275

Inuence of journal misalignment caused by shaft

deformation under rotational load on performance
of journal bearing
Jun Sun , Changlin Gui, Zhiyuan Li, and Zhen Li
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Peoples Republic of China
The manuscript was received on 22 February 2005 and was accepted after revision for publication on 7 June 2005.
DOI: 10.1243/135065005X33937

Abstract: A method to analyse lubrication performance of journal bearing considering journal

misalignment caused by shaft deformation under rotating load in a shaft-bearing system was
established and validated by special experiments on a developed experimental rig of journal
bearing. The experimental results show that the proposed analytical formulation and method
can meet the researching requirements. Oil lm pressure, end leakage owrate, and friction
coefcient of journal bearing at variant journal misalignment caused by shaft deformation
under rotating load were calculated. The results show that journal misalignment makes obvious
difference to distribution of lm pressure and lm thickness. The maximum lm pressure
increases markedly. The minimum lm thickness reduces. End leakage owrate increases.
Friction coefcient of journal slightly changes. Therefore, in order to make the calculation of
journal bearing more realistic and to achieve more reasonable design in shaft-bearing system,
the inuence of shaft deformation under load should be considered in lubrication analysis of
journal bearing in a shaft-bearing system.
Keywords: shaft-bearing system, rotating load, shaft deformation, journal misalignment,
journal bearing, performance

INTRODUCTION

The shaft-bearing system, as shown in Fig. 1, is the

most general and essential support-transmission
system used in various mechanisms. A great deal of
advancement in research on lubrication of journal
bearing has been acquired along with continuous
progress of computational technique and researchers efforts. However, present researches on lubrication of journal bearing are performed usually based
on that the axis of a journal is supposed to be parallel
to the centreline of the bearing. Practically, there are
interaction and interplay between journal bearing
and shaft at work [1]. The shaft will be deformed
when it is loaded, shown by the dotted line in
Fig. 1. It results in journal misalignment in the bearing, thus lubrication state of the journal bearing is


Corresponding author: School of Mechanical and Automative

Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tun Xi

Road, Anhui, Hefei 230009, Peoples Republic of China.

JET74 # IMechE 2005

inuenced. Therefore, if inuence of the shaft is

not considered in research of journal bearing, the
deection between computational results and real
situation must be produced. In order to make the
computation of journal bearing more close to the
reality corresponding to the current trend of high
precision in computational work to achieve more
reasonable design, the inuence of shaft deformation should be considered in the lubrication
analysis of journal bearing.
Many researchers have studied the inuence of
journal misalignment on lubrication performance
of journal bearing in recent year, e.g. the rst experimental study was published by McKee and McKee
[2] in 1932 who observed the pressure in the axial
direction of journal bearing. Dubois et al. [3] evaluated the eccentricities at one end, the axial ow,
and the local temperatures of misaligned bearing in
1955. Mokhtar et al. [4] presented adiabatic solutions
for a misaligned journal bearing in 1985. In 1986,
effect of journal bearing misalignment on load and

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276

Jun Sun, Changlin Gui, Zhiyuan Li, and Zhen Li

performed on a developed experimental rig of journal bearing.

