EMBEDDEDSYSTEMSANDHARDWAREDESIGNUSINGVARIOUSBOARDSAKHILPRATAP

EMBEDDEDSYSTEMANDHARDWAREDESIGNING
USINGVARIOUSBOARDS

SubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsoftheDegreeof
BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGYin

ELECTRICALANDELECTRONICSENGINEERING
By

AKHILPRATAP

02813204914
EEE
akhil19pratap@gmail.com


EMBEDDEDSYSTEMSANDHARDWAREDESIGNUSINGVARIOUSBOARDSAKHILPRATAP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ihavebeenveryfortunatetostartmythesisworkunderthesupervisionandguidance
ofProf.SanjayShrivastava.HeintroducedmetothefieldofEmbeddedsystems,
educatedmewiththemethodsandprinciplesofresearch,andguidedmethroughthe
detailsofvariousmicrocontrollers.HeisthewholePhilosopherandGuidebehindthis
thesis.Workingwithhim,apersonofvalueshasbeenarewardingexperience.

Iamhighlyindebtedandexpressmydeepsenseofgratitudeforhisinvaluable
guidance,constantinspirationandmotivationwithenormousmoralsupportduring
difficultphasetocompletethework.Iacknowledgehiscontributionsandappreciatethe
effortsputbyhimforhelpingmecompletethisreport.

Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytothankourseniors,theHeadoftheDepartmentof
IEEEforconductingvariousSIGsondifferentdevelopmentboards.Iamthankfultohim
foralwaysextendingeverykindofsupporttome.

AtthismomentIwouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudeforthetechnicalstaffofour
laboratories.Theyhavealwayshelpedmeineverywaytheycanduringmy
experimentalphaseofthework.


EMBEDDEDSYSTEMSANDHARDWAREDESIGNUSINGVARIOUSBOARDSAKHILPRATAP

ABSTRACT

Anembeddedsystemisacomputersystemwithadedicatedfunctionwithinalarger
mechanicalorelectricalsystem,oftenwithrealtimecomputingconstraints.Modern
embeddedsystemsareoftenbasedonmicrocontrollers(i.e.CPUswithintegrated
memoryorperipheralinterfaces),butordinarymicroprocessors(usingexternalchipsfor
memoryandperipheralinterfacecircuits)arealsocommon,especiallyinmorecomplex
systems.
EmbeddedsystemsrangefromportabledevicessuchasdigitalwatchesandMP3
players,tolargestationaryinstallationsliketrafficlights,factorycontrollers,andlargely
complexsystemslikehybridvehicles,MRI,andavionics.Complexityvariesfromlow,
withasinglemicrocontrollerchip,toveryhighwithmultipleunits,peripheralsand
networksmountedinsidealargechassisorenclosure

Amicroprocessordevelopmentboardisaprintedcircuitboardcontaininga
microprocessorandtheminimalsupportlogicneededforanengineertobecome
acquaintedwiththemicroprocessorontheboardandtolearntoprogramit.Italso
servedusersofthemicroprocessorasamethodtoprototypeapplicationsinproducts.
Unlikeageneralpurposesystemsuchasahomecomputer,usuallyadevelopment
boardcontainslittleornohardwarededicatedtoauserinterface.Itwillhavesome
provisiontoacceptandrunausersuppliedprogram,suchasdownloadingaprogram
throughaserialporttoflashmemory,orsomeformofprogrammablememoryina
socketinearliersystems.

SomeofthedevelopmentboardsareArduino,AVRdevelopmentboard,TIMSP430
LAUNCHPAD,etc.


EMBEDDEDSYSTEMSANDHARDWAREDESIGNUSINGVARIOUSBOARDSAKHILPRATAP

CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Introductiontoembeddedsystemandmicrocontrollers.6
Workingofanembeddedsystem..7
Microcontrollerdevelopmentboards.8
Featuresofdevelopmentboards...9
Variousdevelopmentboards
5.1Arduino
5.1.1ArduinoUNOhardwarespecs.12
5.1.2Software(environmentfordevelopment)..................15
5.1.2.A:Arduinolibraries18
5.1.2.B:Arduinobasicprograms..19

5.2TexasInstrumentsTIMSP430launchpad
5.2.1:Hardwarespecifications..30
5.2.2:IDEforMSP430Launchpad.34
5.3AVRdevelopmentboard
5.3.1:Hardwarespecifications.36
5.3.2:Softwarerequiredforinteraction...40

Projectreport
1.1:IntroductiontoProject...43
1.2:Objectiveoftheproject..44
1.3:Basicprincipleinvolved..45
1.4:Lightspectrumwtrwavelength..46
1.5:ProgramUsed..48
1.6:UsingIRmoduleformeasuringHeartbeat50
1.7:Applications....53

6.BIBLIOGRAPHY54


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LISTOFFIGURESANDTABLES

Fig1.1Variouscomponentsoftheembeddedsys..6
Fig2.1Arduinodevelopmentboard.8
Fig2.2AVRdevelopmentboard.9
Fig3.1Arduinoboardsusing7seglightdiode...10
Fig4.1developmentboardArduinoUNO.....11
Fig4.2variouspinoutputsoftheArduinoUNO...12
Table1.1SpecsoftheArduinoUNOdevelopmentboard..13
Fig4.3AtmetATMega328P..13
Fig4.4ArduinoUNOIDE.15
Fig4.5connectionofArduinoUNOwithapc..16
Fig4.6basiclayoutoftheArduinoIDE17
Fig4.7serialmonitorintheArduinoUNO...25
Fig4.8PWMregardingthedutycycle..27
Fig5.1MSP430Launchpad.29
Fig5.2pinoutspecificationsoftheLaunchpad.31
Table5.1technicalspecsoftheMsp420G2452..32
Fig5.3IDEfortheMSP430LP...33
Fig5.4comparisonofthetwoIDEs.34
Fig6.1Avrdevelopmentboard..35
Fig6.2fullyequippedAVRdb..38
Fig6.3userinterfaceoftheAtmelstudio6.0..39


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1. INTRODUCTIONTOEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSANDMICROCONTROLLERS

Anembeddedsystemissomecombinationofcomputerhardwareandsoftware,either
fixedincapabilityorprogrammable,thatisspecificallydesignedforaparticularfunction.
Industrialmachines,automobiles,medicalequipment,cameras,householdappliances,
airplanes,vendingmachinesandtoys(aswellasthemoreobviouscellularphoneand
PDA)areamongthemyriadpossiblehostsofanembeddedsystem.Embedded
systemsthatareprogrammableareprovidedwithprogramminginterfaces,and
embeddedsystemsprogrammingisaspecializedoccupation.
Thesoftwarewhichisusedforinterfacingwithaparticularembeddedsystemor
developmentboardisknownastheENVIRONMENTofthatparticularsystem.

