Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF
By
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
P. VASUDEV NAIK
Assistant professor & Ph D scholar
(Hort)
Podina (Telugu)
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
Origin
The cultivation of mint originated from Brazil
and China.
Subsequently, China and India overtook Brazil
and more recently India has taken the leading
position in cultivation of this essential oil
yielding plant.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
Botanical Description
Mint is a perennial ascending herb growing about 60-80 cm. in height
and under favourable conditions may attain a height upto 100 cm.
It is propagated mainly by its stolons. Leaves are lanceolate-oblong,
sharply toothed; petiole is small about 5mm. in length.
The leaf lamina varies from 5 to 15 cm. The leaf surfaces mainly lower
side is covered with dense hairy growth of glandular trichomes.
Flowers are borne in axillary and terminal verticillaster , abundant in
number , purplish in colour.
The flowers are small with corolla measuring 4-5mm., calyx 2-3mm.,
narrowly deltoid and acuminate.
It does not produce seed and propagation is through vegetative means
only.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
Economic Importance
P. V. NAIK
10
Botanical name
Japanese mint
Pepper mint
M. Piperita
Menthol (35-50 %)
Bergamot mint
M.citrata
Spear mint
M. Spicata
Carvone (60-95%)
M. cardiaca
Carvone (53-68 %)
Garden mint
M. viridis
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
11
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
12
Area (ha.)
(India)
Production
(tonnes of Oil)
(India)
Japanese
mint
Total world
production
(tonnes of Oil)
Major Producing
Countries
103,000
19,400
34,860
India,China, Brazil,USA
8,500
280
9,780
4,200
65
492
23,000
380
4,050
Peppermint
Bergamot
mint
Spearmint
P. V. NAIK
13
P. V. NAIK
14
2011-2012
2012-2013
2013-2014
Item
Q
1292.0
32.2
757.0
22.5
1515.4
53.9
1421.5
50.9
1798.4
215.3
1967.7
314.8
12809.0
567.4
8956.7
498.8
934.0
89.5
1238.6
34.3
2326.3
39.0
754.1
27.9
337.0
371.6
660.3
579.6
Mint oil
Menthol
DMO
Total
Value
22 September 2015
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
16
P. V. NAIK
17
P. V. NAIK
18
P. V. NAIK
19
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
20
Agro-climatic Requirements
Mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
The mean temperature between 20-400 C during major part of
the growing period and rainfall between 100-110 cm. (light
showers at planting stage and ample sunshine at the time of harvesting)
P. V. NAIK
21
Japanese
Bergamot
Mint
Pepper
Spear
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
22
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
23
Variety
1.
MAS-1
2.
Hybrid-77
3.
Shivalik
(selection from
Chinese cultivar)
Kushal
Sr. No.
22 September 2015
24
5.
EC-41911
(selection
Russian
germplasm)
from
6.
Gomti
7.
Himalaya
8.
Kosi
9.
Saksham
22 September 2015
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
26
3. CIM-Indus
It yields high menthoferan to meet
industrial demand in perfumery and pharma
sector (US Patent filed NF 449/2002).
4. CIM Madhuras
A sweet smelling genotype of peppermint.
Used in food additives, flavors and
pharmaceutical formulations.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
27
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
28
Spearmint
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CIMAP-MSS-1
CIMAP-MSS-5
CIMAP-MSS-98
Punjab spearmint-1
Ganga
Neerkalka
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
29
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
30
2. MSS-5
It is a selection from MSS-1 (CIMAP,
Lucknow).
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
31
3. Punjab spearmint-1
This variety is a clonal selection made at
CIMAP, Lucknow.
This variety has a erect growth habit with
quadrangular purple green hairy stem.
It produces 209 q/ha of herb having 0.57 per
cent oil and can yield 119.29 t/ha oil with 68
per cent carvone.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
32
4. Ganga
A multipurpose culinary variety of Mentha
spicata var. Viridis leading to number of
products like disinfectant antimicrobials (NF
135/2000 US patent filed).
5. Neerkalka
Inter-specific hybrid between Mentha
arvensis and Mentha spicata with novel oil
quality, use in oral / dental care (US Patent PP
12,030).
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
33
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
34
1. Kiran
This is a mutant selection developed by
mutation through gamma irradiation at
CIMAP, Lucknow.
It has high quality oil content.
P. V. NAIK
35
Propagation
Mint can be propagated vegetatively through stolons
and runners.
by planting live juicy 8 to 10 cm.
long stolons (underground stems) during early spring
season.
The seed rate: 400-450 kg. of stolons per ha.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
36
Production of Stolons
The plot should preferably be the best piece of land. It should be
given high level of FYM during land preparation.
Around 200 sq.m. plot is required to produce stolons for 1
hectare.
The nursery for the stolons is planted in August.
Stolons are produced in autumn and are ready for use during the
months of January to March. To obtain the stolons , the soil is
opened manually or mechanically.
These stolons can be used immediately or within a fortnight or so.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
37
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
38
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
39
Per acre
Per hectare
Stolons (kg)
160
400
FYM (t)
16
40
Fertilizer (kg)
Spear mint
N
P
K
48
20
16
120
50
40
Japanese mint
N
P
K
64
20
16
160
50
40
Pepper mint
N
P
K
50
20
16
125
50
40
Bergamot mint
N
P
K
48
20
16
120
50
40
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
40
P. V. NAIK
41
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
42
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
43
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
44
Crop Rotation
The rotation of mint crop with other food crops is
found to be a good way of controlling weeds.
