Reproduction in Plants

FLOWER STRUCTURE:

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
In asexual reproduction an organism grows a new organism
from _____________. Only ______ parent is needed. The
offspring is genetically ______________ to the parent.
Examples:
___________

Label the flower using the following words:

ANTHER, OVARY, PETAL, SEPAL, STIGMA, STYLE, FILAMENT,
OVULE, CARPEL, STAMEN

________________

____________________

Advantages:

Disadvantages

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Sexual reproduction involves _______ parents. The parents
have sex organs which make sex cells or _________.
Advantages

Disadvantages

The organ of reproduction in a plant is the ______________.

The male sex organ is the _____________. It is made up of two parts:

1) _______________ and 2) ______________. Pollen grains are made in the
____________.The female sex organ is the __________-. It is made up of
three parts: 1) _________, 2) ____________ and 3) _____________.
The egg cell is found inside the __________. The job of the sepal is to
__________ the flower.
The job of the petals is to ___________ ____________.

POLLINATION and FERTILISATION:

The transfer of pollen from the anther of the flower to the stigma is called
____________________. When a pollen nucleus joins with an egg
nucleus, ________________ has occurred. Once this has occurred, the
ovule forms the _______________ with the embryo inside it. The ovary
forms the ____________ with the seeds inside it.

SELF- AND CROSS-POLLINATION:

Self-pollination occurs when pollen lands on the stigma of ___________
flower.
Self-pollination occurs when pollen lands on the stigma of ___________
flower.
Self-pollination is more ___________ but cross-pollination results in
more _____________.

INSECT and WIND POLLINATED FLOWERS:

INSECT -POLLINATED

THE PROCESS OF FERTILISATION:

Pollen grain ____________ pollen _______

WIND-POLLINATED

grows down the _________ enters the ovule

through the _____________ pollen nucleus
moves down the tube and meets the egg
nucleus inside the ovule = ___________
After fertilization, all the parts that are no longer
needed (_______, __________, ________)
wither and fall off. Each ovule develops into a
____________ and the ovary becomes the
_______.

SEED STRUCTURE and GERMINATION:

e.g.

e.g.

Think about the colour, scent, stigmas, stamens and pollen.

Seed coat = ___________ New Shoot =

________________
New Root = ___________ Seed Leaf =
_________________
The pollen nucleus enters the ovule through the
__________
The sprouting of the seed is called
__________________.
Three conditions are needed for this to occur:1)
2)
3)

SEED DISPERSAL:
Seeds need to be dispersed in order to avoid ___________________ for resources. This can be done by the ___________ or
by _______________.
WIND DISPERSED
Light / Heavier
Bright / Dull
Wings / Hooks
Sticky / Fluffy
Dandelion / Hazelnut

INSECT DISPERSED
Light / Heavier
Bright / Dull
Wings / Hooks
Sticky / Fluffy
Dandelion / Hazelnut

Reproduction in Humans
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
NAME

FUNCTION

Testes
Scrotum
Sperm duct
Glands
Penis

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

NAME
Ovary

FUNCTION

MENSTRUATION (=
During menstruation,
the lining of the
________ breaks down
and passes out
through the
_________. As soon
as this finishes a new
_____ starts to develop
in the _________.
When the egg is
developed (inside the
follicle), the follicle
bursts and the _____ is
released. The empty
follicle forms the
_______ _______.
While the egg is
developing, the

___ day cycle ):

__________ lining starts to thicken in

order to get ready for _______________.
If fertilisation does not occur, the egg
_______ and the lining falls away
beginning the cycle once more.

Uterus
Vagina
Oviduct

ADOLESCENCE:
In males:
The hormone is ____________ and it is made in the ________
Examples of changes are:
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
In females:
The hormones are _______________ and _____________.
They are made in the ____________ and the yellow body.
Examples of changes are: 1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________

METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL:

Chemical methods use chemicals or drugs to prevent __________ or
__________.
Examples: The ______ (contains ______________ & ______________
to prevent ovulation), ____________ (chemicals that kill sperm).
Mechanical methods provide a barrier to prevent _______________ or
___________________.
Examples: _______________, ____________, ________________
Surgical methods - sterilisation. The __________ or ____________ are
cut and sealed.
Natural methods: rely on knowing a womans cycle. In the
_____________________ a woman monitors her menstrual cycle so
that she knows when she is ovulating. Sexual intercourse should be
______________ during these days.

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, FERTILISATION and IMPLANTATION:

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
The ________ is placed
inside the ___________.
_______ is released into
the vagina during
___________. The semen
contains _________ which
swim towards the _______.

PREGNANCY:

Mothers and babys blood

never mix because:
1.
2.