2

Fig. 1

Schematic
system

representation

of

shaft-bearing

cavitation for partial arc journal bearings lubricated

by non-Newtonian lubricants was analysed by
Buckholz and Lin [5]. Effect of cavitation on the performance of a grooved misaligned journal bearing
and a nite grooved misaligned journal bearing considering cavitation and starvation effects were
studied by Vijayaraghavan and Keith [6, 7] between
1989 and 1990. Banwait et al. [8] discussed thermohydrodynamic effects in misaligned circular plain
journal bearing in 1998. Guha [9] investigated
steady state characteristics of misaligned hydrodynamic journal bearing with isotropic roughness effect
in 2000. In 2001, Xu et al. [10] looked into the problem of dynamic misalignment of journal in the
bearing of a gear pump application and showed
that the presence of such structure elasticity could
completely change the operational condition of the
bearing. Bouyer and Fillon [11] studied misalignment effects on hydrodynamic plain journal bearing
performances using experimental method in 2002. In
2003, Gulwadi and Shrimpling [12] studied the effect
of shaft tilting due to moment acting on it during an
engine cycle. It was found that such an action led to
the reduction of the minimum oil lm thickness.
Boedo and Booker [13] investigated transient and
steady state behaviour of misaligned bearings in
2004 and found that misaligned bearings have innite load and moment capacity. Pierre et al. [14]
studied in detail the three-dimensional thermohydrodynamic characteristics of misaligned plain
journal bearings with theoretical and experimental
approaches under steady state conditions in 2004.
However, all the analyses of the earlier mentioned
researches are mostly based on the fundamentals of
journal bearing tribology to consider the effect of
misalignment between sleeve and journal of journal
bearings. The initiation of this paper is that mechanical design combines theories of many different
subjects. As one of the research subjects is about
interactions between mechanical behaviours of
shaft and journal bearing, lubrication performances
of journal bearing are analysed in the paper focusing
on the effects of journal misalignment in bearing as a
result of shaft deformation caused by rotational load
with xed magnitude and angular speed in a shaftbearing system. A special validating experiment is

ANALYTICAL FORMULATION

The shaft-bearing system is shown in Fig. 1. The

rotational load with xed magnitude and angular
speed is acted on the centre of the shaft. It causes
shaft deformation and journal misalignment in the
bearing. The load of journal bearing is calculated
according to the free beam method. Its magnitude
is half as large as the shaft load and its direction is
the same as that of the shaft load.
2.1

Angle of journal misalignment in bearing

with shaft deformation caused by load

As shown in Fig. 1, length of journal bearing is

usually shorter than shaft length in a shaft-bearing
system. Therefore, bending stiffness of journal in
bearing is much larger than that of whole shaft so
that deformation of journal in bearing is not considered in the analysis. According to the equation
of deformation of a free beam under load [15], the
angle of journal misalignment in bearing caused by
shaft deformation under load can be given by

Pl 2
16EJ

(1)

where g is the angle of journal misalignment in the

bearing, which is the angle between the axis of
the journal and the line which passes the axis of
the journal and is parallel to the central line of the
bearing. P is the load acted on the centre of the
shaft, l the length of the shaft, E the module of elasticity of the shaft material, and J the inertial
moment of cross-section of the shaft.
2.2

Film thickness of misaligned journal bearing

As shown in Fig. 2, if the location of a journal in a

bearing is expressed by coordinates of C1 and C2,

Fig. 2

Schematic representation of misaligned journal

bearing

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Inuence of journal misalignment caused by shaft deformation

[(x1, 0, z1), (x2, L, z2)], the intersections of the journal

axis with the front and rear ends of the bearing, the
lm thickness of the misaligned journal bearing
can be given by
h c e cos (u  c)

(2)

where e and c are eccentricity vectors of the journal

For a misaligned bearing, different crosssection along the axis of the bearing has different
location of journal centre. Therefore, e and c in
equation (2) are functions of y coordinate and can
be given by
e

p
x2 z2

The load F of journal bearing is

F
2.5

q
Fx2 Fz2

(8)

End leakage owrate

The lubricant owrate Q1 from the front end of a

bearing and the lubricant owrate Q2 from the rear
end of a bearing are given by

h3 @p
  R du
0 12h @y y0

2p 3
h @p
  R du
Q2 
0 12h @y yL

Q1 

(3)
0

c (1  sign z)  908 sign z  sign x  c  1808

(4)

277

2p

(9)
(10)

The total end leakage owrate of lubricant is then

given by

where
Q jQ1 j jQ2 j

y
x (x2  x1 ) x1
L
y
z (z2  z1 ) z1
L

2.6

Fj

Reynolds equation

In the reference frame of the rotating load, Reynolds

equation for lubrication of journal bearing with
constant rotating load and angular speed is
described subsequently [16]




