Types of Faults and Effects in Electrical Power

Systems
Tarun Agarwal

Electrical
12 Comments

Electrical powers system is growing in size and complexity in all sectors such as generation,
transmission, distribution and load systems. Types of faults like short circuit condition in power
system network results in severe economic losses and reduces the reliability of the electrical
system.
Electrical fault is an abnormal condition, caused by equipment failures such as transformers and
rotating machines, human errors and environmental conditions. Theses faults cause interruption
to electric flows, equipment damages and even cause death of humans, birds and animals.

Types of Faults
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under
normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and
currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
But when fault occurs, it causes excessively high currents to flow which causes the damage to
equipments and devices. Fault detection and analysis is necessary to select or design suitable
switchgear equipments,electromechanical relays, circuit breakers and other protection devices.

There are mainly two types of faults in the electrical power system. Those are symmetrical and
unsymmetrical faults.
1.Symmetrical faults
These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These are also called
as balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to line to ground (L-L-L-G) and line
to line to line (L-L-L).

Symmetrical faults
Only 2-5 percent of system faults are symmetrical faults. If these faults occur, system remains
balanced but results in severe damage to the electrical power system equipments.
Above figure shows two types of three phase symmetrical faults. Analysis of these fault is easy
and usually carried by per phase basis. Three phase fault analysis or information is required for
selecting set-phase relays, rupturing capacity of the circuit breakers and rating of the protective
switchgear.
2.Unsymmetrical faults
These are very common and less severe than symmetrical faults. There are mainly three types
namely line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L) and double line to ground (LL-G) faults.

Unsymmetrical faults
Line to ground fault (L-G) is most common fault and 65-70 percent of faults are of this type.
It causes the conductor to make contact with earth or ground. 15 to 20 percent of faults are
double line to ground and causes the two conductors to make contact with ground. Line to line
faults occur when two conductors make contact with each other mainly while swinging of lines
due to winds and 5- 10 percent of the faults are of this type.
These are also called unbalanced faults since their occurrence causes unbalance in the system.
Unbalance of the system means that that impedance values are different in each phase causing
unbalance current to flow in the phases. These are more difficult to analyze and are carried by
per phase basis similar to three phase balanced faults.

Causes of Electrical Faults

Weather conditions: It includes lighting strikes, heavy rains, heavy winds, salt deposition on
overhead lines and conductors, snow and ice accumulation on transmission lines, etc. These
environmental conditions interrupt the power supply and also damage electrical installations.
Equipment failures: Various electrical equipments like generators, motors, transformers,
reactors, switching devices, etc causes short circuit faults due to malfunctioning, ageing,
insulation failure of cables and winding. These failures result in high current to flow through the
devices or equipment which further damages it.
Human errors: Electrical faults are also caused due to human errors such as selecting
improper rating of equipment or devices, forgetting metallic or electrical conducting parts after
servicing or maintenance, switching the circuit while it is under servicing, etc.
Smoke of fires: Ionization of air, due to smoke particles, surrounding the overhead lines results
in spark between the lines or between conductors to insulator. This flashover causes insulators to
lose their insulting capacity due to high voltages.
Effects of electrical faults

 Over current flow: When fault occurs it creates a very low impedance path for the current
flow. This results in a very high current being drawn from the supply, causing tripping of relays,
damaging insulation and components of the equipments.
Danger to operating personnel: Fault occurrence can also cause shocks to individuals.
Severity of the shock depends on the current and voltage at fault location and even may lead to
death.
Loss of equipment: Heavy current due to short circuit faults result in the components being
burnt completely which leads to improper working of equipment or device. Sometimes heavy
fire causes complete burnout of the equipments.
Disturbs interconnected active circuits: Faults not only affect the location at which they
occur but also disturbs the active interconnected circuits to the faulted line.
Electrical fires: Short circuit causes flashovers and sparks due to the ionization of air between
two conducting paths which further leads to fire as we often observe in news such as building
and shopping complex fires.
Fault limiting devices
It is possible to minimize causes like human errors, but not environmental changes. Fault
clearing is a crucial task in power system network. If we manage to disrupt or break the circuit
when fault arises, it reduces the considerable damage to the equipments and also property.
Some of these fault limiting devices include fuses, circuit breakers, relays, etc. and are discussed
below.
Fuse: It is the primary protecting device. It is a thin wire enclosed in a casing or glass which
connects two metal parts. This wire melts when excessive current flows in circuit. Type of fuse
depends on the voltage at which it is to operate. Manual replacement of wire is necessary once it
blowout.

