtons second law: the

force required to accelerate a kilogram at one meter per
second per second is defined as the newton (N)
Basic units in the SI system are;
kilogram (kg)
Meter (m)
second (s)
The relationship between these three units can be
expressed as the weight of a kilogram at the earths
surface;
W = Mg
= (1) (9.81) kg.m/s2 = 9.81 N
A unit mass, M can be determine from above equation
also be expressed in N.s2/m

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

The basic unit of temperature in the SI system is the

Kelvin (K)
The Kelvin scale is 0 K at absolute zero and 273.16 K at
freezing point of water
The Celsius scale (oC) is 0 oC at the freezing point of
water
K = 273 + oC
The unit of work and energy is joule (J), in N.m
Unit of power is watt (W), in joule per second (N.m/s)
Multiplication of units
G (giga) = 109
c (centi) = 10-2
M (mega) = 106
m (milli) = 10-3
k (kilo)
= 103
(mikro) = 10-6

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

In fluid mechanics there are only four primary

dimensions from which all other dimensions can be
derived: mass, length, time, and temperature.
Each physical phenomenon can be expressed by an
equation giving relationship between different
quantities.
Physical quantities may be classified into two groups
(a) fundamental or primary quantities (b) Derived or
Secondary quantities

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

The fundamental or primary quantities are mass,

length, time and temperature
The quantities which are expressed in terms of the
fundamental or primary quantities are called derived or
secondary quantities (velocity, area, acceleration etc.)
The expression for a derived quantity in terms of the
primary quantities is called the dimension of the
physical quantity.
Quantities are dimensional or non dimensional

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Quantity

Dimensions

7
SI Unit

Density

M L-3

kg/m3

Specific weight

ML-2T-2

Kg/m2 s2 = N/m3

Frequency

T -1

1/s

Pressure

ML-1T-2

kg/m.s2 = N/m2 = Pa

Stress

ML-1T-2

kg/m.s2 = N/m2 = Pa

Viscosity

ML-1T-1

Kg/m.s = N.s/m2

Flow rate

L3T-1

m3/s

Work

ML2T-2

Kg.m2 /s2 = N.m = j

Energy

ML2T-2

Kg.m2 /s2 = N.m = j

Surface Tension

MT-2

Kg/m2 = N/m

Torque

ML2T-2

Kg.m2 /s2 = N.m

FLUID
PROPERTIES

FLUID PROPERTIES

Every fluid has certain characteristics by which its

physical condition may be described
These properties are expressed in terms of a limited
number of basic dimensions which in turn quantified by
basic units (using SI system of units), e.g.;
- Length = meter (m)
- Mass or force = kilogram (kg)
- Time = second (s)
- Temperature = Kelvin

PROPERTIES INVOLVING MASS OR WEIGHT OF FLUID

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PROPERTIES INVOLVING MASS OR WEIGHT OF FLUID

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VISCOSITY

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Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is

being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress.
Viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". If two fluids have
relative motion one respect another then a friction force will
be developed between the two fluids.
All real fluids have some
resistance to stress and therefore
are viscous, but a fluid which has
no resistance to shear stress is
known as an ideal fluid or
inviscid fluid
The slower moving fluid will try
to slow down the faster moving
fluid. The fluid has significant
internal frictional effect is known
as viscous fluid

VISCOSITY

13

In any flow, layers move at different velocities and the

fluid's viscosity arises from the shear stress between the
layers that ultimately opposes any applied force
The viscosity together
with relative velocity
causes a shear stress acting
between the fluid layers
Viscosity unit, Pa.s = kg/s.m

VISCOSITY

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VISCOSITY

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KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

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KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

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KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

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KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

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TYPES OF VISCOSITY

Newton's law of viscosity

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TYPES OF VISCOSITY

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NEWTONIAN: fluids, such as water and most gases which have a constant
viscosity.
SHEAR THICKENING: viscosity increases with the rate of shear.
SHEAR THINNING: viscosity decreases with the rate of shear. Shear
thinning liquids are very commonly, but misleadingly, described as
thixotropic.
A BINGHAM PLASTIC is a material that behaves as a solid at low stresses
but flows as a viscous fluid at high stresses.
NEWTONIAN FLUID: Fluid in which shear stress is directly proportional to
the rate of shear strain (Velocity gradient)
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID: Fluid in which shear stress is not proportional to
the rate of shear strain (Velocity gradient)

SURFACE TENSION

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SURFACE TENSION

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PRESSURE INTENSITY INSIDE A DROPLET

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PRESSURE INTENSITY INSIDE A DROPLET

Cases where surface tension force is balanced by the
internal pressure:

CAPILLARY EFFECT

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Capillary effect is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces

without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces
like gravity.
It occurs because of intermolecular attractive forces between
the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces.
If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the
combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion
within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and the
container act to lift the liquid.
With some pairs of materials,
such as mercury and water, the
intermolecular forces within the
liquid exceed those between the
solid and the liquid, so a convex
meniscus forms, and capillary
action works in reverse.

CAPILLARY EFFECT

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CAPILLARY EFFECT

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CAPILLARY EFFECT

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VAPOR PRESSURE

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The pressure at which a liquid will vaporize, or boil, at

a given temperature is called its vapor pressure
Boiling occurs whenever the local pressure equals the
vapor pressure.
Vapor pressure increases with temperature.
There are two ways to boil a liquid:
- Raise the temperature, assuming that the
temperature is fixed (For water at 101.3 kPa, the
boiling temperature is 373 K).
- Reduce the pressure in liquid to its vapor pressure
(If the pressure in water at 323 K (10oC)is reduced
to 1.23 kPa, the water boils).