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Lecture Notes 8
LECTURE NOTES 8
POTENTIAL APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUES:
THE ELECTRIC MULTIPOLE EXPANSION
AND MOMENTS OF THE ELECTRIC CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
There are often situations that arise where an observer is far away from a localized charge
distribution ( r ) and wants to know what the potential V ( r ) and / or the electric field
intensity E ( r ) are far from the localized charge distribution.
If the localized charge distribution has a net electric charge Qnet, then far away from this
localized charge distribution, the potential V ( r ) to a good approximation will behave very much
like that of a point charge,
V far ( r )
1 Qnet
4 o r
and
E far ( r ) = V far ( r )
1 Qnet
4 o r 2
However, as the observer moves in closer and closer to the localized charge distribution
( r ) , he/she will discover that increasingly V ( r ) (and hence E ( r ) ) may deviate more and
more from pure point charge behavior, because ( r ) is an extended source charge distribution.
Furthermore, ( r ) may be such that Qnet 0 , but that does NOT necessarily imply that
V ( r ) = 0 (and E ( r ) =0)!
Example:
A pure, physical electric dipole is a spatially-extended, simple charge distribution where Qnet = 0
but V ( r ) 0 and E ( r ) = V ( r ) 0 , as shown in the figure below:
+q
r+
P (field point)
r
r
Lecture Notes 8
q+
b.)
q+
rdipole
y
q
'
P (field point)
r+
+q
Lecture Notes 8
P (field point)
+q
r+
r+
1
2
r+ = + 12 dz, r+ = 12 d
r = 12 dz, r = 12 d
d
1
2
d
r
x
q
Law of Cosines:
+q
q+
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos
c
P
b
a
q
d
d
r = + r 2 2 r cos
2
2
d
d
r = + r 2 2 r cos ( )
2
2
2
+
d
= + r 2 dr cos
2
d
= + r 2 + dr cos
2
d
= r + rd cos
2
d
= r + + rd cos
2
V+ q ( r ) =
+q
1
=
4 o r+ 4 o
V q ( r ) =
1 q
1
=
4 o r 4 o
q
r 2 + ( d 2 ) rd cos
2
q
r 2 + ( d 2 ) + rd cos
2
+q
4 o
q
4 o
1
r 2 + ( d 2 ) rd cos
2
1
r 2 + ( d 2 ) + rd cos
2
4 o
r + ( d 2 ) rd cos
2
1 +q
1 q
4 o r+
4 o r
Vdipole ( r ) = V+ q ( r ) + V q ( r ) =
=
Lecture Notes 8
q
1
=
4 o r 2 + ( d 2 )2 rd cos
4 o
r + ( d 2 ) + rd cos
2
2
2
r + ( d 2 ) + rd cos
1
This is an exact analytic mathematical expression for the potential associated with a pure
( Qnet = 0 ) physical electric dipole with charges +q and q separated from each other by a
distance d. Note further that, because of the judicious choice of coordinate system and the
intrinsic (azimuthal) symmetry, Vdipole ( r ) has no -dependence.
The exact analytic expression for potential associated with pure physical electric dipole:
q
1
1
Vdipole ( r ) =
2
2
4 o r 2 + ( d 2 )2 rd cos
+
+
r
d
2
rd
cos
( )
d ~ 5nm , since d r
0.005 !