@
@p
@
@p
h3
h3
R2
@u
@u
@y
@y
@h
6hR (vj  2vL )
@u
2

(5)

Load capacity

As shown in Fig. 2, the load components at x and z

coordinates are
Fx 
Fz 

L u2
0
L

u1
u2

u1

pR sin u du dy

(6)

pR cos u du dy

(7)

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L 2p 
0


h @p U h

R du d y
2R @u
h

(12)

The friction coefcient on a journal surface is then

given by

mj
3

where p is the lm pressure, R the bearing radius, vj

the angular velocity of journal, and vL the angular
velocity of rotational load.
2.4

Friction coefcient

The friction force on a journal surface can be calculated from

x
sign x is a symbol function, sign x
jxj
x 
 
c0 arctg 
z
2.3

(11)

Fj
F

(13)

ANALYTICAL METHOD

For the shaft-bearing system shown in Fig. 1, the

lubrication state of the journal bearing under constant rotational load and angular speed is the same
at any time. Therefore, the lubrication analysis is
chosen for a specic moment when shaft load is
parallel to z coordinate and points downward.
In analysis, the location of the journal in the bearing when the shaft is under load is determined rst
according to the method described before the lubrication of journal bearing is analysed by solving
equations (5) subsequently to (13).
The location of the journal in the bearing is determined by iterative calculation based on the balance
between the oil lm force and the load of the bearing.
First, the initial values of the parameters locating
the journal in the bearing (the coordinates of the intersections of the journal axis with the two ends of the
bearing) are given. Then, the lm pressure is calculated
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Jun Sun, Changlin Gui, Zhiyuan Li, and Zhen Li

by solving Reynolds equation (5) and thereafter the

lm force is calculated by equation (8). If the lm
force balances with the load of the bearing, the location
of the journal in the bearing is obtained. If the lm
force does not balance with the load of the bearing,
the values of the parameters locating the journal are
modied and the iterative calculation is made until
the lm force balances with the load of the bearing.
Reynolds equation is solved by the nite differential method. The nite differential equation of the
pressure is solved by the iterative method combined
with an over-relaxation factor (1.7) to accelerate the
convergence. The pressure boundary conditions are
p(u, 0) p(u, L) 0,
p(u2 , y)

p(u1 , y) 0,

@p(u2 , y)
0
@u

where u1 is the angle of the start point of the hydrodynamic lm and u2 is the angle of the end point of
the hydrodynamic lm.
Because the lm pressure is asymmetric about the
mid-section along the axial direction in a misaligned
bearing, the full length of the bearing and 3608 of the
circumferential direction are selected to be the solution domain. The solution domain is divided into
80 nodes at the circumferential direction and 21
nodes at the axial direction.
The integral in equations (6), (7), (9), (10), and (12) for
calculating the load capacity, the end leakage owrate,
and the friction coefcient are calculated by Simpson
equation. The partial derivative is calculated by the
four-point differential approximation.

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION

In order to validate the aforementioned analytical

formulation and method, a special validating experiment is performed on a developed experimental rig
of journal bearing. Figure 3 shows a schematic
drawing of the experimental rig. Eccentric weight
(7) xed on shaft (8) rotates at the same speed as
the shaft, which produces centrifugal force. The

Fig. 4

Sensors and locations

centrifugal force acts on the shaft, causes deformation of the shaft, and results in journal misalignment in the journal bearings (4 and 5).
As shown in Fig. 4, four electric whirl type displacement sensors and four pressure sensors are
installed on bearing and used to measure the lm
thickness and the lm pressure of the two crosssections A A and B B near the two ends of the
journal bearing (5) (shown in Fig. 3). The distance
from each of the sections to its corresponding end
of the bearing is 5 mm. The measuring error of the
pressure sensors is less than +0.01 MPa. The sensitivity of the electric whirl sensors is 20 mV/mm. The
uncertainty of the displacement measurement is
within 0.5 per cent. The lubricant is supplied through
a single lubricant feeding hole located at top of bearing. Parameters of the testing journal bearing, the
shaft, the operating condition, and the lubricant
property are given in Table 1.
Corresponding to the aforementioned measuring
conditions, the angle of the journal misalignment,
the lm pressure, and the lm thickness on the two
sections A A and B B of the journal bearing are calculated using the analytical formulation and method
mentioned earlier.
The experimental and calculated results of the
angle of journal misalignment, the maximum lm
pressure, and the minimum lm thickness on the
two sections A A and B B of the journal bearing
against the shaft load at a rotational speed of
1400 r/min are shown in Figs 5 to 7, respectively.
They show that the simulation results have the
Table 1 Parameters of journal bearing, shaft, operating
condition, and lubricant property

