Evolutionof

AsphaltMixDesignSystems
ThomasHarman
Manager,Pavement&MaterialsTST
FHWAOTSResourceCenter

OurVisitToday
Part
1:

TheGOALof
MixDesign

Part
2:

Part
3:

Part
4:

ALookBack
atourPast

The
Superpave
Revolution

Hot
Challenges
becauseof
WarmMix
Part
1:

TheGOAL ofMixDesign

WhatistheGOAL?

TheGOALis

AGoodmixprovides?...
ABadmixdoesnotprovide?
Getting
thisto

Carrythis
without

Tomuch
ofThis.

PropertiesofaGood
AsphaltAggregateMixture

ProfessorCarlMonismith
excerptASCEAsphaltMixDesignanConstruction2006

Stability
LowSkid

Designofanasphaltaggregatemixtureconsists
of
Selectthetype andgradationofmineral
1

Durability

Fracture
Resistance

aggregate
Stiffness

Selectthetype andgrade ofasphalt

binder,withorwithoutmodification

Fatigue
Resistance

Work
ability
Permeability

Selecttheamount ofasphaltbinderto
satisfytheprojectspecificrequirements
7

EarlyDesignMethods
T.L.A.R.
W.A.G.
Part
2:

S.W.A.G.

ALookBackatourPast
9

10

EarlyMixDesign

History

(19401960)
DominatedbyWorldWarIIKoreanWar

AsphaltPavingintheUnitedStates
1870inNewark,NewJersey
1871inWashington,DC

1950sMostPrevalentSystems,developedby:
FrancisHveem
BruceMarshall

Others:
HubbardField,SmithTriaxial,&TexasGyratory
11

12

EarlyDesignMethods

EarlyDesignMethods

StateofCaliforniaDOTMethod
1939,TexasHighwayDepartment

Driver:PoorPerformance
Key:labkneading compaction

Philippi,Raines,andLove

TexasGyratoryPress

FrancisHveem

Kneadingcompaction

EngineerCADivisionofHighways
Hveem Method
Circa1930sthru1942,1985
13

EarlyDesignMethods

14

EarlyDesignMethods

USArmyCorpsofEngineersMethod

1950s,USCorpsofEngineers

Driver:PoorPerformance

JohnMcRae

100psitiresonWWIIaircraft
KoreanWarintroduced200psitires
ImpactHammer(Compaction)

GyratoryTestMachine
Floating2pointsystem
KneadingCompaction,
w/ameasureofstability

BruceMarshall
Vicksburg,Mississippi
HighwayResearchBoard1949
15

16

EuropeanMethods

EarlyDesignMethods

Early1960s,LCPC,France

1950s,USCorpsofEngineers

Texastypegyratorypress
Frenchruttester

JohnMcRae

1st NCATTrack

17

18

LCPCGyratoryCompaction

LCPCGyratoryCompaction

FrancisMoutier (LCPC)

Early1960s,LCPC,France

Early1960s,LCPC,France

Texastypepress
1968,2nd prototype
1973,PCG1
1985,PCG2
1997,PGC3

Texastypepress
1968,2nd prototype
1973,PCG1
1985,PCG2
1997,PGC3

19

20

LCPCGyratoryCompaction

LCPCGyratoryCompaction

Early1960s,LCPC,France

Early1960s,LCPC,France

Texastypepress
1968,2nd prototype
1973,PCG1
1985,PCG2
1997,PGC3

Texastypepress
1968,2nd prototype
1973,PCG1
1985,PCG2
1997,PGC3

21

22

SHRP
5yearstoboldlygowhere
1987,UnitedStatesCongressauthorizedthe
StrategicHighwayResearchProgram
1987,Focusonasphaltbinderresearch
1990,Expandedtoincluderesearchonmix
Part
3:

TheSuperpave Revolution
23

24

Arosebyanyothername

Superpave System

ButtheMonkfishusedto
becalledtheSlimefish?

PerformanceBased
PurchaseSpecification
DesignandAnalysisTool

AndMiDAS became

ASPHALT INSTITUTE

Asphalt
U-P Groups

FrankFrancois
ThenExecutiveDirector
AASHTO

INDUSTRY
SUPERPAVE 2005

26

FocusonLimiting
Distress(FailureModes)

SHRPResearchersWorkingHard

Thermal
Cracking
Dr.DamianKulash
SHRPExecutiveDirector

Fatigue
Rutting

27

28

Andmanyothers.