d d
= r 1+
r cos
2 r
2
1d d
= r 1 + cos
4 r r
r = r 2 + ( d 2 ) + rd cos
2
d d
= r 1+
r + cos
2 r
2
1d d
= r 1 + + cos
4 r r
Now if ( d r )
Lecture Notes 8
1d
+ cos
4 r r
and:
Then:
1
1
=
r+ r 1 + +
and:
with:
and:
1d
+ cos
4 r r
1
1
=
r r 1 +
Now if + 1 and 1 , we can use the Binomial Expansion (a specific version of the more
generalized Taylor Series Expansion) of the expression:
1
1
1
1i3 2 1i3i5 3
= (1 + ) 2 = 1 +
+ ... ... (Valid on the interval: 1 +1 )
2
2i4
2i4i6
1+
Since is already <<1, then the higher-order terms ( ) , ( ) , ( ) ,... etc. are incredibly
small (<<<<<1), so negligible error is incurred by neglecting these higher-order terms,
1
i.e. keeping only terms linear in in the binomial expansion of
, we have:
1+
2
1
1
=
r+ r 1 + +
1
(1 12 + )
r
and:
1
1
=
r r 1 +
1
(1 12 )
r
q 1 1
q 1
1
1
1
(1 2 + ) (1 2 )
4 o r+ r 4 o r
r
q 1 1
q 1
1
1
=
{( 2 ) ( + )}
1 2 + 1 + 2 =
4 o r
4 o x
V dipole ( r ) =
Then:
1d d
+ cos
4 r r
Now:
and:
1d d
+ cos
4 r r
1 d 2 d
q 1 1 1 d d
Vdipole ( r ) =
+ cos cos
4 o r 2 4 r r
4 r
r
Then:
Thus:
Vdipole ( r )
q 1 1 d
d
cos + cos
4 o r 2 r
r
q 1 d
q 1 1 d
2 cos =
cos
4 o r 2 r
4 o r r
q 1 d
q d
qd 1
cos =
2 cos =
cos
4 o r r
4 o r
4 o r 2
Lecture Notes 8
p qd = p
Thus, we may also express the potential of a pure physical dipole as:
qd 1
p 1
Vdipole ( r ) =
(valid for d << r)
2 cos =
cos
4 o r
4 o r 2
Note that: Vdipole ( r )
1
1
whereas Vmonopole ( r ) (valid for point charge q located at origin)
2
r
r
We define the vector electric dipole moment as: p qd where the charge-separation distance
vector d points (by convention) from q to +q:
+q
p qd
SI Units of p = Coulomb-meters
d d
q
In our current situation here we see that d = dz :
z
P (field point)
+q
d d
p qd
x
qd 1
qd cos 1 p cos 1
2 cos =
=
4 o r
4 o r 2
4 o r 2
The potential Vdipole ( r ) associated with an electric dipole moment p p = qd = qdz from a pure,
physical electric dipole oriented with d = dz , for r
Vdipole ( r )
p cos 1 p ir 1
=
where:
4 o r 2 4 o r 2
p ir = p cos = qd cos
Lecture Notes 8
The electric field Edipole ( r ) associated with a pure, physical electric dipole,
with electric dipole moment p = qd = qdz is:
Erdipole ( r ) =
Edipole ( r ) =
Edipole ( r ) =
Vdipole ( r )
r
1 2p
cos
4 o r 3
1 Vdipole ( r )
1 p
=
sin
r
4 o r 3
1 Vdipole ( r )
=0
r sin
Explicitly, the electric field intensity of a pure, physical electric dipole with electric dipole
moment p = qd = qdz (in spherical-polar coordinates) is:
Edipole ( r ) =
1 2p
1 p
1 p
cos r +
sin =
2 cos r + sin
3
3
4 o r
4 o r
4 o r 3
1
1
(c.f. w/ Emonopole ( r ) 2 for single point charge q at r = 0 ).
3
r
r
Note also that Vdipole ( r ) and Edipole ( r ) have no explicit -dependence, since the charge
p ir 1
with electric dipole moment p = qdz, and pir = p cos = qd cos ,
4 o r 2
E dipole ( r ) = Vdipole ( r ) = x +
y +
y
z
x
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
z = cos r sin
x = r sin cos
Lecture Notes 8
It is a straight-forward exercise to show that the electric field components associated with a pure
physical electric dipole with electric dipole moment p = qd = qdz (in Cartesian coordinates) are:
p 3xz
p 3sin cos
5 =
4 o r 4 o
r3
p 3 yz
p 3sin cos
dipole
=
5 =
= Ex
3
4 o r 4 o
r
Exdipole =
E ydipole
Ezdipole =
p 3z 2 r 2
p 3cos 2 1
=
4 o r 5 4 o
r3
In coordinate-free form, it is also a straight-forward exercise (try it!!!) to show that the electric
field intensity of a pure physical electric dipole with electric dipole moment p = qd = qdz is of
the form:
1 1
physical
Edipole
(r ) =
3 ( p ir ) r p
4 o r 3
whereas the coordinate-free form of a point electric dipole is of the form:
point
Edipole
(r ) =
1 1
1
p 3 (r )
3 3 ( p ir ) r p
4 o r
3 o
E Field Lines & Equipotentials Associated with a Pure, Physical Electric Dipole:
n.b. Equipotentials
are to lines of
E ( r ) everywhere!
