A28 - Polar Form PDF

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman
Lecture 28
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
1 / 24
Outline
Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
Roots of Complex Numbers
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
2 / 24
The Argand Plane
Recall:
complex number: a + bi, where a, b
C: set of complex numbers
(IMath, UPD)
R and i = 1 (rectangular form)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
3 / 24
The Argand Plane
Recall:
z = a + bi
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
3 / 24
The Argand Plane
Recall:
z = a + bi (a, b)
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
R2
Lecture 28
3 / 24
The Argand Plane
Recall:
z = a + bi (a, b)
R2
Any element of can be associated with a unique point on a plane

(Argand plane), and viceversa.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
3 / 24
The Argand Plane
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
4 / 24
The Argand Plane
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
4 / 24
The Argand Plane
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
2 5i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
4 / 24
The Argand Plane
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
4 4i
3
4
2 5i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
4 / 24
The Argand Plane
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
4 4i
3
4
2 5i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
4 / 24
The Argand Plane
5
4
3
3i
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
4 4i
3
4
2 5i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
4 / 24
The Argand Plane

Im
5
4
3
3i
2
1
Re
5 4 3 2 1
1
4 4i
3
4
2 5i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
4 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
Re
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
r = a2 + b2 (modulus or
absolute value of z, denoted |z|)
(a, b) z = a + bi
r
Re
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
(IMath, UPD)
: measure of an angle in
standard position whose terminal
side contains (a, b)
(an argument of z)
Re
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
(an argument of z)
Re
cos =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
cos =
(an argument of z)
Re
a
r
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
cos =
(an argument of z)
Re
a
= a =
r
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
cos =
(an argument of z)
Re
a
= a = r cos
r
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
cos =
(an argument of z)
Re
a
= a = r cos
r
(IMath, UPD)
sin =
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
cos =
(an argument of z)
Re
a
= a = r cos
r
(IMath, UPD)
sin =
Polar Form
b
r
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
cos =
(an argument of z)
Re
a
= a = r cos
r
(IMath, UPD)
sin =
Polar Form
b
= b =
r
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
cos =
(an argument of z)
Re
a
= a = r cos
r
(IMath, UPD)
sin =
Polar Form
b
= b = r sin
r
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
(IMath, UPD)
(an argument of z)
Re
a
= a = r cos
r
z = a + bi =
cos =
sin =
Polar Form
b
= b = r sin
r
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
(an argument of z)
Re
a
b
= a = r cos
sin =
= b = r sin
r
r
z = a + bi = r cos + i r sin
cos =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
(an argument of z)
Re
a
b
= a = r cos
sin =
= b = r sin
r
r
z = a + bi = r cos + i r sin = r(cos + i sin )
cos =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
(an argument of z)
Re
a
b
= a = r cos
sin =
= b = r sin
r
r
z = a + bi = r cos + i r sin = r(cos + i sin ) (polar form of z)
cos =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24

z = a + bi, a, b
R, i = 1
Im
(a, b) z = a + bi
(an argument of z)
Re
a
b
= a = r cos
sin =
= b = r sin
r
r
z = a + bi = r cos + i r sin = r(cos + i sin ) (polar form of z)
cos =
Notation: cis := cos + i sin

(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
5 / 24
Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
6 / 24

Note:
1
must satisfy cos =
(IMath, UPD)
a
b
and sin = .
r
r
Polar Form
Lecture 28
6 / 24

Note:
1
2
a
b
and sin = .
r
r
Infinitely many values can be used for .
must satisfy cos =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
6 / 24

Note:
1
2
a
b
and sin = .
r
r
Infinitely many values can be used for . Hence, polar form is not
unique.
must satisfy cos =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
6 / 24

Note:
1
2
a
b
and sin = .
r
r
unique.
must satisfy cos =
If [0, 2), we say is the principal argument of z.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
6 / 24

