A22 - Graphing Circ Fcns VJ PDF

Graphing Circular Functions
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines
Lecture 22
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
1 / 32
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1
dom cos = dom sin =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
2 / 32
Facts:
1
dom cos = dom sin =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
2 / 32
Facts:
1
dom cos = dom sin =
ran cos = ran sin =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
2 / 32
Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
2 / 32
Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
sin is an odd function, while cos is even
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
2 / 32
Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
sin and cos have period
(IMath, UP)
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2 / 32
Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
sin and cos have period 2
(IMath, UP)
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2 / 32
Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
2 / 32
Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
zeros of sin:
(IMath, UP)
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Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
zeros of sin: k, where k Z
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
2 / 32
Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
1
2

zeros of cos:
(IMath, UP)
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Facts:
dom cos = dom sin =
1
2

, where k Z
zeros of cos: (2k+1)
2
(IMath, UP)
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2 / 32
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
The graphs above are called sine waves or sinusoids.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
3 / 32
One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
4 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
4 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
4 / 32

1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
4 / 32
Consider: f (x) = a sin x or f (x) = a cos x
(IMath, UP)
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Consider: f (x) = a sin x or f (x) = a cos x

|a| = amplitude
maximum y minimum y
=
2
(IMath, UP)
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Example. f (x) = 3 sin x
(IMath, UP)
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6 / 32

amplitude = 3
(IMath, UP)
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6 / 32

amplitude = 3
3
2
1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
6 / 32

amplitude = 3
3
2
1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
6 / 32

amplitude = 3
3
2
1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
6 / 32

amplitude = 3
3
2
1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
6 / 32

amplitude = 3
3
2
1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
6 / 32

amplitude = 3
3
2
1
2 3
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
6 / 32
Example. f (x) =
(IMath, UP)
1
cos x
2
Lec. 22
7 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
1
cos x
2
1
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
7 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
1
cos x
2
1
2
3
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
7 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
1
cos x
2
1
2
3
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
7 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
1
cos x
2
1
2
3
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
7 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
1
cos x
2
1
2
3
2
(IMath, UP)
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7 / 32
What if a < 0?
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
8 / 32
What if a < 0?
Reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about the xaxis
(IMath, UP)
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8 / 32
What if a < 0?
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
8 / 32
What if a < 0?
amplitude = 3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
8 / 32
What if a < 0?
amplitude = 3
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
8 / 32
What if a < 0?
amplitude = 3
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
8 / 32
What if a < 0?
amplitude = 3
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
8 / 32
Consider: f (x) = a sin(bx) or f (x) = a cos(bx)
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
9 / 32

First, let b > 0.
(IMath, UP)
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9 / 32

First, let b > 0. To complete one period:
0 bx 2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
9 / 32

0 bx 2 0 x
(IMath, UP)
2
b
Lec. 22
9 / 32

0 bx 2 0 x
2
b
In general, the period is given by
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
9 / 32

0 bx 2 0 x
In general, the period is given by
(IMath, UP)
2
b
2
|b|
Lec. 22
9 / 32
Example. f (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
10 / 32

amplitude = 3, period =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
10 / 32

3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
10 / 32

3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
10 / 32

3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
10 / 32

3
2
1
0 4
3
2
1
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin x
(IMath, UP)
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10 / 32

3
2
1
0 4
3
4
3
2
1
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
10 / 32

3
2
1
0 4
3
4
3
2
1
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin x
(IMath, UP)
f (x) = 3 sin 2x
Lec. 22
10 / 32
Example. f (x) =
(IMath, UP)
x
1
cos
2
2
Lec. 22
11 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
x
1
cos
2
2
1
, period = 4
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
11 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
x
1
cos
2
2
1
, period = 4
2
3
2
f1 (x) =
1
cos x
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
11 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
x
1
cos
2
2
1
, period = 4
2
3
2
f1 (x) =
1
cos x
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
11 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
x
1
cos
2
2
1
, period = 4
2
3
2
f1 (x) =
1
cos x
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
11 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
x
1
cos
2
2
1
, period = 4
2
3
2
f1 (x) =
1
cos x
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
11 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
x
1
cos
2
2
1
, period = 4
2
3
2
f1 (x) =
1
cos x
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
11 / 32
Example. f (x) =
amplitude =
x
1
cos
2
2
1
, period = 4
2
3
2
f1 (x) =
1
cos x
2
(IMath, UP)
f (x) =
x
1
cos
2
2
Lec. 22
11 / 32
What if b < 0?
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
12 / 32
What if b < 0?
Use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the function first.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
12 / 32
What if b < 0?
Examples.
1
x
f (x) = 2 sin
3