Lecture Notes 8
We explicitly show here that the electric field associated with a pure physical electric dipole
with electric dipole moment p = pz = qdz can be written in coordinate-free form as:
1 1
physical
Edipole
(r ) =
3 ( p ir ) r p
4 o r 3
We have already shown (above) that:
1 p
physical
Edipole
(r ) =
3 2 cos r + sin
4 o r
Now: p = pz and z = cos r sin (in spherical-polar coordinates)
Thus: pir = pp ir = pz ir
And: rir = 1 , ir = 0
Thus: p ir = p cos
( )
= ( p i r ) r
So therefore:
3 ( p ir ) r p = 3 p cos r p cos r + p sin
= 2 p cos r + p sin
= p 2 cos r + sin
1 1
physical
Thus: Edipole
(r ) =
3 ( p ir ) r p Q.E.D.
4 o r 3
1.
2.
3.
copy
+Q
+Q
+Q
Lecture Notes 8
+Q
Original
Original
Q
d
Q
Copy
+Q
Original
Charge-Conjugated Copy
4.
+Q
d
+Q
= 2Q Q
Q
Translation of charge-conjugated
copy along axis of original dipole
by amount d.
+Q
P (Field Point)
ra
+Q
r
d
2Q
rb
+Q
10
r
1 Q 2Q Q
1 Q r
+ =
2 +
4 o ra
r
rb 4 o r ra
rb
Lecture Notes 8
and
rb2 = r 2 + d 2 + rd cos
We obtain:
Vquad ( r ) =
1 Q
r
r
2+
2
4 o r r + d 2 2rd cos
r 2 + d 2 + 2rd cos
Exact analytic
expression
Again, for regime where the observation point P is far away from pure, physical, linear electric
r
r
quadrupole, i.e. r >> d, we expand and in a binomial (i.e. Taylor) series
ra
rb
(as was done previously for the case of a pure, physical electric dipole).
Neglecting terms in these expansions that are higher order than linear (i.e. > ( d r ) ) we obtain:
2
2
2
r
d
d ( 3cos 1)
1
cos
+
2
r
r
ra
2
2
r
d
d ( 3cos 1)
1
cos
+
+
2
r
r
rb
x = cos
P0 ( cos ) = 1
P1 ( x ) = x
P1 ( cos ) = cos
P2 ( x ) =
( 3x
1)
P2 ( cos ) =
( x)
are:
Shorthand notation:
P ( cos ) = P ( )
( 3cos 1)
2
2
2
r
ra
r
d
d
d
d
P0 ( ) P1 ( ) + P2 ( ) and P0 ( ) + P1 ( ) + P2 ( )
r
r
r
r
rb
2
2
r
1 Q r
1 Q d ( 3cos 1)
Vquad ( r ) =
+
=
2
2
4 o r ra
4
2
r
r
r
o
b
2Qd 2 1 3cos 2 1
=
4 o r 3
2
Vquad ( r )
Note that:
Vquad ( r )
1
r3
11
Vquad ( r ) P2 ( )
1
2
Lecture Notes 8
(3cos 1)
= cos
=1
Note further that: Vquad ( r ) must be proportional to an even power of l, i.e. Pl =even ( ) because a
pure, physical, linear electric quadrupole has reflection symmetry about the z -axis (i.e. about
= / 2 ) (i.e. a rotation from / by a vector lying in x y plane e.g. x or y axis).