Continuous cropping of any of the mints is not
advisable.
The best rotation is Mint : Rice and Mint : Potatoes
and Mint : Vegetables : Peas etc. depending upon
cropping system followed in the region
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
45
Insects
Hairy
Scientific name of
insects
Diacrisia obliqua
Caterpillar
Cutworms
Nature of damage
Control
Application
of
Thiodan
treatment
with
season.
Red Pumpkin Aulocophora
Beetle
Mint
Roller
foevicollis
Leaf Syngamia
abrupatalis
Spraying 5% dipterex
Thiodan
@1.5ml/litre
of
P. V.
NAIK
with silk-like
filaments.
46
Name of
disease
Causal organism
Symptoms
Control
Stolon Rot
Macrophomina
phaseoli
Fusarium Wilt
Fusarium oxysporum
Leaf blight
Alternaria sp.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
47
Leaf blight at
severe stage
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
48
Indices:
Generally the crop are harvested 100-120 days after planting
when the lower leaves start turning yellow. Further, harvesting should
be done in bright sunny weather.
Harvesting consists of cutting the green herb by means of sickle 2-3 cm
above the ground.
A second harvest is obtained 80 days after the first harvest and the third
after about another 80 days.
The first crop is ready by the end of June and the second in September or
October.
20 to 25 t/ha
49
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
50
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
51
Shade drying
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
52
Shade drying
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
53
P. V. NAIK
54
P. V. NAIK
55
Water distillation
water
Direct steam
distillation
steam
water
Different
types of distillation
apparatus
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
56
Steam distillation
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
57
oil
water
oil
water
22 September 2015
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
59
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
60
Microwave extraction
The process is based on heat generated by ionic
conduction and/ or dipole rotation, and its efficiency
depends on the dielectric properties of the material.
The extraction occurs when the water inside the plant
absorbs energy coming from the microwaves and
increases the pressure inside the material causing the
cell structure to break allowing the solvent to
penetrate into the matrix (Wang and Weller, 2006;
Chan et al., 2011; Eskilsson and Bjrklund, 2000;
Routray and Orsat, 2012).
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
61
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
62
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
63
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
64
Home extraction
Easy method
Suited for small sample extracts
Time consuming
Materials required
Mason jar
Mint leaves
Grain alcohol or high-proof
vodka
Sieve, strainer, or cheesecloth
Knife
Funnel
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
65
Step 1: Mince fresh mint leaves with a knife. The finer the
leaves are chopped, the more surface area will be available
for oil extraction.
Step 2: Place the chopped leaves into a glass mason jar. Fill
the jar with three parts of a high proof alcohol such as grain
alcohol or vodka for every one part minced leaves. The
alcohol will act as an agent to pull the oils out of the mint.
Step 3: Cap the jar and shake well. Leave the container of
herbs to sit in a dark place for the next four to six weeks.
Shake the jar to stir up its continue every few days.
Step 4: After the mint has soaked for four to six weeks,
separate the plant material from the liquid by pouring the
mixture into a clean bowl through a sieve or strainer. Wrap
the soaked leaves in a piece of fine cheese cloth and
squeeze out any captured extract.
Step 5: Store the mint extract in small glass bottles or jars
in22 September
a cool
2015dark place.
P. V. NAIK
66
Step I
22 September
2015
Step
V
Step II
Step III
P. V. NAIK
Step IV
67
Chemical constituents
Various constituents of peppermint oil as per monographs of
International Pharmacopoeia are
limonene (1.0-5.0%),
cineole (3.5-14.0%),
menthone (14.0-32.0%),
menthofuran (1.0 -9.0%),
isomenthone (1.5-10.0%),
menthyl acetate (2.8-10.0%),
isopulegol (max. 0.2%),
menthol (30.0-55.0%),
pulegone (max. 4.0%) and
carvone (max. 1.0%).
The ratio of cineole content to limonene content should be minimum
two.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
68
P. V. NAIK
69
Adultration
Peppermint oil can be adulterated by addition of
much cheaper cornmint oil (Mentha arvensis).
Peppermint oil blends well with: Although most
essential oils blend well with one another,
peppermint oil blends particularly well with
benzoic, eucalyptus, lavender, marjoram, lemon
and rosemary.
Synthetic analogues of menthol can be prepared
in the labs
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
70
Storage
Store in well-filled, tightly-closed, light-resistant
containers in a cool place.
Good quality PVC drum with screw caps: Short
term storage.
Galvanized iron drums or aluminium containers:
Long term storage.
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
71
Marketing:
Products
Burners and vaporizers
Blended oil or in the bath
Mouthwash
Cream or lotion
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
72
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
73
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
74
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
75
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
76
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
77
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
78
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
79
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
80
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
81
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
82
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
83
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
84
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
85
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
86
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
87
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
88
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
89
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
90
P. V. NAIK
91
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
92
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
93
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
94
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
95
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
96
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
97
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
98
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
99
P. V. NAIK
100
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
101
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
102
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
103
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
104
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
105
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Lucknow
P. V. NAIK
106
P. V. NAIK
107
22 September 2015
P. V. NAIK
108