Note:
1
2
a
b
and sin = .
r
r
unique.
must satisfy cos =
If r > 0 and [0, 2), we say z = r cis is in standard polar form.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
6 / 24

Note:
1
2
a
b
and sin = .
r
r
unique.
must satisfy cos =
If r > 0 and [0, 2), we say z = r cis is in standard polar form.
The standard polar form of a complex number is unique.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
6 / 24
Examples:
1
What is 2 2i in standard polar form?
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
r=
22 + (2)2 = 2 2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
sin =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
2 2
2
2
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
=
sin = 22
2
= 7
4
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
2
2
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
=
sin = 22
2
= 7
4
2
2
2 2i = 2 2 cis 7
4
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
=
sin = 22
2
= 7
4
2
2
2 2i = 2 2 cis 7
4
What is 2 cis 150 in rectangular form?
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
=
sin = 22
2
= 7
4
2
2
2 2i = 2 2 cis 7
4

Solution:
2 cis 150
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
=
sin = 22
2
= 7
4
2
2
2 2i = 2 2 cis 7
4

Solution:
2 cis 150 = 2(cos 150 + i sin 150 ) =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
=
sin = 22
2
= 7
4
2
2
2 2i = 2 2 cis 7
4

Solution:

2 cis 150 = 2(cos 150 + i sin 150 ) = 2 23 + 12 i =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
p
2 =2 2
r = 22 + (2)
2
cos = 2
= 22
2
=
sin = 22
2
= 7
4
2
2
2 2i = 2 2 cis 7
4

Solution:

2 cis 150 = 2(cos 150 + i sin 150 ) = 2 23 + 12 i = 3 + i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
7 / 24
Examples:
1
What is 2 in standard polar form?
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
2 = 2 + 0i
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
cos = 22 = 1 and sin =
Polar Form
0
2
=0
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
Polar Form
0
2
=0
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
2
What is 4i in standard polar form?
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
2

Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
2

Solution:
4i = 0 + (4)i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
2

Solution:
4i p
= 0 + (4)i
r = 02 + (4)2 = 4
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
2

Solution:
4i p
= 0 + (4)i
r = 02 + (4)2 = 4
4
4
= 1
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
2

Solution:
4i p
= 0 + (4)i
r = 02 + (4)2 = 4
= 3
2
4
4
= 1
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
Examples:
1

Solution:
2=
2 + 0i
r = 22 + 02 = 2
=0
0
2
=0
2 = 2 cis 0
2

Solution:
4i p
= 0 + (4)i
r = 02 + (4)2 = 4
= 3
2
= 1
4i = 4 cis 3
2
(IMath, UPD)
4
4
Polar Form
Lecture 28
8 / 24
In general, if a
(IMath, UPD)
R, a > 0:
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
1
R, a > 0:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
1
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i)
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
1
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i)
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i)
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
ai
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
ai = a(0 + (1) i)
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
ai = a(0 + (1) i) = a cis
(IMath, UPD)
3
2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
ai = a(0 + (1) i) = a cis
(IMath, UPD)
3
2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
ai = a(0 + (1) i) = a cis
3
2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
ai = a(0 + (1) i) = a cis
3
2
ai
a
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
3
2
ai = a(0 + (1) i) = a cis
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
In general, if a
R, a > 0:
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis 0
a = a(1 + 0 i) = a cis
ai = a(0 + 1 i) = a cis
2
3
2
ai = a(0 + (1) i) = a cis
3
2
a
ai
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
9 / 24
Recall: If z = a + bi
(IMath, UPD)
C, then its complex conjugate z is
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
(IMath, UPD)
C, then its complex conjugate z is a bi
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
z = r cos + (r sin )i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
= r cos (r sin )i
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
= r cos (r sin )i
= r(cos i sin )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
= r cos (r sin )i
= r(cos i sin )
= r(
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
= r cos (r sin )i
= r(cos i sin )
= r( cos()
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
= r cos (r sin )i
= r(cos i sin )
= r( cos() + i sin())
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
= r cos (r sin )i
= r(cos i sin )
= r( cos() + i sin())
= r cis()
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Let z = r cis .
= r cos (r sin )i
= r(cos i sin )
= r( cos() + i sin())
= r cis()
z = r cis()
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
10 / 24
Multiplication in Polar Form
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di
(IMath, UPD)
C then z1 z2 = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i.
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di
Let z1 = r1 cis 1 and z2 = r2 cis 2 .
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= [r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )][r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )]
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [ cos 1 cos 2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [ cos 1 cos 2 + i cos 1 sin 2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [ cos 1 cos 2 + i cos 1 sin 2 + i sin 1 cos 2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [ cos 1 cos 2 + i cos 1 sin 2 + i sin 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 ]
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [(cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [(cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 ) + i(sin 1 cos 2 + cos 1 sin 2 )]
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [(cos(1 + 2 )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [(cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )]
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Recall:
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