Fig1.1:VariouscomponentsofEmbeddedsystem


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2.WORKINGOFANEMBEDDEDSYSTEM

Embeddedsystemusesmicrocontrollersforthevarioustaskassignedtothem.
Thetermmicroprocessorandmicrocontrollerhavealwaysbeenconfusedwitheach
other.Bothofthemhavebeendesignedforrealtimeapplication.Theysharemany
commonfeaturesandatthesametimetheyhavesignificantdifferences.BoththeICs
i.e.,themicroprocessorandmicrocontrollercannotbedistinguishedbylookingatthem.
Theyareavailableindifferentversionstartingfrom6pintoashighas80to100pinsor
evenhigherdependingonthefeatures.

Differencebetweenmicroprocessorandmicrocontroller

MicroprocessorisanICwhichhasonlytheCPUinsidethemi.e.onlytheprocessing
powerssuchasIntelsPentium1,2,3,4,core2duo,i3,i5etc.Thesemicroprocessors
donthaveRAM,ROM,andotherperipheralonthechip.Asystemdesignerhastoadd
themexternallytomakethemfunctional.Applicationofmicroprocessorincludes
DesktopPCs,Laptops,notepadsetc.

ButthisisnotthecasewithMicrocontrollers.MicrocontrollerhasaCPU,inaddition
withafixedamountofRAM,ROMandotherperipheralsallEmbeddedonasingle
chip.Attimesitisalsotermedasaminicomputeroracomputeronasinglechip.
Todaydifferentmanufacturersproducemicrocontrollerswithawiderangeoffeatures
availableindifferentversions.SomemanufacturersareATMEL,Microchip,TI,
Freescale,Philips,Motorolaetc.

Basically,aMicrocontrollerisasmallCPU..consistingofRAM,ROMandother
peripheralscontaininginasmallchip.
ExamplesareATMELAVR(8bit),AVR32(32bit),TEXASINSTRUMENTSTI
MSP430(32bit),etc.


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3.MICROCONTROLLERDEVELOPMENTBOARDS

Amicrocontrollerdevelopmentboardisaprintedcircuitboardcontaininga
microcontrollerandtheminimalsupportlogicneededforanengineertobecome
acquaintedwiththemicroprocessorontheboardandtolearntoprogramit.Italso
servedusersofthemicroprocessorasamethodtoprototypeapplicationsinproducts.

Unlikeageneralpurposesystemsuchasahomecomputer,usuallyadevelopment
boardcontainslittleornohardwarededicatedtoauserinterface.Itwillhavesome
provisiontoacceptandrunausersuppliedprogram,suchasdownloadingaprogram
throughaserialporttoflashmemory,orsomeformofprogrammablememoryina
socketinearliersystems.

Fig2.1:ARDUINODEVELOPMENTBOARD


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Fig2.2:AVRdevelopmentboard

4.FEATURESOFDEVELOPMENTBOARDS

ThemostimportantfeatureofthemicroprocessordevelopmentboardwastheROM
basedbuiltinmachinelanguagemonitor,or"debugger"asitwasalsosometimes
called.Oftenthenameoftheboardwasrelatedtothenameofthismonitorprogram,for
examplethenameofthemonitorprogramoftheKIM1was"KeyboardInputMonitor",
becausetheROMbasedsoftwareallowedentryofprogramswithouttherowsof
cumbersometoggleswitchesthatoldersystemsused.Thepopular6800based
systemsoftenusedamonitorwithanamewiththeword"bug"for"debugger"init,for
examplethepopular"MIKBUG".


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Oftentheboardhassomekindtoexpansionconnectorthatbroughtoutallthe
necessaryCPUsignals,sothatanengineercouldbuildandtestanexperimental
interfaceorotherelectronicdevice.

Themajorapplicationofdevelopmentboardisthatitcaninterfacewithotherelectrical
components..
Itcanbeusedtooperatevariouselectricalcomponentsdependinguponthevarious
conditionswhichisprocessedinthemicrocontrollers.

DevelopmentboardarebasicallyusedfortheapplicationinInternetofthings,Home
automation,etc.

Fig3.1:Arduinodevelopmentboardusinga7seglightdiode

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5.VARIOUSDEVELOPMENTBOARDS
5.1:ARDUINO

5.1.1ARDUINOUNOHARDWARESPECS

Fig4.1:DevelopmentboardArduinoUNO

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Arduinoisanopensourceprojectthatcreatedmicrocontrollerbasedkitsforbuilding
digitaldevicesandinteractiveobjectsthatcansenseandcontrolphysicaldevices.

Thesesystemsprovidesetsofdigitalandanaloginput/output(I/O)pinsthatcan
interfacetovariousexpansionboards(termedshields)andothercircuits.Theboards
featureserialcommunicationinterfaces,includingUniversalSerialBus(USB)onsome
models,forloadingprogramsfrompersonalcomputers.Forprogrammingthe
microcontrollers,theArduinoprojectprovidesanintegrateddevelopment
environment(IDE)basedonaprogramminglanguagenamedProcessing,whichalso
supportsthelanguagesCandC++.

Fig4.2:VariouspinoutputsofArduinoUNO.

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ArduinoUNOboardusesamicrocontrollernamedAtmelATmega328P.