Refinement,Jnr
Developed as Table 3
for AASHTO M 320-09

30

MatrixApproach,versionsA1

Refinement,Jnr

Thechallengeistodevelopa
purchasespecification

Standard Test
Procedure
developed for
AASHTO TP70-09

Ithastobeimplementable,
BothfromaAgency andfroma
Industry standpoint
Dr.DaveAnderson
SHRPResearcher
PennState

31

32

SHRPMixDesign

SHRP

SHRPmixtureresearch,buildingon:

NCHRP906,AAMAS

NCHRP906,AAMAS

AsphaltAggregateMixtureAnalysis
System
USCorpsGTM

ReportNumber338,published1991
VonQuintus,BrentRauhut Engineering

LCPCinFrance
Texasgyratorysheartestmachine
33

34

FHWAModified
GyratoryShearTestMachine

SHRPGyratoryCompactor
1990,FHWADemoProjectNo.90

FixedAngle

InnovativeAsphaltMixLaboratory
Techniques

Variable0.5 to3.0
at0.25 increments

4Specimens
30rpm
Heightrecordation

AAMAS
SHRP(MiDAS)

35

36

AsphaltInstitute
SHRPA005Contractor

AAMASWorkshops
April1991inAtlanta,Georgia

FHWAproposedahybridgyratory

Harman&DAngelo

Fallof1991
BuildingonLCPC
Mod.TXGyratory
6specimens
1 angle
30rpm
Heightrecordation

37

38

AnAlternativePath
SHRPIntenseDebate
UniversityofCalifornia Berkeley

SuperpaveGyratory
CompactorCalibration

Promoted
RollingWheelcompaction

MakingSuperpaveMixtures
Consistent

39

40

SuperpaveMixDesign
1
2
3

ASimple PerformanceTest(s)

SelectionofMaterials
SelectionofaDesignAggregateStructure
SelectionoftheDesignBinderContent

NCHRP919
E*
FlowNumber,Fn
FlowTime

EvaluationofMoistureSensitivity
4
5

ModifiedLotman,AASHTOT283

AsphaltMixturePerformanceTest(s)
41

42

AsphaltMixPerformanceTester
9NCHRP929
9Evaluatemixturefatigueand

TP62DeterminationofDynamic
Modulus,E*
929: HMAPerformanceTester
TP62DynamicModulusE*

response(E*)rutting(Fn)

9PublishedasTP79
alsoPP 60, PP 61, and PP 62

AccommodateHMAPerformanceTester
SeparateStdforsamplepreparation
SeparateStd.formastercurve

9Relativelyinexpensiveandease
ofuse

9ProvideskeyMEPDGinput
43

PAVEMENT&MATERIALS
ASPHALT

44

AsphaltMixPerformanceTester
FlowNumber(Fn)

AsphaltMixPerformanceTester
(2009/2010)

Developedasindicatorofruttingpotential
933relationshipflownumber/maximum
trafficwithlabmixes(fieldmixissueage)
Issues

Developpooledfundfortrainingand
equipmentpurchaseoftheequipment
Techniciantrainingforoperationofthe
equipment(AATcontractor/NCATLab)

Hightemperature50%reliabilityPGLTPPBind3.1
Confined/unconfined
Load:variouslevelshavebeenused

Remainingissuewith
determinationFlowNumber,Fn
45

46

WarmMixAsphalt
WMAencompassesawiderangeof
enablingtechnologiesthatenhance
asphaltproductionand/orlaydown
properties

Futureof
MixDesign???

Part
4:

HotChallenge because
ofWarmMix
47

48

Q.Whichprojectiswhich?

WhatisWMA?
Relative
Production
Temperature
(F)

A:HotMixAsphalt(HMA)?
B:WarmMixAsphalt(WMA)?

HMA
40

Zone

TotalProject ExtendPavingSeason
Production

100

ProjectNo.1

ProjectNo.2

ReduceEmissions(E)

HMA
40

Zone

TotalProject ExtendPavingSeason

ImproveAggregateCoating

ReduceFuelUsage(F)

ReduceEmissions(E)

100

EnhanceWorker(W) Comfort

Transport

ExtendEffectiveHaulDistance

LayDown

ImproveCompaction(I.C.=I.P.)
ImproveCompaction(I.C.=I.P.)
ReduceEmissions(E)

EnhanceWorker(W)Comfort

LayDown

ImproveCompaction(I.C.=I.P.)
ReduceEmissions(E)

Un
likely

No

n/a

49

50

I.C.=I.P.

