5Ds (American Motives for

Colonization)

Dollar
Defense

Destiny
Deity

Duty

New markets for American goods

Stepping stone to Asian Market like China
Source of materials for Americas colonies

Strategic location for a naval base

Military launching-pad
Expansion without appending a country
Desire for an overseas empire

Wanted to convert the Philippines to

Protestantism

White Mans Burden

Americas Industrialization
Andrew
Carnegie steel
Charles
Goodyear
rubber (tires)

John
Rockefeller oil

Cornelius
Vanderbilt railroads

J.P Morgan
bank

Randolph
Hearst newspapers

Road to the Spanish American War

Political
Yellow Journalists from Hearst Newspapers
leaked the letter of Enrique de Lome (Spanish
Ambassador to US) to his friend in Havana that
the American President (William McKinley) is a
weak and inferior politican

Social
The Cuban Revolution had won the sympathy of
the Americans

Economic
Americans had big investment in Cuba
(sugar)

American Beliefs
Manifest Destiny
America was destined by God to
expand beyond North America to the
Pacific

American Exceptionalism
America differs qualitatively from the
rest of the world

Anglo-Saxonism
Americans and English people are a
single race with superior intelligence
who are destined for world domination

North Carolina
Virginia
Maryland

Massachusetts
Rhode Island

South Carolina
New Hampshire
Connecticut

Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Delaware

New York
Georgia

USS Maine Havana Harbor in Cuba

On Feb. 15, 1898 the American battleship USS

Maine mysteriously exploded at Havana
Harbor in Cuba, killing 246 men. Spain was
blamed for the mishap

 US Congress passed
the Teller Resolution
declaring a state of
war between US and
Spain on April 21,
1898
On April 25, 1898 the
Congress of the
United State formally
declared the war on
Spain.

Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)

Admiral George Dewey

Admiral Patricio Montojo

USS Olympia

Reina Cristina

Aguinaldo returns
Aguinaldo took McCulloch and arrived at
Manila Bay on May 19
May 28- After a victory in Imus, Aguinaldo
unfurled the new national flag which was
sewn by Marcela Agoncillo and her
companions in Hong Kong.
Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista advised
Aguinaldo to create a dictatorial government

Germanys Intentions
They looked for lands to colonize
1st plan place Philippines under
German Prince; 2nd divide the
Philippines among world powers
including Germany; 3rd place
country among world powers
Cormoran warship provoked the
Americans when they did not stop
at the bay; Dewey threatened war
British-American Forces combined
stopped the Germans from
entering Manila

 Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen

Basilio Agustin the terms of
an honorable surrender
Despite orders from Spain
to surrender, Agustin
decided to surrender to the
Americans only
Apolinario Mabini advised
Aguinaldo to shift from
dictatorial to revolutionary
government
Jun 12, 1898 declaration
of Independence

Start of American Betrayal

Pio Del Pilar and Artemio
Ricarte warned Aguinaldo
that the Americans appear
to deceive them and that
they may have to fight the
Americans in the future.
August 13, 1898-The Mock
Battle of Manila took place
by noontime; Gov. Gen
Fermin Jaudenes along with
other US officials discussed
the terms of surrender in
San Agustin Church

Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)

Spain turned over the
Philippines, Guam and
Puerto Rico to the
United States for the
sum $20,000,000 as a
payment for the
improvement made by
Spain in the
Philippines

Malolos Congress
Pedro Paterno President of the
Congress
135 members, 42 elected while
the rest were appointed
3 drafts- Mabini, Paterno and
Felipe Calderon

Cabinet Members
Mabini Cabinet
Foreign Affairs and Govt
Council Apolinario
Mabini
Interior Teodoro Sandiko
War and Navy Baldomero
Aguinaldo
Finance Mariano Trias
Development Gracio
Gonzaga

Paterno Cabinet
Govt Council Pedro Paterno
Foreign Affairs Felipe Buencamino
Interior Severino de las Alas
War and Navy Mariano Trias
Finance Hugo Ilagan
Public Administration Aguedo
Velarde
Public Works and Communications
Leon Ma. Guerrero
Industry, Commerce and Agriculture
Maximino Paterno

Malolos Congress
President Pedro Paterno
Ambrosio Bautista
Vice Pres Benito Legarda
Secretaries Gregorio Araneta,
Pablo Ocampo

Malolos Republic
First Republic in Asia
Unicameral Legislature
93 delagates, 35
elected while the rest
were appointed when
the Congress convened
Legislative branch is
more powerful than
the executive branch

Audiencia dela Capital (Supreme Court)

Presidente - Gracio Gonzaga
Presidente de la Sala - Juan Arceo, Felix Ferrer
Magistrados - Deogracias Reyes, Juan Tongco, Pablo
Tecson, Ygnacio Villamor
Delegado Fiscal - Arsenio C. Herrera
Abogados Fiscales - Ambrosio Delgado, Epifanio Santos
46 regional judges