Table1.1:SpecificationofArduinoUNOdevelopmentboard

Fig4.3:AtmelATmega328PMicrocontroller

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ArduinoUNOdevelopmentboardcanbeusedwithvariousotherelectricalcomponents
andcaninteractwiththem.
Sincetheoperatingvoltageislow(~5V)thusisalowpowerdevelopmentboard.
Whatmakesadevelopmentboardsspecialisthattheycaninteractwithalmostall
electricalcomponentsandthusmakingthemuseefficiently.
SuchexamplesofusingdevelopmentboardscanbeseeninHomeautomation,Internet
ofthings,etc.

5.1.2Software(environmentfordevelopment)

TheArduinoprojectprovidestheArduinointegrateddevelopmentenvironment(IDE),
whichisacrossplatformapplicationwrittenintheprogramminglanguageJava.

ItoriginatedfromtheIDEforthelanguagesProcessingandWiring.Itisdesignedto
introduceprogrammingtoartistsandothernewcomersunfamiliarwithsoftware
development.Itincludesacodeeditorwithfeaturessuchassyntaxhighlighting,brace
matching,andautomaticindentation,andprovidessimpleoneclickmechanismto
compileandloadprogramstoanArduinoboard.AprogramwrittenwiththeIDEfor
Arduinoiscalleda"sketch".[15]

TheArduinoIDEsupportsthelanguagesCandC++usingspecialrulestoorganize
code.TheArduinoIDEsuppliesasoftwarelibrarycalledWiringfromtheWiring
project,whichprovidesmanycommoninputandoutputprocedures.AtypicalArduino
C/C++sketchconsistoftwofunctionsthatarecompiledandlinkedwithaprogramstub
main()intoanexecutablecyclicexecutiveprogram:
setup():afunctionthatrunsonceatthestartofaprogramandthatcan
initializesettings.
loop():afunctioncalledrepeatedlyuntiltheboardpowersoff.
AftercompilingandlinkingwiththeGNUtoolchain,alsoincludedwiththeIDE
distribution,theArduinoIDEemploystheprogramavrdudetoconverttheexecutable

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codeintoatextfileinhexadecimalcodingthatisloadedintotheArduinoboardbya
loaderprogramintheboard'sfirmware.

Fig4.4:BasicuserinterfaceofArduinoUNOIDE

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Fig4.5:ConnectionofArduinoUNOwithaPCforuploadingaprogrammeinthemicrocontroller

ThelanguagethatisusedinArduinoUNOIDEisC/C++.
Thisisusedtointeractwiththevariouspingivenontheboardandusethem
individually.
Variouselectricalcomponentsareconnectedtotheterminalsofthedevelopmentboard
andtheterminalscanbeassignedInputorOutputpinviatheprogrammingintheIDE.
InArduinoUNOonlypin13haveinternalresistancethatisanycomponentcanbe
addedtopin13withoutaddinganyexternalresistance.

InthedevelopmentboardthereisanextrapushbuttongivenneartheUSBportcalled
Reset.
Themainfunctionoftheresetbuttonistoclearthememoryofthemicrocontroller.
Whichmeansthatonpressingtheresetbuttontheboardwillclearanyorallthe
previousstoredprogrammesinthemicrocontroller.
TheresetbuttoncleartheROMoftheMicrocontroller.

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Fig4.6:basiclayoutofArduinoIDE

VariousprogrammesarepreinstalledintheArduinoIDEforthefirsttimerstogetan
ideaonhowtheprogrammesworkinthisenvironmentandhowtheyareuploaded.

OncetheprogrammeiswrittenintheIDEthenitischeckedforerrorviacompilingand
thenisuploadedtotheboardbypressingthetheuploadbuttongivenintheIDE.

IntheArduinoUNOIDEtherearesomelibrariespreinstalledwhichhelpstheuserto
writeaprogrammemuchmoreeasilyandefficiently.

5.1.2.A:Arduinolibraries

LibrariesarefileswritteninCorC++(.c,.cpp)whichprovideyoursketches
withextrafunctionality(e.g.theabilitytocontrolanLEDmatrix,orreadan
encoder,etc.).TheywereintroducedinArduino0004.

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TouseanexistinglibraryinasketchsimplygototheSketchmenu,choose
"ImportLibrary",andpickfromthelibrariesavailable.Thiswillinsertan
#includestatementatthetopofthesketchforeachheader(.h)fileinthe
library'sfolder.Thesestatementsmakethepublicfunctionsandconstants
definedbythelibraryavailabletoyoursketch.TheyalsosignaltheArduino
environmenttolinkthatlibrary'scodewithyoursketchwhenitiscompiled
oruploaded.

Usingalibraryhavesomedrawbackstoo..
Oneofthemiswhenlibrariesareuploadedtotheboardwithyoursketch,
theyincreasetheamountofspaceusedbytheATmega328ontheboard.
WhileusinglibrariesoneshouldkeepinmindthatIfasketchnolonger
needsalibrary,simplydeleteits#includestatementsfromthetop
ofyourcode.ThiswillstoptheArduinoIDEfromlinkingthelibrary
withyoursketchanddecreasetheamountofspaceusedonthe
Arduinoboard.
ThishelpstheMicrocontrollertosavesomememoryinitandthuscanbe
efficientlyutilized.

5.1.2.B:Arduinobasicprogrammesandfunctions.

InArduinoIDEvariousbasicexamplesaregivensothatoecanlearnfromit.
Thevariousexamplesaregivenintheformofprogrammesdoingsimpletaskslike
blinkinganled,orchangingthebrightnessofitandmuchmoreprogrammesincluding
variouselectricalcomponentslikebuzzer,pushbuttons,leds,IR(infraredleds),etc.