(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
12 / 32
What if b < 0?
Examples.
1
x
x
= 2 sin
f (x) = 2 sin
3
3

(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
12 / 32
What if b < 0?
Examples.
1
x
x
= 2 sin
f (x) = 2 sin
3
3
2
g(x) = cos(x)
3

(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
12 / 32
What if b < 0?
Examples.
1
x
x
= 2 sin
f (x) = 2 sin
3
3
2
2
g(x) = cos(x) = cos(x)
3
3

(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
12 / 32
Consider: f (x) = a sin[b(x c)] or f (x) = a cos[b(x c)]
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
13 / 32

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin bx or f (x) = a cos bx is:
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
13 / 32

1
shifted |c| units to the right, if c > 0
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
13 / 32

1
shifted |c| units to the left, if c < 0
(IMath, UP)
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13 / 32

1
shifted |c| units to the left, if c < 0
|c| is called the phase shift or horizontal shift
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
13 / 32

Example. f (x) = 3 sin 2x +
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4
amplitude = 3, period = , phase shift:

unit to the left
4
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4

unit to the left
4
3
2
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4

unit to the left
4
3
2
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4

unit to the left
4
3
2
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4

unit to the left
4
3
2
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4

unit to the left
4
3
2
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4

unit to the left
4
3
2
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
14 / 32

h

i
= 3 sin 2 x +
2
4

unit to the left
4
3
2
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
(IMath, UP)
h
i
f (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
Lec. 22
14 / 32
Consider: f (x) = a sin[b(x c)] + d or f (x) = a cos[b(x c)] + d
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
15 / 32

In this case, the graph of f (x) = a sin[b(x c)] or f (x) = a cos[b(x c)]
is:
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
15 / 32

is:
1
shifted |d| units upward, if d > 0
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
15 / 32

is:
1
shifted |d| units downward, if d < 0
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
15 / 32

is:
1
shifted |d| units downward, if d < 0
|d| is called the vertical shift
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
15 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
vertical shift: 2 units
upward
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
5
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
upward
h
i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
5
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
upward
h
i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
5
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
upward
h
i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
5
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
upward
h
i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
5
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
upward
h
i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
5
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
upward
h
i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
16 / 32
Example.

f (x) = 3 sin 2x+
+2 =
2
h
i
3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
5
4
amplitude = 3
period =
unit to the
phase shift:
4
left
upward
h
i
f (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
+2
4
h
i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
1
4
1
0 4
3
4
2
3
(IMath, UP)
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16 / 32
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
dom tan =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
dom tan =
(IMath, UP)
R \ { odd multiples of 2 }
Lec. 22
17 / 32
1
2
dom cot = R
dom tan =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
1
2
dom cot = R \ { multiples of }
dom tan =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
1
2
3
ran tan = ran cot = R
dom tan =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
1
2
3
4
dom tan =
tan and cot are odd functions
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
1
2
3
dom tan =
period:
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
1
2
3
dom tan =
period:
zeros of tan: multiples of
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
1
2
3
dom tan =
period:
zeros of tan: multiples of
zeros of cot: odd multiples of
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
17 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
f (x) = tan x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
18 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
19 / 32
f (x) = tan x and g(x) = cot x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
20 / 32
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
dom sec =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
dom sec =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
1
2
dom csc = R
dom sec =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
1
2
dom csc = R \ { multiples of }
dom sec =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
1
2
3
dom sec =
ran sec = ran csc = (, ] [1, +)
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
1
2
dom sec =
ran sec = ran csc = (, ] [1, +)
No zeros
sec is an even function, while csc is odd
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
1
2
dom sec =
ran sec = ran csc = (, ] [1, +)
No zeros
sec is an even function, while csc is odd
period: 2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
21 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = sec x g(x) = cos x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
22 / 32
f (x) = csc x
g(x) = sin x
1
3
2
(IMath, UP)
0
1
3
2
5
2
Lec. 22
23 / 32
Trigonometric Functions of Angles