GONORRHOEA:
Symptoms/ Signs
Effects
Treatment

FERTILISATION
This occurs when the
_________ of the sperm
fuses with the nucleus of
the _____. This now forms
a ___________. This
normally takes place in the
________________.

UMBILICAL CORD
Carbon dioxide and _____ are
taken _______ from the foetus
via the umbilical ___________.
Oxygen and ________ are
taken to the foetus via the
umbilical __________.
AMNION
The function of the amnion is to
_________ the foetus. It
contains __________ fluid
which acts as a shock
absorber.
PLACENTA
The functions of the placenta
are:
1.
2.
3.

ANTE-NATAL CARE:
IMPLANTATION
The __________ begins to divide
and moves down the
____________ towards the
___________. When the ball of
________ sinks into the soft
________ of the ________, it is
now called an ____________.

Diet- Pregnant woman has

greater dietary requirements.
Drugs drugs, alcohol and
smoking should be avided whilst
pregnant
Disease some diseases very
damaging to foetus (e.g.rubella)
and can be vaccinated against
Exercise: stay fit.

BIRTH:
Stage 1
___________ of uterine muscles
____________ breaks
Contractions become ____________
___________ widens.
Stage 2
_________ is born
Umbilical cord is _______.
Stage 3
The __________ comes away from the uterus wall. This is the
__________________.

BREAST FEEDING vs BOTTLE FEEDING:

TRANSMISSION OF THE HIV VIRUS:

This is contracted by direct contact of bodily fluids such as
__________ and _________.
It can be spread by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To limit the spread of HIV:
1. Use a __________ for contraception
2. Do not share _________ with other drug users and ___________
all blood in hospitals.

Reproduction in Plants
FLOWER STRUCTURE:

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
In asexual reproduction an organism grows a new organism
from __itself__. Only _one_ parent is needed. The offspring is
genetically __identical_ to the parent.
Examples:
__bacteria__

The organ of reproduction in a plant is the __flower__.

Label the flower using the following words:
ANTHER(2), OVARY(5), PETAL(1), SEPAL(6), STIGMA(3), STYLE(4),
FILAMENT(7), OVULE(8), CARPEL(3,4,5,8), STAMEN(2,7)

_potato tubers_

__spores in fungi__

Advantages:
faster
only one parent needed
Disadvantages
little variation

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Sexual reproduction involves _two_ parents. The parents have
sex organs which make sex cells or _gametes_.
Advantages
Generates variation
Disadvantages
Need to find a mate
Slower and more energy needed

The male sex organ is the stamen. It is made up of two parts:

1) anther and 2) filament Pollen grains are made in the anther. The
female sex organ is the carpel. It is made up of three parts:
1) stigma 2) style and 3) ovule.
The egg cell is found inside the ovule. The job of the sepal is to protect
the flower.
The job of the petals is to attract insects.

POLLINATION and FERTILISATION:

The transfer of pollen from the anther of the flower to the stigma is called
pollination. When a pollen nucleus joins with an egg nucleus, fertilization
has occurred.
Once this has occurred, the ovule forms the seed with the embryo inside
it. The ovary forms the fruit with the seeds inside it.

SELF- AND CROSS-POLLINATION:

Self-pollination occurs when pollen lands on the stigma of _the same_
flower.
Self-pollination occurs when pollen lands on the stigma of _a different_
flower.
Self-pollination is more _reliable_ but cross-pollination results in more
_variation__.

INSECT and WIND POLLINATED FLOWERS:

INSECT -POLLINATED

THE PROCESS OF FERTILISATION:

Pollen grain _germinates_ pollen _tube_

WIND-POLLINATED

grows down the _style_ enters the ovule

through the _micropyle_ pollen nucleus
moves down the tube and meets the egg
nucleus inside the ovule = _fertilisation_

Brightly cloured

Dull in colour

Scented

Not scented

Sticky stigmas

Feathery stigmas

Stamens inside flower

Stamens outside flower

Pollen heavier and less

e.g. rose, lily, hibiscus

Pollen lighter and more

e.g. grasses

After fertilization, all the parts that are no longer

needed (_petals_, __sepals_, _stamens) wither
and fall off. Each ovule develops into a _seed_
and the ovary becomes the _fruit_.

SEED STRUCTURE and GERMINATION:

Think about the colour, scent, stigmas, stamens and pollen.