Protecting devices
Circuit breaker: It makes the circuit at normal as well as breaks at abnormal conditions. It
causes automatic tripping of the circuit when fault occurs. It can be electromechanical circuit
breaker like vacuum / oil circuit breakers etc, or ultrafast electronic circuit breaker.
Relay: It is condition based operating switch. It consists of magnetic coil and normally open
and closed contacts. Fault occurrence raises the current which energizes relay coil, resulting in
the contacts to operate so the circuit is interrupted from flowing of current. Protective relays are
of different types like impedance relays, mho relays, etc.
Lighting power protection devices: These include lighting arrestors and grounding devices to
protect the system against lighting and surge voltages.

topic two

A fault in an electric power system can be defined as , any abnormal condition of the
system that involves the electrical failure of the equipment, such as , transformers,
generators, busbars, etc.
The fault inception also involves in insulation failures and conducting path failures which
results short circuit and open circuit of conductors.
Under normal or safe operating conditions, the electric equipments in a power system
network operate at normal voltage and current ratings. Once the fault takes place in a
circuit or device, voltage and current values deviates from their nominal ranges.
The faults in power system causes over current, under voltage, unbalance of the
phases, reversed power and high voltage surges. This results in the interruption of the
normal operation of the network, failure of equipments, electrical fires, etc.
Usually power system networks are protected with switchgear protection equipments
such as circuit breakers and relays in order to limit the loss of service due to the
electrical failures.

Types of Faults
Electrical faults in three-phase power system mainly classified into two types, namely
open and short circuit faults. Further, these faults can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical
faults. Let us discuss these faults in detail.

Open Circuit Faults

These faults occur due to the failure of one or more conductors. The figure below
illustrates the open circuit faults for single, two and three phases (or conductors) open
condition.
The most common causes of these faults include joint failures of cables and overhead
lines, and failure of one or more phase of circuit breaker and also due to melting of a
fuse or conductor in one or more phases.
Open circuit faults are also called as series faults. These are unsymmetrical or
unbalanced type of faults except three phase open fault.

Consider that a transmission line is working with a balanced load before the occurrence
of open circuit fault. If one of the phase gets melted, the actual loading of the alternator
is reduced and this cause to raise the acceleration of the alternator, thereby it runs at a
speed slightly greater than synchronous speed. This over speed causes over voltages
in other transmission lines.
Thus, single and two phase open conditions can produce the unbalance of the power
system voltages and currents that causes great damage to the equipments.

Causes
Broken conductor and malfunctioning of circuit breaker in one or more phases.

Effects

Abnormal operation of the system

Danger to the personnel as well as animals

Exceeding the voltages beyond normal values in certain parts of the network, which
further leads to insulation failures and developing of short circuit faults.

Although open circuit faults can be tolerated for longer periods than short circuit faults,
these must be removed as early as possible to reduce the greater damage.