: measure of an angle in standard position (in radians, for now)
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32

Q(x, y): point on its terminal side (but not (0, 0))
Q(x, y)
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32

r: distance of Q from (0, 0)
Q(x, y)
r
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32

Q(x, y)
r
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32

Q(x, y)
r
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32

Q(x, y)
r
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32

Q(x, y)
r
P () = (cos , sin )
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32

Q(x, y)
r
P () = (cos , sin )
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
24 / 32
r
y
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
25 / 32
r
y
1
sin
cos
x
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
25 / 32
r
y
1
sin
cos
x
By similar triangles,
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
25 / 32
r
y
1
sin
cos
x
cos
=
1
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
25 / 32
r
y
1
sin
cos
x
x
cos
=
r
1
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
25 / 32
r
y
1
sin
cos
x
x
cos
=
r
1
(IMath, UP)
sin
=
1
Lec. 22
25 / 32
r
y
1
sin
cos
x
x
cos
=
r
1
(IMath, UP)
sin
y
=
1
r
Lec. 22
25 / 32

Definition
Let be the measure of an angle in standard position, and Q(x, y) be a
point on its terminal side, (x, y) 6= (0, 0).
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
Let be the measure of an angle in standard position,
p and Q(x, y) be a
point on its terminal side, (x, y) 6= (0, 0). Let r = x2 + y 2 .
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
point on its terminal side, (x, y) 6= (0, 0). Let r = x2 + y 2 . The six
trigonometric functions of are:
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
cos =
x
r
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
cos =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
(IMath, UP)
cot =
x
, y 6= 0
y
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
(IMath, UP)
x
, y 6= 0
y
r
sec = , x 6= 0
x
cot =
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
(IMath, UP)
x
, y 6= 0
y
r
sec = , x 6= 0
x
r
csc = , y 6= 0
y
cot =
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
x
, y 6= 0
y
r
sec = , x 6= 0
x
r
csc = , y 6= 0
y
cot =
Here, may not be in radians.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
x
, y 6= 0
y
r
sec = , x 6= 0
x
r
csc = , y 6= 0
y
cot =

Note that if r = 1,
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
x
, y 6= 0
y
r
sec = , x 6= 0
x
r
csc = , y 6= 0
y
cot =

Note that if r = 1, cos = x,
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32

Definition
p and Q(x, y) be a
1
x
r
y
sin =
r
y
tan = , x 6= 0
x
cos =
x
, y 6= 0
y
r
sec = , x 6= 0
x
r
csc = , y 6= 0
y
cot =

Note that if r = 1, cos = x, sin = y, etc.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
26 / 32
Example. Find the trigonometric functions of an angle in standard

position of measure if its terminal side passes through P (2, 3).
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

Take x = 2, y = 3.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
(IMath, UP)
2 13
13
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
2 13
13
sin =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
sin =
2
13
3 13
13
(IMath, UP)
2 13
13
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
3 13
13
sin =
2 13
13
tan =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
3 13
13
= 32
2 13
13
sin =
tan
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
sin = 3 1313
tan = 32
(IMath, UP)
2 13
13
cot =
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
3 13
13
= 32
2 13
13
cot =
2
3
sin =
tan
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
3 13
13
= 32
sin =
tan
(IMath, UP)
2 13
13
cot =
2
3
sec =
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
3 13
13
= 32
sin =
tan
(IMath, UP)
2 13
13
cot =
sec =
2
3
13
2
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
3 13
13
= 32
2 13
13
cot =
sin =
sec =
tan
csc =
(IMath, UP)
2
3
13
2
Lec. 22
27 / 32

p
Take x = 2, y = 3. Then, r = (2)2 + 32 = 13

cos =
2
13
3 13
13
= 32
2 13
13
cot =
sin =
sec =
tan
csc =
(IMath, UP)
2
3
13
2
13
3
Lec. 22
27 / 32
12
Example. Find the trigonometric functions of if cos = 13
and
does not lie in Quadrant II.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and
Option: Use sin2 + cos2 = 1.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and
Option: Use sin2 + cos2 = 1. (Exercise)
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