Fig. 3

Schematic representation of experimental rig

Bearing radius
Bearing length
Radial clearance
Rotational speed
Lubricant type
Oil viscosity at 40 8C
Oil viscosity at 70 8C
Oil supply temperature
Shaft length
Shaft diameter
Shaft material

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R (mm)
L (mm)
c (mm)
n (r/min)
CD30 diesel oil
m1 (Pa s)
m2(Pa s)
T0(8C)
l (mm)
d (mm)
No 45 steel

25
40
0.07
1400

0.0686
0.0226
20
1000
40

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Inuence of journal misalignment caused by shaft deformation

279

same trend as the experimental value. The difference

between the simulation results and the experimental
value is small. Therefore, the analytical formulation
and method presented earlier have high precision
and are adapt to analyse the lubrication performance
of the journal bearing considering journal misalignment caused by shaft deformation under a rotating
load in a shaft-bearing system.

Fig. 5

Angle of journal misalignment in bearing at

different shaft load

Fig. 6

Maximum lm pressure in two sections at

different shaft load

Fig. 7

Minimum lm thickness in two sections at

different shaft load

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The analytical formulation and method established

earlier are used to analyse the inuence of journal
misalignment caused by shaft deformation under
various rotational loads on the lubrication characteristics of journal bearing in a shaft-bearing system.
The rotational loads of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000,
1200, and 1400 N are chosen in the analysis. The
angular velocity vL of the rotational load is the
same as the angular velocity vj of the journal.
The parameters of the journal bearing, the shaft,
the operating condition, and the lubricant properties
are given in Table 1.
The lubrication analysis of a well-aligned journal
bearing is made for comparison purpose. In this situation, the inuence of the shaft deformation caused
by rotational load is not considered so that the axis
of the journal is parallel to the centreline of the bearing. The shaft load is the same as the one for misaligned journal bearing.
Distributions of the lm pressure of the right journal bearing in Fig. 1 with or without journal misalignment are shown in Figs 8 and 9. The distribution
shape of the lm pressure of the journal bearing
with journal misalignment (called misaligned journal
bearing) is different from the one without journal
misalignment (called aligned journal bearing) at the
same shaft load. The higher the shaft load, the
larger the angle of journal misalignment, the larger
the difference of the distribution of the lm pressure
between the misaligned journal bearing and the
aligned journal bearing. An offset on the distribution
of the lm pressure of the journal bearing can be
seen when journal misalignment takes place. The
location of the maximum lm pressure moves from
the centre of the bearing length in the aligned journal
bearing towards the end of the bearing in the misaligned journal bearing. The value of the maximum
lm pressure of the misaligned journal bearing is
also larger than that of the aligned journal bearing
at the same shaft load. The larger the angle of journal
misalignment, the larger the difference on the value
larger of the maximum lm pressure, the maximum
lm pressure pmax increases from 0.64 MPa for
the aligned journal bearing to 4.87 MPa for the
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280

Jun Sun, Changlin Gui, Zhiyuan Li, and Zhen Li

Fig. 8

Distribution of lm pressure p of misaligned journal bearing at different shaft load P

(R 25 mm, L 40 mm, c 0.07 mm, and n 1400 r/min). (a) P 200 N; (b)
P 600 N; (c) P 1000 N; and (d) P 1400 N