Short Circuit Faults

A short circuit can be defined as an abnormal connection of very low impedance
between two points of different potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally.
These are the most common and severe kind of faults, resulting in the flow of abnormal
high currents through the equipment or transmission lines. If these faults are allowed to
persist even for a short period, it leads to the extensive damage to the equipment.
Short circuit faults are also called as shunt faults. These faults are caused due to the
insulation failure between phase conductors or between earth and phase conductors or
both.
The various possible short circuit fault conditions include three phase to earth, three
phase clear of earth, phase to phase, single phase to earth, two phase to earth and
phase to phase plus single phase to earth as shown in figure.
The three phase fault clear of earth and three phase fault to earth are balanced or
symmetrical short circuit faults while other remaining faults are unsymmetrical faults.

Causes
These may be due to internal or external effects

Internal effects include breakdown of transmission lines or equipment, aging of

insulation, deterioration of insulation in generator, transformer and other electrical
equipments, improper installations and inadequate design.

External effects include overloading of equipments, insulation failure due to lighting

surges and mechanical damage by public.

Effects

Arcing faults can lead to fire and explosion in equipments such as transformers and
circuit breakers.

Abnormal currents cause the equipments to get overheated, which further leads to
reduction of life span of their insulation.

The operating voltages of the system can go below or above their acceptance values
that creates harmful effect to the service rendered by the power system.

The power flow is severely restricted or even completely blocked as long as the short
circuit fault persists.

Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Faults

As discussed above that faults are mainly classified into open and short circuit faults
and again these can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical faults.

Symmetrical Faults
A symmetrical fault gives rise to symmetrical fault currents that are displaced with 1200
each other. Symmetrical fault is also called as balanced fault. This fault occurs when all
the three phases are simultaneously short circuited.
These faults rarely occur in practice as compared with unsymmetrical faults. Two kinds
of symmetrical faults include line to line to line (L-L-L) and line to line to line to ground
(L-L-L-G) as shown in figure below.

A rough
occurrence of symmetrical faults is in the range of 2 to 5% of the total system faults.
However, if these faults occur, they cause a very severe damage to the equipments
even though the system remains in balanced condition.
The analysis of these faults is required for selecting the rupturing capacity of the circuit
breakers, choosing set-phase relays and other protective switchgear. These faults are
analyzed on per phase basis using bus impedance matrix or Theveninss theorem.

Unsymmetrical Faults
The most common faults that occur in the power system network are unsymmetrical
faults. This kind of fault gives rise to unsymmetrical fault currents (having different
magnitudes with unequal phase displacement). These faults are also called as
unbalanced faults as it causes unbalanced currents in the system.
Up to the above discussion, unsymmetrical faults include both open circuit faults (single
and two phase open condition) and short circuit faults (excluding L-L-L-G and L-L-L).
The figure below shows the three types of symmetrical faults occurred due to the short
circuit conditions, namely phase or line to ground (L-G) fault, phase to phase (L-L) fault
and double line to ground (L-L-G) fault.

A single line-to-ground (LG) fault is one of the most common faults and experiences
show that 70-80 percent of the faults that occur in power system are of this type. This
forms a short circuit path between the line and ground. These are very less severe
faults compared to other faults.
A line to line fault occur when a live conductor get in contact with other live conductor.
Heavy winds are the major cause for this fault during which swinging of overhead
conductors may touch together. These are less severe faults and its occurrence range
may be between 15-20%.
In double line to ground faults, two lines come into the contact with each other as well
as with ground. These are severe faults and the occurrence these faults is about 10%
when compared with total system faults.
Unsymmetrical faults are analyzed using methods of unsymmetrical components in
order to determine the voltage and currents in all parts of the system. The analysis of
these faults is more difficult compared to symmetrical faults.
This analysis is necessary for determining the size of a circuit breaker for largest short
circuit current. The greater current usually occurs for either L-G or L-L fault.

Protection Devices against Faults

When the fault occurs in any part of the system, it must be cleared in a very short period
in order to avoid greater damage to equipments and personnel and also to avoid
interruption of power to the customers.
The fault clearing system uses various protection devices such as relays and circuit
breakers to detect and clear the fault.
Some of these fault clearing or faults limiting devices are given below.