z1 z2 = (r1 cis 1 )(r2 cis 2 )
= r1 r2 [(cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )]
z1 z2 = r1 r2 cis(1 + 2 )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
11 / 24
Division in Polar Form

recall: Given z1 = a + bi and nonzero z2 = c + di
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
C, then zz
1
2
Lecture 28
12 / 24

(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
Lecture 28
z2
z2
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2

r1 cis 1
z1
=
z2
r2 cis 2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2

r1 cis 1 cis(2 )
z1
=
z2
r2 cis 2 cis(2 )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2

r1 cis 1 cis(2 )
z1
=
z2
r2 cis 2 cis(2 )
r1
=
r2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2

r1 cis 1 cis(2 )
z1
=
z2
r2 cis 2 cis(2 )
r1 cis(1 + (2 ))
=
r2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2

r1 cis 1 cis(2 )
z1
=
z2
r2 cis 2 cis(2 )
r1 cis(1 + (2 ))
=
r2 cis(2 + (2 ))
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2

r1 cis 1 cis(2 )
z1
=
z2
r2 cis 2 cis(2 )
r1 cis(1 + (2 ))
=
r2 cis(2 + (2 ))
r1 cis(1 2 )
=
r2
cis 0
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24

C, then zz
1
2
z1
z2
z2
z2

r1 cis 1 cis(2 )
z1
=
z2
r2 cis 2 cis(2 )
r1 cis(1 + (2 ))
=
r2 cis(2 + (2 ))
r1 cis(1 2 )
=
r2
cis 0
z1
r1
=
cis(1 2 )
z2
r2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
12 / 24
Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
Theorem
z1 z2 = r1 r2 cis(1 + 2 )
z1
r1
=
cis(1 2 )
z2
r2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
13 / 24
Example:
1
Evaluate (2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ).
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Example:
1

Solution:
(2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ) = 8 cis(50 + 130 )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Example:
1

Solution:
(2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ) = 8 cis(50 + 130 )
= 8 cis 180
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Example:
1

Solution:
(2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ) = 8 cis(50 + 130 )
= 8 cis 180
= 8
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Example:
1

Solution:
(2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ) = 8 cis(50 + 130 )
= 8 cis 180
= 8
Evaluate
10 cis 7
6
.
5 cis 2
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Example:
1

Solution:
(2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ) = 8 cis(50 + 130 )
= 8 cis 180
= 8
Evaluate
Solution:
10 cis 7
6
.
5 cis 2
3
10 cis 7
6
5 cis 2
3
(IMath, UPD)
= 2 cis
Polar Form
7
6
2
3
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Example:
1

Solution:
(2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ) = 8 cis(50 + 130 )
= 8 cis 180
= 8
Evaluate
Solution:
10 cis 7
6
.
5 cis 2
3
10 cis 7
6
5 cis 2
3
(IMath, UPD)
= 2 cis
7
6
2
3
= 2 cis 2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Example:
1