Seed coat = testa New Shoot = plumule

New Root = radicle Seed Leaf = cotyledon
The pollen nucleus enters the ovule through the
micropyle
The sprouting of the seed is called germination.
Three conditions are needed for this to occur:1) oxygen
2) warmth
3) moisture

SEED DISPERSAL:
Seeds need to be dispersed in order to avoid competition for resources. This can be done by the wind or by insects / animals.
WIND DISPERSED
Light / Heavier
Bright / Dull
Wings / Hooks
Sticky / Fluffy
Dandelion / Hazelnut

INSECT DISPERSED
Light / Heavier
Bright / Dull
Wings / Hooks
Sticky / Fluffy
Dandelion / Hazelnut

Reproduction in Humans
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
NAME

FUNCTION

Testes

Produce sperm and

testosterone
To hold testes
outside the body
To pass sperm to
the urethra
Add liquid
containing water +
sugar = semen
To place semen in
vagina

Scrotum
Sperm duct
Glands
Penis

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

NAME
Ovary
Uterus

FUNCTION
Produce ova,
oestrogen and
progesterone
Implantation and
development

Vagina

Semen / Sperm
deposited here

Oviduct

Fertilisation takes
place here

ADOLESCENCE:
In males:
The hormone is _testosterone__ and it is made in the _testes_
Examples of changes are:
1. Deeper voice
2. _Facial hair__
3. _Increased muscle mass etc_
In females:
The hormones are _oestrogen__ and _progesterone_.
They are made in the _ovaries_ and the yellow body.
Examples of changes are: 1. __hips widen___
2. __breasts develop___
3. __menstruation starts_

MENSTRUATION (=
During menstruation,
the lining of the uterus
breaks down and
passes out through the
vagina. As soon as
this finishes a new egg
starts to develop in the
ovary.
When the egg is
developed (inside the
follicle), the follicle
bursts and the egg is
released. The empty
follicle forms the
yellow body.
While the egg is
developing, the

28 day cycle ):

uterus lining starts to thicken in order to

get ready for implantation. If fertilisation
does not occur, the egg dies and the
lining falls away beginning the cycle once
more.

METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL:

Chemical methods use chemicals or drugs to prevent _ovulation_ or
_implantation_.
Examples: The _Pill_ (contains _oestrogen_ & __progesterone_ to
prevent ovulation), __Spermicides_ (chemicals that kill sperm).
Mechanical methods provide a barrier to prevent __fertilisation__ or
_implantation__.
Examples: _condom__, __cap_, __IUD (Inter-uterine Device)___
Surgical methods - sterilisation. The _oviducts_ or _sperm ducts_ are
cut and sealed.
Natural methods: rely on knowing a womans cycle. In the _rhythm
method_ a woman monitors her menstrual cycle so that she knows
when she is ovulating. Sexual intercourse should be _avoided__ during
these days.

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, FERTILISATION and IMPLANTATION:

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
The penis is placed inside
the vagina. Semen is
released into the vagina
during ejaculation. The
semen contains sperm
which swim towards the
cervix.

PREGNANCY:

Mothers and babys blood

never mix because:
1. different blood groups could
lead to clotting
2. higher pressure of mothers
blood

FERTILISATION
This occurs when the
nucleus of the sperm fuses
with the nucleus of the egg.
This now forms a zygote.
This normally takes place in
the fallopian tube / oviduct.

UMBILICAL CORD
Carbon dioxide and urea are
taken away from the foetus via
the umbilical artery.
Oxygen and glucose are taken
to the foetus via the umbilical
vein.
AMNION
The function of the amnion is to
protect the foetus.
It contains _amniotic_ fluid
which acts as a shock
absorber.
PLACENTA
The functions of the placenta
1. take nutrients to the foetus
2. take waste away
3. produce hormones e.g.
progesterone

GONORRHOEA:
Symptoms/ Signs
Effects
Treatment

Sore on penis, Discharge from urethra in men,

pain when urinating, Discharge from vagina in
women
Damage to urinary and reproductive organs,
Sterility, Eye infection in baby during birth
Antibiotics

ANTE-NATAL CARE:
IMPLANTATION
The zygote begins to divide and
moves down the fallopian tube
towards the uterus. When the
ball of cells sinks into the soft
lining of the uterus, it is now
called an embryo.

Diet- Pregnant woman has

greater dietary requirements.
Drugs drugs, alcohol and
smoking should be avided whilst
pregnant
Disease some diseases very
damaging to foetus (e.g.rubella)
and can be vaccinated against
Exercise: stay fit.

BIRTH:
Stage 1
Contraction of uterine muscles
Amnion breaks
Contractions become stronger
Cervix widens.
Stage 2
Baby is born
Umbilical cord is cut.
Stage 3
The placenta comes away from the uterus wall. This is the
afterbirth.

BREAST FEEDING vs BOTTLE FEEDING:

Breast milk is free, available immediately, fresh, provides all necessary
nutrients.

TRANSMISSION OF THE HIV VIRUS:

This is contracted by direct contact of bodily fluids such as semen and
blood.
It can be spread by:
1. sexual contact
2. sharing needles
3. mother to baby
4. blood transfusion
To limit the spread of HIV:
1. Use a condom for contraception
2. Do not share needles with other drug users and screen all blood in
hospitals.