TheseexamplesarefoundintheArduinoIDE,justclickFile>Examples>Basics.
InBasicsthereare6programmespresentfor6basicpurposes.
Theseprogrammesare
1.AnalogReadSerial
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2.BareMinimum
3.Blink
4.DigitalReadSerial
5.Fade
6.ReadAnalogVoltage

Thesebasicsprogrammesareveryhelpfulforusertogetabasicideaonhowtheboard
worksandhowcompilationanduploadingprocessisdoneviaIDE
Theprogramsare

1. AnalogReadSerial:

/*
AnalogReadSerial
Readsananaloginputonpin0,printstheresulttotheserialmonitor.
Graphicalrepresentationisavailableusingserialplotter(Tools>SerialPlottermenu)
AttachthecenterpinofapotentiometertopinA0,andtheoutsidepinsto+5Vand
ground.

Thisexamplecodeisinthepublicdomain.
*/

//thesetuproutinerunsoncewhenyoupressreset:
voidsetup(){
//initializeserialcommunicationat9600bitspersecond:
Serial.begin(9600)
}

//thelooproutinerunsoverandoveragainforever:
voidloop(){
//readtheinputonanalogpin0:
intsensorValue=analogRead(A0)
//printoutthevalueyouread:
Serial.println(sensorValue)
delay(1)//delayinbetweenreadsforstability
}

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Theaboveprogramsbasicfunctionalityistomeasuretheanaloginputgiventothepin
A0andprinttheoutputinserialmonitor

Serial.begin(9600)intheaboveprogramsignifiesthebaudrateoftheboard,iethe
numberofbitsitscantransferpersec
Theserialplotterisusedtomeasureorprinttheanalogvaluesobtainedfromthe
analogpinsthiscanbeveryhelpfulinmeasuringachangeintheinputofananalog
signal.

2.Blink

/*
Blink
TurnsonanLEDonforonesecond,thenoffforonesecond,repeatedly.

MostArduinoshaveanonboardLEDyoucancontrol.OntheUnoand
Leonardo,itisattachedtodigitalpin13.Ifyou'reunsurewhat
pintheonboardLEDisconnectedtoonyourArduinomodel,check
thedocumentationathttp://www.arduino.cc

Thisexamplecodeisinthepublicdomain.
*/

//thesetupfunctionrunsoncewhenyoupressresetorpowertheboard
voidsetup(){
//initializedigitalpin13asanoutput.
pinMode(13,OUTPUT)
}

//theloopfunctionrunsoverandoveragainforever
voidloop(){
digitalWrite(13,HIGH)//turntheLEDon(HIGHisthevoltagelevel)
delay(1000)//waitforasecond
digitalWrite(13,LOW)//turntheLEDoffbymakingthevoltageLOW
delay(1000)//waitforasecond
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Intheaboveprogram..Pin13isusedtoconnecttheLEDbecauseonPinno13an
additionalinternalresistanceisalreadyincluded.ThissavestheLEDfromgettingburnt
outfromthehighcurrentifitsattachedtoadifferentPINwithoutanyresistance.

Variousfunctionsusedintheaboveprogram

pinMode(Pinno,INPUT/OUTPUT)

ThisfunctionallowsthearduinotodecidewhichPinisusedforwhatpurpose

Example:ifwewantpin5tobeanoutputpinandpin4tobeaninputpin
Sothecommandswhichwillbewritteninthesetupdialogwillbe

pinMode(5,OUTPUT)
pinMode(4,INPUT)

Theabovetwolinesassignpin5foroutputpurposeandpin4forinput.

digitalWrite(pinno,high/low)
digitalRead(pinno)

digitalWriteanddigitalReadarethetwofunctionswhichallowsustoreadthestateor
alterthestateofdigitalpins.

Indigitalelectronicsthesignalonlycontainstwovaluesie1(HIGH)and0(LOW).

UsingthefunctiondigitalRead(pinno)
Wecanfindoutthestateofthedigitalpinitisin..
Ifthestatedpinnoisat1(High)
Theabovefunctionwillreturnvalue1and0otherwise.
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ThefunctiondigitalWrite(pinno,HIGH/LOW)
Isusedtodefinethestateofthedigitalpin.
Tomakeadigitalpinhighjustwrite

digitalWrite(13,HIGH)
Theabovetwocommandsarewritteninthethesetupdialogboxtodefinethe
permanentlyforaparticularprogram.

*note:thedigitalReadanddigitalWritecommandscanonlyworkonthedigitalpinsof
theboard

delay(noofms)

Theabovecommandisthemostcommoncommandusedinarduinoprogramming.
Thiscommandsignifiesthatthethecompilerwillwaitforparticularnumberof
millisecondsthatisstatedinthecommandbeforeexecutingthenextcommand.

Thismeansthatthepreviouscommandwillrunfortheamountoftimewritteninthe
delayfunctionbeforeexecutingnextcommand.

Iftheaboveblinkprogramisrunwithoutthedelaycommandthentheblinkingwouldbe
sofasttobeevennoticedbyanakedeye,hencethedelaycommandisused.

3.DigitalReadSerial

/*
DigitalReadSerial
Readsadigitalinputonpin2,printstheresulttotheserialmonitor

Thisexamplecodeisinthepublicdomain.
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*/

//digitalpin2hasapushbuttonattachedtoit.Giveitaname:
intpushButton=2

//thesetuproutinerunsoncewhenyoupressreset:
voidsetup(){
//initializeserialcommunicationat9600bitspersecond:
Serial.begin(9600)
//makethepushbutton'spinaninput:
pinMode(pushButton,INPUT)
}

//thelooproutinerunsoverandoveragainforever:
voidloop(){
//readtheinputpin:
intbuttonState=digitalRead(pushButton)
//printoutthestateofthebutton:
Serial.println(buttonState)
delay(1)//delayinbetweenreadsforstability
}

Theaboveprogramisusetoreadthedigitalinputgivenatthepinno2andprintthe
outputattheserialmonitor

InArduinothepinno2isattachedtoapushbuttonandthedigitalstateofthatpinis
readviafunctiondigitalRead()
Andtheaboveinputisfedtotheserialmonitorforprocessingandtheoutput.

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Fig4.6:SerialmonitorinArduinoIDE

TheserialmonitorcanbedisplayedbyclickingTools>SerialMonitor.