Fig. 9

Distribution of lm pressure p of aligned journal bearing at different shaft load P

(R 25 mm, L 40 mm, c 0.07 mm, and n 1400 r/min). (a) P 200 N; (b)
P 600 N; (c) P 1000 N; and (d) P 1400 N

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Inuence of journal misalignment caused by shaft deformation

misaligned journal bearing when the shaft load P is

1400 N. The reasons to cause the offset distribution
of the lm pressure and the increased maximum
lm pressure are the change of the distribution of
the lm thickness due to the journal misalignment.
The lm thickness is different along the axial direction of the bearing for the misaligned journal bearing. However, it is all the same along the axial
direction for the aligned journal bearing. The minimum lm thickness hmin of the misaligned journal
bearing locates at the same side of the bearing that
the distribution of the lm pressure offsets toward.
Moreover, the value of the minimum lm thickness
of the misaligned journal bearing is much smaller
than that of the aligned journal bearing. When the
shaft load P is 1400 N, hmin is 0.0454 mm for the
aligned journal bearing and 0.0043 mm for the misaligned journal bearing.

281

The maximum lm pressure pmax, the minimum

lm thickness hmin, the end leakage owrate Q, and
the friction coefcient mj of the journal bearing with
or without journal misalignment are shown in
Fig. 10. As shown in Fig. 10(a), when the shaft load
is low, the maximum lm pressure of the misaligned
journal bearing is a little higher than that of the
aligned journal bearing. However, the difference is
small. When the shaft load increases, the difference
becomes larger. After the shaft load increases to
a certain value (e.g. near by 1000 N), the increase
in the maximum lm pressure accelerates.
Figure 10(b) gives the minimum lm thickness of
the journal bearing against the shaft load. The minimum lm thickness of the misaligned journal
bearing reduces more quickly than that of the
aligned journal bearing as shaft load increases. The
minimum lm thickness of the misaligned journal

Fig. 10 The maximum lm pressure pmax, the minimum lm thickness hmin, end leakage
owrate Q, and friction coefcient mj of misaligned and aligned journal bearings
(R 25 mm, L 40 mm, c 0.07 mm, and n 1400 r/min) against shaft load P
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282

Jun Sun, Changlin Gui, Zhiyuan Li, and Zhen Li

bearing is very small after the shaft load exceeds

a certain value. This explains the prediction that
the maximum lm pressure of the misaligned
journal bearing increases substantially. As shown in
Fig. 10(c), the end leakage owrate of the misaligned
journal bearing changes following the similar trend
as the aligned journal bearing when the shaft load
increases. The amount of the end leakage owrate
of the misaligned journal bearing is larger than that
of the aligned journal bearing. Figure 10(d) shows
that the change of the friction coefcient against
the shaft load of the misaligned journal bearing follows the similar trend as that of the aligned journal
bearing. The values are also very close except the
very high shaft load where the friction coefcient of
the misaligned journal bearing is a little higher than
that of the aligned journal bearing. Therefore, the
effect of journal misalignment on the friction coefcient is small.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The experimental and computational results of

the journal misalignment caused by shaft deformation under rotational load in a shaft-bearing
system are very close. There is obvious effect of
journal misalignment on distribution of lm
pressure, distribution of lm thickness, the maximum lm pressure, and the minimum lm
thickness.
2. There is obvious shift of the distribution of lm
pressure of a journal bearing due to journal misalignment. The location of the maximum lm
pressure moves towards the end of the bearing.
The minimum lm thickness of a misaligned
journal bearing locates at the end of the bearing.
3. At high shaft load, the maximum lm pressure of a
journal bearing increases markedly due to journal
misalignment caused by shaft deformation. The
minimum lm thickness of the journal bearing is
very small. The effect of the journal misalignment
on friction coefcient and the relationship
between end leakage owrate and shaft load are
small. The overall end leakage owrate increases
a little compared with the case without journal
misalignment. The friction coefcient of the journal mainly keeps unchanged.
As a conclusion, in order to make the computation
of journal bearing more realistic to achieve more
reasonable design of a shaft-bearing system, it is
necessary to consider the journal misalignment
caused by shaft deformation under shaft load when
lubrication of journal bearing is analysed in journal
bearing design.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported under grants from the
Committee of National Natural Science Foundation
of China (50175023).