Solution:
(2 cis 50 )(4 cis 130 ) = 8 cis(50 + 130 )
= 8 cis 180
= 8
Evaluate
Solution:
10 cis 7
6
.
5 cis 2
3
10 cis 7
6
5 cis 2
3
(IMath, UPD)
= 2 cis
7
6
2
3
= 2 cis 2
= 2i
Polar Form
Lecture 28
14 / 24
Integer Powers of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

Definition
Let z
C and n N.
zn
n times
z 0 = 1 (if z 6= 0)
z n =
If n
= z| z z{z z}
1
zn
(if z 6= 0)
N and z = r cis , then

zn =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
15 / 24

Definition
Let z
C and n N.
zn
n times
z 0 = 1 (if z 6= 0)
z n =
If n
= z| z z{z z}
1
zn
(if z 6= 0)

z n = (r cis )(r cis ) (r cis ) =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
15 / 24

Definition
Let z
C and n N.
zn
n times
z 0 = 1 (if z 6= 0)
z n =
If n
= z| z z{z z}
1
zn
(if z 6= 0)

z n = (r cis )(r cis ) (r cis ) = rn cis( + + + )
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
15 / 24

Definition
Let z
C and n N.
zn
n times
z 0 = 1 (if z 6= 0)
z n =
If n
= z| z z{z z}
1
zn
(if z 6= 0)

z n = (r cis )(r cis ) (r cis ) = rn cis( + + + )
de Moivres Formula
z n = rn cis(n)
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
15 / 24
Example: Evaluate (1 + i)16 .
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert (1 + i) to polar form then use De Moivres Formula:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert
form then use De Moivres Formula:
p (1 + i) to polar
r = (1)2 + 12 = 2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert
p (1 + i) to polar
2 + 12 =
r = (1)
2
cos = 22 and sin = 22 = = 3

4
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert
p (1 + i) to polar
2 + 12 =
r = (1)
2
cos = 22 and sin = 22 = = 3

4
1 + i = 2 cis 3
4
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert
p (1 + i) to polar
2 + 12 =
r = (1)
2
cos = 22 and sin = 22 = = 3

4
1 + i = 2 cis 3
4
Thus,
(1 + i)16 =
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis 3
4
16
Polar Form
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert
p (1 + i) to polar
2 + 12 =
r = (1)
2
cos = 22 and sin = 22 = = 3

4
1 + i = 2 cis 3
4
Thus,
(1 + i)16 =
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis 3
4
16
= ( 2)16 cis 16
Polar Form
3
4
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert
p (1 + i) to polar
2 + 12 =
r = (1)
2
cos = 22 and sin = 22 = = 3

4
1 + i = 2 cis 3
4
Thus,
(1 + i)16 =
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis 3
4
16
= ( 2)16 cis 16
Polar Form
3
4
= 256 cis 12 =
Lecture 28
16 / 24

Solution:
Multiply (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
{z
}
|
16 times
OR
Convert
p (1 + i) to polar
2 + 12 =
r = (1)
2
cos = 22 and sin = 22 = = 3

4
1 + i = 2 cis 3
4
Thus,
(1 + i)16 =
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis 3
4
16
= ( 2)16 cis 16
Polar Form
3
4
= 256 cis 12 = 256
Lecture 28
16 / 24
Example: What is
(IMath, UPD)
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
in rectangular form?
8cis 50
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
=
=
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
8 cis (50 )
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
=
=
=
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
8 cis (50 )
32 cis 430
8 cis(50 )
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
=
8 cis (50 )
32 cis 430
=
8 cis(50 )
= 4 cis 480
=
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
=
=
=
=
=
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
8 cis (50 )
32 cis 430
8 cis(50 )
4 cis 480
4 cis 120
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
=
=
=
=
=
=
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
8 cis (50 )
32 cis 430
8 cis(50 )
4 cis 480
4 cis 120