 Universidad Scientifico Literaria inside

Barasoian Church in Malolos (law, medicine,
pharmacy, liberal arts- English, French and
Spanish)
Instituto Burgos High school and
Trade/vocational school
Academia Militar by Antonio Luna headed
by Col. Manuel Sityar

Autonomy over Independence

Autonomy protectorate under US vs.
absolute independence
Aguinaldo was waiting which side would have
the majority
Only Antonio Luna and Apolinario Mabini
were pro-independence
Gracio Gonzaga over Mabini as Chief Justice

 President McKinley did not know what to do

with the Philippines
But he was surrounded by men who had
interest in making the Philippines an American
colony

Benevolent Assimilation (Dec 21, 1898)

United States came not as invaders or
conquerors but as friends and that the
aim of the military administration was to
win the confidence, respect and affection
of the inhabitants of the Philippines by
assuring them in every possible way that
the full measure of individual rights and
liberties is the heritage of free
peoplesThe future control, disposition,
and government of the Philippine Islands
are ceded to the United States

Mckinley : the islands were a gift from the

gods
Cannot be returned to Spain- cowardice and
dishonorable
Cannot be turned over to France or Germany
bad business and discreditable
Cannot leave them to themselves unfit for
self-government
There is nothing left for us to do but to take
them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift
and civilize and Christianize them, and by Gods
grace, do the very best we could by them, as
our fellowmen whom Christ also died.

Anti-Imperialist League

Pro-Imperialists

Mark Twain

Henry Watterson

Poet (White Mans Burden)

Editor of ther Louisville

Courier-Journal

Andrew Carnegie

Theodore Roosevelt

Businessman

Cavalry commander in Cuba

William Jennings Bryan

Alfred J. Beveridge

Legislator

Senator

Filipino-American war
Feb. 1, 1899 a group of American Engineers was arrested
and detained by Filipinos troops because they were found
within the latters lines
Feb. 2, 1899 General Arthur MacArthur protested the
presence of some Filipino soldiers within the American
lines.
Feb. 4, 1899. Private Willie W. Grayson shot two unarmed
Filipino soldiers on the corner of Sociego & Silencio Streets
in Santa Mesa, Manila
Filipinos who were employed by American firms were fired
Many of the Filipino commanders were not at their posts
On Feb. 4, 1899 American newspapers said that it was the
Filipinos who started the war.
On February 6, the Senate voted to pass the Treaty of Paris.

Our fighting blood

was up, and we all
wanted to kill
niggers and gugus

Filipinos
Fight for independence
Revolutionaries

Manila Campaign: February-March 1899

Malolos Campaign: March-August 1899
Tarlac Campaign: November 1899

Americans
Insurrection
Volunteers

Filipino troops have few victories

Battle

Date

Leader

Result

Quingua (now
Plaridel)

April 23, 1899.

Gen Gregorio del

Pilar

Gen Franklin Bell was

defeated forces and
Col. John
Storsenberg was
killed

Pulang Lupa

Sept 13,1900

Col. Maximo
Abad

Captured 50
American soldiers
under Capt.
Deveraux Shields

Mabitac, Laguna

Sept. 17, 1900

Gen. Juan Cailles

Col. Benjamin
Cheathams forces
were defeated

San Mateo

December 18, 1899

Gen Licerio
Geronimo

General
Lawton was killed in
the battle

Defeats of the Filipinos

Victory of the Autonomists
Schurman Commission
Assassination of Antonio Luna
(June 2, 1899)
Battle of Tirad Pass
Capture of Aguinaldo

Bates Treaty (Aug 20, 1899)

Allowed the Americans to occupy Jolo
Sultan of Sulu and Gen John Bates negotiated

Sultan was allowed to collect taxes and fly his

own flag in areas unoccupied by the Americans
Tactic by the Americans to focus their attention
on the war in the northern islands

Open your
mouth!
Gugu!

Done by forcing water into

the stomach of a person until
it gets filled.
The person would then be
asked to lie on his back & an
American soldier would
jump on his stomach

Placing a rope around a persons neck & then

twisting it to choke him.

Beating the victim until he become blue in

the face.
Many Filipinos were recruited as guides,
spies ex. Ex-guardia civils, and Pampango
soldiers in the Spanish army

Gen. Jacob Smith Pacify Samar the more you kill and burn the
better it will please me

The revolutionaries surrendered gradually (Lukban,

Malvar, Ola)
Sakays Tagalog Republic
Millenarians (Dios-Dios, Pulajanes, Babaylanes)
Philippine Constabulary composed of old Spanish
guardia civils and Macabebe scouts
Irreconcilables (Mabini, Ricarte etc)