REFERENCES
1 Sun, J., Gui, C. L., and Li, Z. A review of crankshaft
strength analysis for internal combustion engine.
Trans. CSICE(Chinese), 2002, 20(2), 179 184.
2 McKee, S. A. and McKee, T. R. Pressure distribution in
oil lm of journal bearings. ASME, 1932, 107, 149 165.
3 Dubois, G., Ocvirk, F., and Wehe, R. Experimental
investigation of misaligned couples and eccentricity at
ends of misaligned plain bearings. NACA, 1955, TN
3352.
4 Mokhtar, M. O. A., Safar, Z. S., and Abd-El-Rahman,
M. A. M. An adiabatic solution of misaligned journal
bearings. ASME J. Tribol., 1985, 107, 263 267.
5 Buckholz, R. H. and Lin, J. F. The effect of journal bearing misalignment on load and cavitation for nonNewtonian lubricants. ASME J. Tribol., 1986, 108,
645 654.
6 Vijayaraghavan, D. and Keith, T. G. Effect of cavitation
on the performance of a grooved misaligned journal
bearing. Wear, 1989, 134, 377 397.
7 Vijayaraghavan, D. and Keith, T. G. Analysis of a nite
misaligned journal bearing considering cavitation and
starvation effects. ASME J. Tribol., 1990, 112(1), 60 67.
8 Banwait, S. S., Chandrawat, H. N., and Adithan, M.
Thermohydrodynamic analysis of misaligned plain
journal bearing. 1st Asia International Conference on
Tribology, Beijing, 1998, pp. 35 40.
9 Guha, S. K. Analysis of steady-state characteristics of
misaligned hydrodynamic journal bearings with isotropic roughness effect. Tribol. Int., 2000, 33, 1 12.
10 Xu, H., Mian, O., and Parker, D. Performance of a gear
pump bearing taking into account elastic deection of
both housing and shaft. 2nd World Tribology Congress,
Vienna, September 2001.
11 Bouyer, J. and Fillon, M. An experimental analysis of
misalignment effects on hydrodynamic plain journal
bearing performances. ASME J. Tribol., 2002, 124,
313 319.
12 Gulwadi, S. D. and Shrimpling, G. Journal bearing
analysis in engines using simulation techniques. SAE
Technical Paper Series, 2003, 2003-01-0245.
13 Boedo, S. and Booker, J. F. Classic bearing misalignment and edge loading: a numerical study of limiting
cases. ASME J. Tribol., 2004,126, 535 541.
14 Pierre, I., Bouyer, J., and Fillon, M. Thermohydrodynamic behavior of misaligned plain journal bearings:
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Inuence of journal misalignment caused by shaft deformation

APPENDIX

Notation
c
e
E
F
Fx
Fz
h
J
l
L
n
p
P
R

nominal radial clearance

bearing eccentricity
module of elasticity for shaft material
load capacity of bearing
x component of load capacity
z component of load capacity
nominal lm thickness
inertial moment of shaft section
length of shaft
length of bearing
rotational velocity of journal
lm pressure
rotating load acted on the centre
of shaft
bearing radius

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y
z

h
u
u1
u2
c
vj
vL

283

coordinate axis along the horizontal

direction which is vertical with y and z
coordinates
coordinate axis along the axial direction
coordinate axis along the vertical direction
angle of journal misalignment (i.e. the
angle between the axis of journal and
the line which passes the axis of journal
and is parallel to the centre-line of bearing)
lubricant viscosity
angular coordinate
angle of start point of hydrodynamic lm
angle of end point of hydrodynamic lm
attitude angle
angular velocity of journal
angular velocity of rotating load acted on
the centre of shaft

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