Gravity - Physics & Photography

9/25/2015
Gravity|Physics&Photography
Physics&Photography
PhotographyisLight,LightisPhysics
Gravity
November6,2014February3,2015
Ana
Uncategorized
acceleration,air,
equations,equationsofmotion,feather,formulas,gravity,jumping,Newton,physics,time,
vacuum,video
(http://physicsandphotography.com/?p=911)If you
droptwoverydifferentobjectsfromthesameheight
will they land at the same time? And if you repeat
this in vacuum will the result be different? Click
through to find out the answer with Newtons laws
ofmotionanduniversalgravitation!
Icameacrossthevideo(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E43CfukEgs)belowacoupleofdays
ago, in which British physicist Brian Cox (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist))
visitstheworldsbiggestvacuumchambertoshowyouthattwoobjectsdroppedinvacuumfall
at the same rate, regardless of their mass. So today I am going to use Newtons laws of motion
anduniversalgravitationtoexplainwhythathappens:)
http://physicsandphotography.com/2014/11/06/gravity/
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9/25/2015
First of all, lets talk about gravity. Newton published his book Newtons Principia
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica) in 1686, in
whichhedescribedtheinversesquarelawrelationshipbetweenthegravitationalforcebetween
two bodies and their distance. Newtons law of universal gravitation
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation) states that two bodies
intheuniverseattracteachotherwithaforcethatisdirectlyproportionaltotheproductoftheir
massesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistancebetweenthem.Themathematical
expressionforthisrelationshipisasfollows:
Where F is the force between the masses, G is the gravitational constant

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant),M1isthemassofthefirstbody,M2isthe
massofthesecondbody,andRisthedistancebetweenthecentresofmassofthetwobodies.If
wearecalculatingtheforceduetotheEarthsmassonanobjectthatsitsonitssurface(aperson
for example) then the mass of the first body is the mass of the Earth
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass),themassofthesecondbodyisthemassoftheobject,
and
the
distance
between
them
is
the
radius
of
the
Earth
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius):
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IntroducingthenumbersintoNewtonslawofUniversalGravitationweobtain:
From now on, we will call g = 9.8 N/kg = 9.8 m/s2 the acceleration due to the Earths gravity.
(NOTE:theunitsofN/kgareequivalenttothoseofm/s2duetoNewtonsSecondLaw.)
NowthatweknowwhatthegravitationalforceisonanobjectonthesurfaceoftheEarth,lets
calculatethetimetheobjecttakestoreachtheground.Inordertodothiswearegoingtouse
Newtons Laws of Motion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_laws_of_motion), which were
also
published
in
1686
in
Newtons
Principia
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica) and state
thefollowing:
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1)FirstLaw: When viewed in an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or
9/25/2015
1)FirstLaw: When viewed in an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or
continuestomoveataconstantvelocity,unlessacteduponbyanexternalforce.
2)Secondlaw:ThevectorsumoftheforcesFonanobjectisequaltothemassmofthatobject
multipliedbytheaccelerationvectoraoftheobject
3) Third Law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body
simultaneouslyexertsaforceequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirectiononthefirstbody.
Forourpurposesrightnowweareonlyconcernedwiththesecondlaw:
IfweconsideraballofmassM=5kgonthesurfaceoftheEarth,beingdroppedfromaheightH=
10mwhilebeinginvacuumtheonlyforceactingonitisthegravitationalforceduetothemassof
theEarth.IfwecombinethiswithNewtonssecondlawitfollowsthat:
So,theaccelerationoftheballdoesnotdependonitsmass!!
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9/25/2015
The equation of motion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations_of_motion) of a ball being