Allthecommunicationmadeinarduinoboardisbidirectionaliebitscantransferinany
directionsfromtheboardtoPCorviceversa..

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4.Fade

/*
Fade

ThisexampleshowshowtofadeanLEDonpin9
usingtheanalogWrite()function.

TheanalogWrite()functionusesPWM,soif
youwanttochangethepinyou'reusing,be
suretouseanotherPWMcapablepin.Onmost
Arduino,thePWMpinsareidentifiedwith
a"~"sign,like~3,~5,~6,~9,~10and~11.

Thisexamplecodeisinthepublicdomain.
*/

intled=9//thePWMpintheLEDisattachedto
intbrightness=0//howbrighttheLEDis
intfadeAmount=5//howmanypointstofadetheLEDby

//thesetuproutinerunsoncewhenyoupressreset:
voidsetup(){
//declarepin9tobeanoutput:
pinMode(led,OUTPUT)
}

//thelooproutinerunsoverandoveragainforever:
voidloop(){
//setthebrightnessofpin9:
analogWrite(led,brightness)

//changethebrightnessfornexttimethroughtheloop:
brightness=brightness+fadeAmount

//reversethedirectionofthefadingattheendsofthefade:
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if(brightness==0||brightness==255){
fadeAmount=fadeAmount
}
//waitfor30millisecondstoseethedimmingeffect
delay(30)
}

IntheaboveprogramthetermPWMisused.
PWMstandsforPulseWidthModulation

PulseWidthModulation,orPWM,isatechniqueforgettinganalogresults
withdigitalmeans.Digitalcontrolisusedtocreateasquarewave,asignal
switchedbetweenonandoff.Thisonoffpatterncansimulatevoltagesin
betweenfullon(5Volts)andoff(0Volts)bychangingtheportionofthe
timethesignalspendsonversusthetimethatthesignalspendsoff.The
durationof"ontime"iscalledthepulsewidth.Togetvaryinganalogvalues,
youchange,ormodulate,thatpulsewidth.Ifyourepeatthisonoffpattern
fastenoughwithanLEDforexample,theresultisasifthesignalisasteady
voltagebetween0and5vcontrollingthebrightnessoftheLED.

Inthegraphicbelow,thegreenlinesrepresentaregulartimeperiod.This
durationorperiodistheinverseofthePWMfrequency.Inotherwords,with
Arduino'sPWMfrequencyatabout500Hz,thegreenlineswouldmeasure2
millisecondseach.AcalltoanalogWrite()isonascaleof0255,suchthat
analogWrite(255)requestsa100%dutycycle(alwayson),and
analogWrite(127)isa50%dutycycle(onhalfthetime)forexample.

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Fig4.7:PWMregardingthedutycycle

InthearduinoboardthePWMpinsarerepresentedby(~)beforetheirpin
number.
Thereforeanypinwith(~)beforeitiscapableofPWM.
ThefunctionanalogWrite()isusetoassignthedutycycleofaparticularpin.
Whenthepinisbeingusedat100%dutycyclethemaximumvalueitattains
is255.
Itmeansthatifthefunctionissayingforexample
analogWrite(9,255)
Thatmeansthatthefunctionisrequestingthepintobeoperatedat100%
dutycycle.

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5.ReadAnalogVoltage

/*
ReadAnalogVoltage
Readsananaloginputonpin0,convertsittovoltage,andprintstheresult
totheserialmonitor.
Graphicalrepresentationisavailableusingserialplotter(Tools>Serial
Plottermenu)
AttachthecenterpinofapotentiometertopinA0,andtheoutsidepinsto
+5Vandground.

Thisexamplecodeisinthepublicdomain.
*/

//thesetuproutinerunsoncewhenyoupressreset:
voidsetup(){
//initializeserialcommunicationat9600bitspersecond:
Serial.begin(9600)
}

//thelooproutinerunsoverandoveragainforever:
voidloop(){
//readtheinputonanalogpin0:
intsensorValue=analogRead(A0)
//Converttheanalogreading(whichgoesfrom01023)toavoltage(0
5V):
floatvoltage=sensorValue*(5.0/1023.0)
//printoutthevalueyouread:
Serial.println(voltage)
}

TheaboveprogramisdesignedtotakeandinputinAnalogpinA0andthen
plotthegivenvoltageinSerialplotter

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5.2TexasInstrumentsTIMSP430LAUNCHPAD
5.2.1:Hardwarespecifications

TheMSP430seriesbyTexasInstrumentsisalowpowerconsuming
developmentboards.
TheonlydrawbackofMSP430seriesisthattheIDEofthisboardcantbe
runonLINUXoranyIOS.

Fig5.1:MSP430launchpad

TheabovepadisMSP430launchpad.
ThebasicsstructureofthislaunchpadissameasthatonArduino.

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TheMSPEXP430G2LaunchPadDevelopmentKitisaneasytousemicrocontroller
developmentboardforthelowpowerandlowcostMSP430G2xMCUs.

Ithasonboardemulationforprogramminganddebuggingandfeaturesa14/20pin
DIPsocket,onboardbuttonsandLEDs&BoosterPackPluginModulepinoutsthat
supportawiderangeofmodulesforaddedfunctionalitysuchaswireless,displays&
more.

TheMSPEXP430G2LaunchPadalsocomeswith2MSP430devices,withupto16kB
Flash,512BRAM,16MHzCPUspeedandintegratedperipheralssuchas8ch10bit
ADC,timers,serialcommunication(UART,I2C&SPI)&more!

TheMSP430launchpadpreincludessomesensorsalreadyintegratedontheboard.
Thelaunchpadhasatemperaturesensoraproximitysensorandaposition
sensor.

TheabovesensorsonbeingpreinstalledhelpsustomakeuseoftheLaunchPad
withoutanexternalelectronicscomponents.

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Fig5.2:PinoutspecificationsoftheLaunchPad

ThemicrocontrollerusedinthelaunchpadistheultralowpowerMSP430G2452.