lies in Quadrant III. Take x = 12, r = 13.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
y = 5,
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
y = 5, but lies in Quadrant III,
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
y = 5, but lies in Quadrant III, so take y = 5.
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
cos =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
cos =
12
13
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
cos =
12
13
sin =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
cos =
sin =
12
13
5
13
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
cos =
sin =
12
13
5
13
tan =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
cos =
sin =
tan =
12
13
5
13
5
12
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
28 / 32
12
and

y 2 = (13)2 (12)2 = 169 144 = 25.
cos =
sin =
tan =
12
13
5
13
5
12
(IMath, UP)
cot =
sec =
csc =
12
5
13
12
13
5
Lec. 22
28 / 32
Note that
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad =
6
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
sin 90 =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
sin 90 = sin
(IMath, UP)
=
2
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
sin 90 = sin
(IMath, UP)
=1
2
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
sin 90 = sin
cos 30 =
(IMath, UP)
=1
2
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
sin 90 = sin = 1
2
3
cos 30 =
2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
sin 90 = sin = 1
2
3
cos 30 =
2
tan 60 =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
sin 90 = sin = 1
2
3
cos 30 =
2
tan 60 = 3
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
sin 90 = sin = 1
2
3
cos 30 =
2
tan 60 = 3
csc 45 =
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
Note that
1
rad = 30
6
2
rad = 45
4
3
rad = 60
3
4
rad = 90
2
Thus,
1
3
4
sin 90 = sin = 1
2
3
cos 30 =
2
tan 60 = 3
csc 45 = 2
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
29 / 32
y
1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
y
1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
2
2
60
45
360
210
225
240
30
180
7
6
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
cot 150
2
2
60
45
360
210
225
240
30
180
7
6
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
y
1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
60
45
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
30
180
7
6
2
2
cot 150 = 3
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
2
2
cot 150 = 3
csc 240
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
y
1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
y
1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
y
1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180 = 1
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180 = 1
tan 495
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180 = 1
tan 495 = 1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
cos 315
3
2
5
3
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180 = 1
tan 495 = 1
sin(690 )
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
3
2
5
3
cos 315
11
6
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180 = 1
tan 495 = 1
sin(690 ) =
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
3
2
5
3
11
6
cos 315
1
2
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180 = 1
tan 495 = 1
sin(690 ) =
cot 900
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
3
2
5
3
11
6
cos 315
1
2
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
2
2
cot 150 = 3
2 3
csc 240 =
3
sec 180 = 1
tan 495 = 1
3
4
2
3
120
135
5
6
90
150
5
4
(IMath, UP)
330
315
300
270
4
3
360
210
225
240
60
45
30
180
7
6
3
2
5
3
11
6
cos 315
1
2
cot 900 is undefined
sin(690 ) =
7
4
Lec. 22
30 / 32
Exercises:
1 For the following functions, give (i) how many cycles are there in its
graph, (ii) over what intervals of x is the graph increasing, (iii) their
zeros, (iv) the minimum and maximum y-values of their graphs
1
2
3
4
2
f (x) = cos 2x, 2 x 7

2
f (x) = 13 sin x2 , x (3, 6)
{(x, y) | y = 12 cos 2 x + 3 ;
2 x 2}
{(x, y) | y = 3 2 sin 3x 4 ; 2 x 2}
Write the equation of a sine wave (also called sine curve) that has the
given amplitude, period, phase shift, vertical shift respectively
1
2
3
2, 2 , 8 , 1
4, 3, 2, 1
4, , 3 , 0
(IMath, UP)
Lec. 22
31 / 32

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Graphing Circular Functions

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin =

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

sin is an odd function, while cos is even

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

sin is an odd function, while cos is even

sin and cos have period

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

sin is an odd function, while cos is even

sin and cos have period 2

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

sin is an odd function, while cos is even

sin and cos have period 2

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

sin is an odd function, while cos is even

sin and cos have period 2

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

sin is an odd function, while cos is even

sin and cos have period 2

zeros of sin: k, where k Z

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]

sin is an odd function, while cos is even

sin and cos have period 2

zeros of sin: k, where k Z

Graphing Circular Functions

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

dom cos = dom sin =

ran cos = ran sin = [1, 1]