WMA
Technology
Category

Production

60
80

Driver

Transport

EnhanceWorker(W) Comfort
A
little
ExtendEffectiveHaulDistance

EnhanceWorker(W)Comfort

Q.FromanAgencyperceptive,what
Driverismostimportant?
Relative
Production
Temperature
(F)

May
be

ImproveAggregateCoating
Alot
ReduceFuelUsage(F)

60
80

WMA
Technology
Category
Yes

Driver

TheBADmixwithGOODdensityout
performedtheGOODmixwithPOORdensity

NevadaAutomotiveTestCenter
51

52

MemorableMessage
I.C.=I.P.
ImprovedCompaction=ImprovedPerformance
F.E.W.keybenefits
Fuel
Emissions
WorkerComfort

KOLO

Mathy Tech.&Eng.Servicesand
HowManyWMATechnologiesare
ParagonTechnicalServices,Inc
AvailableintheUS?

CurrentlyTwentyTwo(22)
TechnologiesMarketedand
AvailableintheUS.
LakeAsphaltof
TrinidadandTobago

**Advantageswillonlyberealizedbyoptimizingproductionoperationsandutilizingbestpractices
53

EconomicsofWMA
StartUptoOperating

54

MikeAcott
President,NationalAsphaltPavementAssociation

FoamingSystems
$35to$100k+StartUp
Waterisbasicallyfree.
Ifaliquidantistripisneeded,~$1to$2/ton

WMAisthefutureofflexiblepavementsinthe
U.S.loweringourproductionandpaving
temperaturespromisesimprovedenergy
consumption,operations,andquality.

AdditiveSystems
$7to$60kStartUp
$1.75to2.50/tonofmix

Factorinfuelsavings
Netcost~Zeroto$1.50/ton
55

56

InterstateHighwayWMAUsage
asofMarch2010 WMAInterstateProjectsOnly
90

AK

WA

VT
MT

ND

15

OR
ID

MnROAD
MN

94

SD
WY

IA

70

NV

IL
UT

CO
70

KS

CA
AZ

Guam

NM

55

40

OK

10
HI

65

MO

TX

PA

OH
465

IN

KY

35

820 37

495
WV495
VA

75

TN

AR

30

NH
MA
RI

MI

90
NE

81
87
NY

86

WI

ME

CT

295
NJ
DE
78
MD
DC

NC
SC

MS

AL

LA

GA
VI

10

DRAFTR35
SimulatetheWMA
technology
Blendingofadditive
Foamingunit,$30k
Etc.

295
FL

75

I-WMA

WhatwillLaboratoryMixDesign
RequireforWMA?

95
PR

58

57

Q.Whatifwetreat
WMADifferent?

EvolutionofMixDesignRecipe

GOALshouldbetohaveaperformancebased
mixturedesignprocesswithcriteriathat
appliestoplantmixasphalt
Recipe
TLAR

Empirical

Volumetric
Strength
Tests

Volumetric
Performance
Tests

Performance
Indicators&
Tests?

Regardlessofthetemperatureitisproduced!

59

60

PerformanceDrivenAsphaltMixtureDesign

Whereareweheaded?
1
2
3

SelectionofMaterials
SelectionofaDesignAggregateStructure
SelectionoftheDesignBinderContent
EvaluationofMoistureSensitivity

4
5

ModifiedBobLotman,AASHTOT283

AsphaltMixturePerformanceTest(s)

Property

Concern

Workability

Segregation

LowSkid

Safety

Permeability

Moisture
Damage

Durability

Premature
Failure

Stability

Rutting

Fatigue
Resistance

Cracking

Facture
Resistance

Cracking

Tiedto
Structural
Design

Right Mix
Right
Application

Available Tools

Stateofthe
Practice

61

PerformanceDrivenAsphaltMixtureDesign
Property

Concern

Available Tools

Workability

Segregation

Uniformity /Density/IRCamera

LowSkid

Safety

PolishFactor/AIMS

PF

Permeability

Moisture
Damage

FHPermeometer /Volumetrics /
Lotman /Hamburg

Durability

Premature
Failure

LAAbrasion/MicroDuval/VMA/
MSCRbinder

LA,VMA

Stability

Rutting

Volumetrics /Hamburg /APA/

AMPT(FN)/MSCR

Va +???

Fatigue
Resistance

Cracking

Volumetrics,CPBeam,TPBeam,
Semicircular NotchedSpecimen

Facture
Resistance

Cracking

BBRbinder

Tiedto
Structural
Design

Right Mix
Right
Application

AMPT(E*)+MEPDG

62

However

Stateofthe
Practice

MixDesignprovidesLTMF

Va,VMA,T283

MixVerification,duringproduction,
providesJMF

VMA
PGgrade
???
63

64

ThankYou!

65