TheTexasInstrumentsMSP430familyofultralowpowermicrocontrollersconsistof
severaldevicesfeaturingdifferentsetsofperipheralstargetedforvariousapplications.
Thearchitecture,combinedwithfivelowpowermodes,isoptimizedtoachieve
extendedbatterylifeinportablemeasurementapplications.Thedevicefeaturesa
powerful16bitRISCCPU,16bitregisters,andconstantgeneratorsthatcontributeto
maximumcodeefficiency.Thedigitallycontrolledoscillator(DCO)allowswakeupfrom
lowpowermodestoactivemodeinlessthan1s.

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TechnicalspecificationofthemicrocontrollerMSP430G2452

Features:

LowSupplyVoltageRange:1.8Vto3.6V
UltraLowPowerConsumption
ActiveMode:220Aat1MHz,2.2V
StandbyMode:0.5A
OffMode(RAMRetention):0.1A
Parameters:

MSP430G2452Microcontroller

CPU

MSP430

FREQUENCY(MHz)

16

NONVOLATILEMEMORY

RAM(KB)

0.25

GPIOPIN(#)

16

12C

SPI

ADC

ADC108ch

TIMER(16bit)

MINVcc

1.8V

MAXVcc

3.6V

ACTIVEPOWER(uA/MHz)

320

STANDBYPOWER(uA)

0.7

Table5.1:technicalspecificationsofthemicrocontrollerMSP430G2452

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TheMSP430launchpadisfamousbecauseofitsultralowpowerconsumptionsand
operations.
Thefrequencyatwhichthelaunchpadoperatesis16MHzbutthisfrequencycanbe
changedsimplybyusingtheIDE.

5.2.2:IDEforMSP430Launchpad

Fig5.3:IDEforMSP430Launchpad

TheuserinterfaceoftheIDEofLaunchpadissimilartothatoftheArduino.
ThereisbasicallynodifferencebetweenthetwoIDEs.
TheprogramminglanguageusedinthelaunchpadIDEisC/C++.Thereforeitisquite
easytodevelopvariousprogramsforthethisboardusingvariouselectronics
components.

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TheIDEofthelaunchpadisbasicallyderivedfromthatoftheArduino,thereforethe
resemblanceisuncanny.ThebasicdifferencebetweenthetwoIDEisthatinArduino
youhaveserialplotterwhereasinthelaunchpadnosuchthingisavailable.

Fig5.4:sidebysidecomparisonofthetwoIDEs

TheIDEoftheLaunchpadisderivedfromtheArduinoitselfsotheprogramswhichrun
intheArduinoboardcanbemadetorunontheLaunchpad.
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5.3AVRdevelopmentboards

5.3.1Hardware

TheAVRdevelopmentboardisbasicallyaboarddesignedtousetheATMEL
microcontrollers.TheATMELmicrocontrollersarequitepopularandhenceareused
invariousapplicationslikeHOMEAUTOMATION,SECURITY,etc.

TheAVRmicrocontrollerssuchasATMega32,ATMega64,ATMega16arequite
popular.Thenoattheendrepresentthebitamicrocontrollercanstore.

Fig6.1:AVRdevelopmentboards

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AVRisafamilyofmicrocontrollersdevelopedbyAtmelbeginningin1996.Theseare
modifiedHarvardarchitecture8bitRISCsinglechipmicrocontrollers.AVRwasoneof
thefirstmicrocontrollerfamiliestouseonchipflashmemoryforprogramstorage,as
opposedtoonetimeprogrammableROM,EPROM,orEEPROMusedbyother
microcontrollersatthetime.

ThisfamilyofmicrocontrollersaredividedintomanysubgroupssuchastinyAVR,
megaAVR,Xmega,applicationspecificAVR,etc..

Themicrocontrollerscomingintothesecategoriescanbeusedforaspecificpurpose
onlythemicrocontrollerusedintheAVRdevelopmentboardisgenerally
ATMega16.

Themicrocontrollerweareusingis8bitAVRmicrocontrollerwith32Kbinsystem
programmableFlash.

FeaturesofATMega32
Highperformance,LowpowerAtmelAVR8bitMicrocontroller
AdvancedRISCArchitecture
131PowerfulInstructionsMostSingleclockCycleExecution
328GeneralPurposeWorkingRegisters
FullyStaticOperation
Upto16MIPSThroughputat16MHz
Onchip2cycleMultiplier
HighEnduranceNonvolatileMemorysegments
32KbytesofInSystemSelfprogrammableFlashprogrammemory
1024BytesEEPROM
2KbytesInternalSRAM
Write/EraseCycles:10,000Flash/100,000EEPROM
Dataretention:20yearsat85C/100yearsat25C(1)
OptionalBootCodeSectionwithIndependentLockBits
InSystemProgrammingbyOnchipBootProgram
TrueReadWhileWriteOperation
ProgrammingLockforSoftwareSecurity
JTAG(IEEEstd.1149.1Compliant)Interface
BoundaryscanCapabilitiesAccordingtotheJTAGStandard
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ExtensiveOnchipDebugSupport
ProgrammingofFlash,EEPROM,Fuses,andLockBitsthroughtheJTAG
Interface
PeripheralFeatures
Two8bitTimer/CounterswithSeparatePrescalersandCompareModes
One16bitTimer/CounterwithSeparatePrescaler,CompareMode,andCapture
Mode
RealTimeCounterwithSeparateOscillator
FourPWMChannels
8channel,10bitADC
8SingleendedChannels
7DifferentialChannelsinTQFPPackageOnly
2DifferentialChannelswithProgrammableGainat1x,10x,or200x
ByteorientedTwowireSerialInterface
ProgrammableSerialUSART
Master/SlaveSPISerialInterface
ProgrammableWatchdogTimerwithSeparateOnchipOscillator
OnchipAnalogComparator
SpecialMicrocontrollerFeatures
PoweronResetandProgrammableBrownoutDetection
InternalCalibratedRCOscillator
ExternalandInternalInterruptSources
SixSleepModes:Idle,ADCNoiseReduction,Powersave,Powerdown,Standby
andExtendedStandby
I/OandPackages
32ProgrammableI/OLines
40pinPDIP,44leadTQFP,and44padQFN/MLF
OperatingVoltages
2.7V5.5VforATmega32L
4.5V5.5VforATmega32
SpeedGrades
08MHzforATmega32L
016MHzforATmega32
PowerConsumptionat1MHz,3V,25C
Active:1.1mA
IdleMode:0.35mA
PowerdownMode:<1A

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ThemainfeatureoftheAVRdevelopmentboardisthattheusercandirectlyinteract
withthepinsofthemicrocontroller.
Thisgivestheadvantageofthepinstobeusedindependentlyandmoreefficiently.