droppedfromrestfromaheightH=10mis:
Inourcasehend=0m(becauseitendsontheground),hstart=H(theheightfromwhichwe
dropit),vstart=0m/s(wedropitfromrest)anda=g(duetotheEarthsgravity):
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dropit),vstart=0m/s(wedropitfromrest)anda=g(duetotheEarthsgravity):
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(NOTE:thenegativesignontheaccelerationduetotheEarthsgravityisbecauseofthefactthat
wehavechosentheheighttobepositiveintheupwardsdirectionandgravitygoesdownwards.)
Thisgives:
Sothetimeittakesfortheballtoreachthegroundis:
Thetimerequiredfortheballtoreachthegrounddoesnotdependonitsmass!!Itdepends
onlyontheheighttheballisdroppedfromandtheaccelerationduetogravity.Soifwewere
todropanyotherobjectfromthesameheightitwouldtakethesameamountoftimetoreach
theground,regardlessoftheobjectsmass,size,shape
ForourchosenheightofH=10mthefalltimeis1.42seconds.
However, we all know that if we drop a ball and a feather in air from the same height, they
feather will take much longer to reach the ground than the ball. Why is this? Well, we have to
considertheeffecttheairhasonthetwoobjects.
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9/25/2015
The air offers some resistance to the falling objects, more scientifically known as drag
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)). The drag depends on the properties of the fluid
andonthesize,shape,andspeedoftheobject.Itcanbeexpressedbymeansofthedragequation
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_equation):
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WhereFDisthedragforce,rhoisthemassdensityofthefluid(inourcaseair),visthevelocityof
9/25/2015
WhereFDisthedragforce,rhoisthemassdensityofthefluid(inourcaseair),visthevelocityof
the object relative to the fluid, A is the cross section area and CD is the drag coefficient
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_coefficient),adimensionlesscoefficientrelatedtotheobjects
geometryandtakingintoaccountbothskinfrictionandformdrag.Theexpressionsforthedrag
coefficientandthedragequationareverycomplicated(tobehonestIdontunderstandthemvery
wellmyselfhehe,Ihaveneverreallylikedfluiddynamicsmuch),soIwontgointoanydetail.I
willjustpointoutthatinthecaseofabowlingballandafeather,theballexperiencesverylittle
drag (air resistance) but the feather experiences a very high drag. Hence the ball will fall much
fasterthanthefeatherwhenbothdroppedfromthesameheightinair.
To finish off, here is a quickphototip: when taking photos of people jumping, make sure you
composefromaslowasyoucan,thiswayitwillseemyoursubjectisjumpingevenhigher.They
willseemtobedefyinggravity!!Hereareacoupleofexamples:
(http://www.anaandresarroyo.com/Portfolio/Moments/ik8tb7jf/A)
NicDouglassfromAdventuresofaSailorGirljumpsoverSydneyatsunset!PhotobyAna
AndresArroyoPhotography:http://www.anaandresarroyo.com/
(http://www.anaandresarroyo.com/)
8/12
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(http://www.anaandresarroyo.com/Portfolio/Moments/ihfJSv3r/A)
BouncyBallatBondiBeach.PhotobyAnaAndresArroyoPhotography:
http://www.anaandresarroyo.com/(http://www.anaandresarroyo.com/)
Oh,andoneverylastthing,Ipromisehehe.IsawthistheotherdayandIthoughtitwasreally
funny :) Its created by Dan Piraro from Bizarro Comics (http://bizarrocomics.com/) and it fits
reallywellwiththetopicoftodaysposthehehe.
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(http://bizarrocomics.com/)
ComicbyDanPirarofromBizarroComics:
http://bizarrocomics.com/(http://bizarrocomics.com/)
I hope you liked this post and enjoyed the video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E43
CfukEgs):)
Thanksforreading!!
xxAna:)
4thoughtsonGravity
1. JamesLinesays:
November23,2014at3:42am
10/12
Thatwasverywellexplained.Itisactuallyverysimpleonceitisexplainedinthisfashion.The
9/25/2015
Thatwasverywellexplained.Itisactuallyverysimpleonceitisexplainedinthisfashion.The
differenceisairresistancewhichwedonottakeintoaccountinelementaryphysics.The
techniquesregardingthejumpingshotsarequitepractical.Youhavepostedsomeunusually
interestingstuff.
Like(http://physicsandphotography.com/2014/11/06/gravity/?
like_comment=53&_wpnonce=0bdfff850d)
Like
Reply(http://physicsandphotography.com/2014/11/06/gravity/?replytocom=53#respond)
Anasays:
November23,2014at7:37am
ThanksJames:)
like_comment=54&_wpnonce=a1ac942e52)
Like
2. LunarEclipse&MoonFacts|PhysicsandPhotographysays:
April2,2015at11:06pm
[]IfyoulikedthispostyoumightlikemyposttitledGravity,whereIexplainwhytwo
verydifferentobjectsdroppedfromthesameheightinvacuumwilllandat[]
like_comment=163&_wpnonce=a888e1e7a6)
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3. Physics&PhotographyTurnsOne|Physics&Photographysays:
July22,2015at1:06am
[]LikewhenIcalculatedaformulafortheDepthofFieldofaphotograph,wroteabout
GravityandLunarEclipse&MoonFacts,orexplainedtheadvantagesofa[]
like_comment=551&_wpnonce=280fec9be4)
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Where F is the force between the masses, G is the gravitational constant

The equation of motion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations_of_motion) of a ball being

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