4
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
=
=
=
=
=
=
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
8 cis (50 )
32 cis 430
8 cis(50 )
4 cis 480
4 cis 120
1
4
2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
=
=
=
=
=
=
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
8 cis (50 )
32 cis 430
8 cis(50 )
4 cis 480
4 cis 120
1
3
4 +
i
2
2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24
Example: What is
Solution:
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
i59 (2 cis 32 )5
8cis 50
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(IMath, UPD)
(i)(32 cis 160 )

8 cis (50)
(cis 270 )(32 cis 160 )
8 cis (50 )
32 cis 430
8 cis(50 )
4 cis 480
4 cis 120
1
3
4 +
i
2 2
2 + 2i 3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
17 / 24

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: the equation xn = z has exactly n
distinct complex solutions, that is, z has n distinct complex nth roots.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
18 / 24

Definition
If z
C, n N with n > 1, then is an nth root of z if n = z.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
18 / 24

Definition
If z
Let z = r cis , = cis
(IMath, UPD)
C.
Polar Form
Lecture 28
18 / 24

Definition
If z
C.
If is an nth root of z, then n = r cis .
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
18 / 24

Definition
If z
C.

By de Moivres Formula, we have n cis n = r cis .
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
18 / 24

Definition
If z
C.

This means n = r and n = + k 2 where k .
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
18 / 24

Definition
If z
C.

This means n = r and n = + k 2 where k .

Thus...
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
18 / 24
Theorem
Let z = r cis
(IMath, UPD)
C, n N with n > 1. Then
Polar Form
Lecture 28
19 / 24
Theorem
Let z = r cis
given by
(IMath, UPD)
C, n N with n > 1. Then z has n distinct nth roots
Polar Form
Lecture 28
19 / 24
Theorem
Let z = r cis
given by
C, n N with n > 1. Then z has n distinct nth roots

r cis
where k = 0, 1, ..., (n 1) and
(IMath, UPD)
+ k 2
n

,
r is the principal nth root of r.
Polar Form
Lecture 28
19 / 24
Example: Find the cube roots of 8.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
We convert to the polar form 8 = 8 cis
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
We convert to the polar form 8 = 8 cis (so r = 8, = , n = 3).
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
The theorem says that the cube roots of 8 are:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)
+0
=
3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)
+0
= 2 cis
3
3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:

+0
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1
+0
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)
+ 2
=
3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)
+ 2
= 2 cis = 2
3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
+ 2
= 2 cis = 2
3
for k = 2:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)
+ 4
=
3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
+ 2
= 2 cis = 2
3
for k = 2:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)
+ 4
5
= 2 cis
3
3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
+ 2
= 2 cis = 2
3
for k = 2:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)

+ 4
5
= 2 cis
=2
3
3
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
+ 2
= 2 cis = 2
3
for k = 2:
2 cis
(IMath, UPD)
1
+ 4
5
= 2 cis
=2
3
3
2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
+ 2
= 2 cis = 2
3
for k = 2:
1 3
+ 4
5
2 cis
= 2 cis
=2
i
3
3
2
2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Solution:
for k = 0:
1 3
+0
i =1+i 3
+
2 cis
= 2 cis = 2
3
2
2
3
for k = 1:
2 cis
+ 2
= 2 cis = 2
3
for k = 2:
1 3
+ 4
5
2 cis
= 2 cis
=2
i =1i 3
3
3
2
2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
20 / 24

Example: Find all complex numbers satisfying z 4 + 8 3 = 8i.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
The problem looks for all the fourth roots of 8 3 + 8i.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i =
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
(IMath, UPD)
3
2
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
(IMath, UPD)
3
2

+ 12 i
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
(IMath, UPD)
3
2

+ 12 i = 16 cis 5
6 .
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
3
2

+ 12 i = 16 cis 5
6 . r = 16, =
5
6 ,

and n = 4 .
The fourth roots of 8 3 + 8i are:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
3
2

+ 12 i = 16 cis 5
6 . r = 16, =
5
6 ,

and n = 4 .