Fig6.2:AfullyequippedAVRboard

AfullyequippedAVRboardcomeswithallthebasicelectronicscomponentsnecessary
forgettingstartedwiththeboard.
ThiscontainsaLCDscreen,Abuzzer,8LEDsand8Switches.

TheATMega32microcontrollerhasasingleA/DconvertorwhichislocatedontheA
port.
The40pinsoftheATMega32have8pinsforVcc,groundetc.andtheother32pins
aredividedinto4partsieA,B,CandD.
OutofwhichportAisonlycapableoftheA/Dconversion.

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5.3.2SoftwarerequiredofinteractionwiththeboardIDE

ThesoftwarerequiredfortheinteractionwiththeATMega32ofanyotherAVR
microcontrollersisAtmelstudio6.0.

InthisSoftwaretheprogrammingisdoneinC/C++.
Theprogramisstoredin.cformatjustlikeinCprogramming.

Fig6.3:UserinterfaceoftheAtmelstudio6.0

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InAtmelstudiotheuserinterfaceconsistsofmainly3boxoneofthemisthatin
whichyouwriteyourcode.Thesecondoneisforthecompilationbox,inwhichyoucan
seethecompilationprocessaswellasanyerrorsifanypresentinthecode..Thisboxis
generallylocatedatthebottomofthewindow.

Thethirdwindowwhichislocatedatthetoprightofthescreenshowsthefunctionsyou
haveusedintheprogram.
Thishelpsusaccesstheprogrameasilyandavoidanyerrorifpresentthere.

BeforelearningtoprogramintheAtmelstudio,bitwiseoperationsisnecessaryto
learn.

Somebasicfunctionstoincludebeforewritingcode

#include<avr/io.h>

Itsgoingtobewritteninalltheprograms.Itsaheaderfilewhichcontainsalotofthe
codethatwedonthavetowritebysimplyaddingthisheaderfile.Itcontainsvarious
definitionsfortheAVRmicrocontrollers.

Voidmain(void){}

Themainpartoftheprogramstartshere.Thevoidinthebeginningsignifiesthatweare
notgoingtoreturnanyvalues.Thevoidinthebracketssignifiesthatthereshouldbeno
valuespassedintothis.

DDR(datadirectionregister)

Thisallowustochangethestateofftheportietotakeaportasaninputoroutput
dependsontheDDRstatement.
ExampleDDRB=0b00000001

Forthefurtheruseofthisportweuse

PORTBthisallowsustousetheparticularPORTofthemicrocontroller
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Andchangeanypinoftheporttoinputoroutputiftheprogramrequiresso.

Fig6.4:programfortheblinkingofaLED

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PROJECTREPORT

HEARTBEATMONITORUSINGEMBEDDEDSYstem

Submittedinpartialfulfilmentoftherequirementofthedegreeof

BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGYin

ELECTRICALANDELECTRONICSENGINEERING

By

Akhilpratap

02813204914

EEE

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1.1Introductiontotheproject

Theembeddedsystemcanbedefinedasaseriesofaprocesscontainingsimplesteps
andprocessingtheoutputviarealtimeprocessing.

Fig1.1:Basicstepsregardingembeddedsystem

ThesestepsareprocessedinthemicrocontrollersandtheuserinterfaceisviatheIDE
orthesensorswhichcomesundertheperipherals.

1.2Objectiveoftheproject:

TheobjectiveofthisprojectistoexplorethecapabilityoftheArduinoboardbymaking
aheartbeatmonitor.
Thisprojectrequiresvarioussensorsandmodules.
Variousknowledgeaboutthesubjectisneededformakingthisprojectsuchas
1. KnowledgeoftheArduinoUnokitanditsworkingenvironment.
2. Humananatomyandhowthebodyworks.
3. KnowledgeoflightsandtheirwavelengthsandaboutLDR.
4. OperationofanOPAMP.

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Themainreasonforselectingthearduinoboardofthedevelopmentofthisprojectisthe
userfriendlyenvironment.AndeaseofcodingintheIDE.

1.3Basicprincipleinvolved

Ourbodyhavenervesinallpartsofthebody.Thefunctionofthesenervesisto
distributethebloodinallpartsofthebody.

Thebloodflowismaintainedviatheheart,whichpumpsthebloodsothatitcan
circulateproperly.

Duetothistheheartbeatcanbefeltindifferentbodypartsbecauseoftherushofthe
bloodinthenerveswitheverypumpofthepart.

Thisbloodflowcanbeusedtodeterminetheheartbeatoftheperson.

TherearevariouswaystomeasuretheHeartbeat.
1. Viapressuresensors
2. VialightsandLDR.

Fig1.2:Bloodflowinthenervesofthehand

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Inthisprojectwearegoingtomeasuretheheartbeatbyusingthelightsource.

Thebasicprincipleinvolvedisthatwheneverthebloodflowsthroughthearteriesinthe
handtheopacityofthefingersincreasesbecauseoftheincreasedbloodflow.This
increaseinopacitycanbemeasurewiththehelpofLDR.

ALDRisaLightDependentResistorwhosevaluechangesdependinguponthelight
fallinguponit.Thischangeinthevalueoftheresistorcanbemeasuredandtherefore
canbeusedtomeasuretheHeartbeatoftheperson.

1.4:Thelightspectrumwrtthewavelengths

Fig1.3:Thelightspectrumwrtwavelengthandfrequency

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Aswecanseefromtheabovefigurethewavelengthoftheredlightisthemaximumin
thevisiblerangeandwiththeminimumfrequency.

Aswealreadyknowthatredlightgetsleastdispersed,henceitstheperfectsourceof
visiblelightfortheproject.

Alsointheabovespectrum,theIR(Infrared)rayhasbiggerwavelengthcomparedto
theredlightandhencethereadingcanbemoreaccuratebuttheproblemiswiththe
LDRsoinsteadoftheLDRweusethephotodiodeandreceivetheanalogsignalofthe
diodeandthechangeinthatanalogsignalcanbeusedtomeasuretheHeartbeat.

Whenafingertipisplacedclosetotheledlightsource,45%ofthelightisabletopass
throughit.
ThislightsignalcanbeusedfordetectionpurposeusinganLDR.

Fig1.4:LightDetectingResistor

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1.5:Programused:

Themainobjectiveistomeasurethechangeintheanalogvaluetheanalogvalueofthe
LDRandcountthechangepresentinit.

/*programtocountthenoofchangeintheanalogvalueoftheLDRandthus
calculatingthevalueoftheHeartbeart
thisprogramrequiresandanalogpinandonedigitalpin.
thedigitalpinisfortheRedledandtheAnalogpinforthe
LDR
*/

/*ThissketchprintstheHEARTBEATtotheLCD

Thecircuit:
*LCDRSpintodigitalpin12
*LCDEnablepintodigitalpin11
*LCDD4pintodigitalpin5
*LCDD5pintodigitalpin4
*LCDD6pintodigitalpin3
*LCDD7pintodigitalpin2
*LCDR/Wpintoground
*LCDVSSpintoground
*LCDVCCpinto5V
*10Kresistor:
*endsto+5Vandground
*wipertoLCDVOpin(pin3)
*/
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystallcd(12,11,5,4,3,2)
unsignedlongt_start,t_now
intcount=0
intinitial
intfin
voidsetup(){
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lcd.begin(16,2)
Serial.begin(9600)
pinMode(13,OUTPUT)
pinMode(A0,INPUT)
digitalWrite(13,HIGH)
}

voidloop(){
t_start=millis()
t_now=millis()
while(t_nowt_start<6000)
{
t_now=millis()
initial=analogRead(A0)
Serial.println(initial)
delay(50)
fin=analogRead(A0)
if(fininitial>10)
count++
}
lcd.print(count)
}

Hereintheaboveprogramaliquidcrystaldisplayhasbeenusedtoshowthevalueof
heartbeatperminutewiseofthehumanhand.
ThedifferencebetweenthetwoanalogvaluesoftheLDRistakentobe10torecordthe
heartbeatoftheperson.

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Fig1.5:connectionoftheLCDwithArduino

TheaboveprogramiswrittenbytakinginmindthataRedledisbeingusedtoservethe
purposeofthelightsource.

ThecaseiswholedifferentwhenaIRsourceistaken.

1.6:UsinganIRmoduleformeasuringtheHeartbeat

Fig1.6:IRled
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Fig1.7:IRdetectorsorphotodiode

ThesetwocomponentsareusedformakingaheartbeatmonitoralongwiththeLCD
screen.

Theprogramforthefollowingis:

/*programtocountthenoofchangeintheanalogvalueofthephotodiodeandthus
calculatingthevalueoftheHeartbeart
thisprogramrequiresandanalogpinandonedigitalpin.
thedigitalpinisfortheRedledandtheAnalogpinforthediode
*/

/*ThissketchprintstheHEARTBEATtotheLCD

Thecircuit:
*LCDRSpintodigitalpin12
*LCDEnablepintodigitalpin11
*LCDD4pintodigitalpin5
*LCDD5pintodigitalpin4
*LCDD6pintodigitalpin3
*LCDD7pintodigitalpin2
*LCDR/Wpintoground
*LCDVSSpintoground
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*LCDVCCpinto5V
*10Kresistor:
*endsto+5Vandground
*wipertoLCDVOpin(pin3)
*/
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystallcd(12,11,5,4,3,2)
unsignedlongt_start,t_now
intcount=0
intinitial
intfin
voidsetup(){
lcd.begin(16,2)
Serial.begin(9600)
pinMode(13,OUTPUT)
pinMode(A0,INPUT)
digitalWrite(13,HIGH)
}

voidloop(){
t_start=millis()
t_now=millis()
while(t_nowt_start<6000)
{
t_now=millis()
initial=analogRead(A0)
Serial.println(initial)
delay(50)
fin=analogRead(A0)
if(fininitial>10)
count++
}
lcd.print(count)
}

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1.7:Applications

Theabovecomponentscanbeembeddedintoonesinglecomponentspecifically
designedformeasuringtheheartbeat.
Intheworldwhereobesityhasbecomeacommonproblemandpeoplearesuffering
fromgreatHealthissuessuchasHeartdiseases,asthamaetc.
Oneneedtotakecareofhimselfregularly.Onecandosobyconstantlymonitoringthe
heartbeatofhim/herself.Thishelpsinagreatdealtokeepcheckoftheirdietsand
improvetheirlifestyleofliving.
Thissensorcanalsoplayanimportantroleinwarningthepersonthatifhis/her
heartbeatisnotstableandneedsamedicalattention.

Everythinginthiseraisgoingformodernisationletitbeyourmobileorsomethingelse.
Sodoesyourhealthmonitors.
Thissensorandbeusedwithanymicrocontrollersandwiththehelpofanywifimodule
canbeconnectedtoyourmobilephones
OnesuchwifimoduleistheESP2866.

Fig1.8:ESP2866WIFImodule

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1].www.arduino.cc

[2].TonyGivargisFrankVahid:EmbeddedSystemDesign:AUnifiedHardware/
SoftwareIntroduction

[3].https://www.ti.com/

[4].Wikipedia.org

[5].www.atmel.com/products/microcontrollers/avr/ATmega32

[6].DatasheetsoftheMicrocontrollersATmega328P,ATmega32,MSP430G2452.

53