k=0
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis
Polar Form
5
6
+0
5
= 2 cis
4
24
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
3
2

+ 12 i = 16 cis 5
6 . r = 16, =
5
6 ,

and n = 4 .

k=0
k=1
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis
2 cis
5
6
5
6
Polar Form
+0
5
= 2 cis
4
24
+ 2
17
= 2 cis
4
24
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
3
2

+ 12 i = 16 cis 5
6 . r = 16, =
5
6 ,

and n = 4 .

k=0
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis
k=1
2 cis
k=2
2 cis
5
6
5
6
5
6
Polar Form
+0
5
= 2 cis
4
24
+ 2
17
= 2 cis
4
24
+ 4
29
= 2 cis
4
24
Lecture 28
21 / 24

Solution:
8 3 + 8i = 16
3
2

+ 12 i = 16 cis 5
6 . r = 16, =
5
6 ,

and n = 4 .

k=0
(IMath, UPD)
2 cis
k=1
2 cis
k=2
2 cis
k=3
2 cis
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
Polar Form
+0
4
+ 2
4
+ 4
4
+ 6
4
5
24
17
= 2 cis
24
29
= 2 cis
24
41
= 2 cis
24
= 2 cis
Lecture 28
21 / 24

The cube roots of 8
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
22 / 24
The cube roots of 8 (1 + i 3, 2, 1 i 3)
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
22 / 24
The cube roots of 8 (1 + i 3, 2, 1 i 3) on the Argand plane:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
22 / 24
The cube roots of 8 (1 + i 3, 2, 1 i 3) on the Argand plane:
The points representing the n distinct nth roots of z = r cis are equally
spaced points on the circle centered at the origin with radius n r.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
22 / 24

So to find nth roots of complex numbers,
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

So to find nth roots of complex numbers, solve for root given when k = 0.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

The argument of the second solution can be obtained by adding 2
n to the
argument of the first solution, the argument of the third solution can be
obtained by adding 2
n to the argument of the second solution,and so on.
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
Example: The 6th roots of 1 are:
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
cis 0,
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
cis 0, cis ,
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
2
cis 0, cis , cis ,
3
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
2
cis 0, cis , cis , cis ,
3
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
2
4
cis 0, cis , cis , cis , cis ,
3
3
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
2
4
5
cis 0, cis , cis , cis , cis , cis
3
3
3
3
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24

n to the
2
4
5
cis 0, cis , cis , cis , cis , cis
3
3
3
3
or
1 i 3 1 i 3
1 i 3 1 i 3
1, +
, +
, 1,
,
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
23 / 24
EXERCISES:
(3 cis 100 )(2 cis 10 )

in rectangular form.
4 cis 505
Express (2 3 + 2i) in rectangular form.
Find all complex solutions to the equation x5 i = 0.
Express
(IMath, UPD)
Polar Form
Lecture 28
24 / 24

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Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

Roots of Complex Numbers

The Argand Plane

C: set of complex numbers

R and i = 1 (rectangular form)

The Argand Plane

C: set of complex numbers

R and i = 1 (rectangular form)

The Argand Plane

C: set of complex numbers

R and i = 1 (rectangular form)

The Argand Plane

C: set of complex numbers

R and i = 1 (rectangular form)

Any element of can be associated with a unique point on a plane

The Argand Plane

The Argand Plane

The Argand Plane

The Argand Plane

The Argand Plane

The Argand Plane

The Argand Plane

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Notation: cis := cos + i sin

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.

must satisfy cos =

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.

must satisfy cos =

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.

If [0, 2), we say is the principal argument of z.

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.

If [0, 2), we say is the principal argument of z.

If r > 0 and [0, 2), we say z = r cis is in standard polar form.

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi be written as r cis in polar form.

If [0, 2), we say is the principal argument of z.

If r > 0 and [0, 2), we say z = r cis is in standard polar form.