( )
+Qa
2Q
( 3cos 1)
+Qb
P2 ( ) =
2Q
1
2
P2 ( ) = + P2 ( )
+Qb
+Qa
We can also see that Vdipole ( r ) must be proportional to an odd power of l, i.e. Pl =odd ( ) because a
pure, physical, linear electric dipole has a sign change under reflection symmetry about = / 2
z
( )
+Q
p = Qdz
P1 ( ) = cos
p = Qdz
P1 ( ) = P1 ( )
=0
= cos
+Q
12
+Q
( )
+Q
Lecture Notes 8
3. The electric quadrupole also has an accompanying electric quadrupole moment Q 2Qdd
(SI units of Q : Coulomb-meters2)
Q 2Qdd = 2Qd 2
2-dimensional matrix
Formally speaking, Q is a rank-2 tensor (i.e. a 2-dimensional matrix) - the 9 elements of the
Q tensor (in general) are:
Qxx
Qyz
Qzx
Q = Qxy
Qxz
Qyy
Qyz
Qzy
Qzz
Qxy = Qyx
Qxz = Qzx
Qyz = Qzy
Also, note that: Qxx + Qyy + Qzz = 0 or: Qzz = (Qxx+Qyy) {i.e. Q is traceless}
The quadrupole moment tensor can also be written in coordinate-free form, e.g. in Cartesian
coordinates as:
n = # discrete charges qi
Q
( 3r r 1r ) q
n
1
2
i =1
i i
with ri 2 = ri iri
xx
Unit Dyadic: 1 0
0
yy
0
0
0
zz
For the case of a pure, linear (i.e. axially/azimuthally symmetric) electric quadrupole with
quadrupole moment Q (e.g. oriented along the z -axis):
z
+Q
d
2Q
d
+Q
Then: Qzz = 2Qxx = 2Qyy 2Qd 2 All other Qij vanish (= 0) for i j
1 0 0
n.b. conventions / definitions of
linear
2
i.e. Qquad = Qd 0 1 0
linear
Qquad
differ in different textbooks!!!
0 0 +2
13
Lecture Notes 8
For the case of a pure, linear (i.e. axially/azimuthally symmetric) electric quadrupole with
quadrupole moment Q (oriented along the z -axis), expressed in Cartesian coordinates:
P (Field Point)
Q
ra
+Q
# discrete charges
( 3r r 1r ) q
n
1
2
i =1
i i
with ri 2 = ri iri
Unit Dyadic:
0 0
xx
rb
1 0 yy
0 0
2Q
d
+Q
x
i = 1: r1 = + dz
q1 = + Q ri = ri
i = 2 : r2 = 0 z
i = 3 : r3 = dz
q2 = 2Q
q3 = + Q
zz
=0
1
1
2 =0
d 2 1 Q 3i 0 zz
0i1 + Q 3d 2 zz
d 2 1 = Qd 2 3zz
1
Thus: Q = Q 3d 2 zz
2
2
2
for charge 1:
+ Q @ r1 =+ dz
for charge 2:
2Q @ r2 = 0 z
for charge 3:
+ Q @ r3 = dz
3 zz
1
1 = 2Qd 2
Q = Qd 2 3 zz
2
2
2Qd 2 1 ( 3cos 1) 2Qd 2 1
=
Then: Vquad ( r )
P2 ( cos )
4 o r 3
2
4 o r 3
P2 ( cos ) =
1
( 3cos2 1)
2
We can express Vquad ( r ) in a different (but totally equivalent manner), using the fact(s) that:
14
x i x = 1, x i y = 0, x i z = 0
y i x = 0, y i y = 1, y i z = 0
ri1ir = 1
z i x = 0, z i y = 0, z i z = 1
Lecture Notes 8
1 ir
1 1
2Qd 2 1 ri 3zz
Vquad ( r )
r iQir =
4 o r 3
4 o r 3
2
4 o r 3
2
2
4 o r
P2 ( cos )
2Qd 2 1
P2 ( cos )
4 o r 3
axially-symmetric
Vquad ( r ) as given above is valid for a pure, linear, physical electric quadrupole oriented along
the z -axis, for r (observation / field point) >> d.
The potential Vquad ( r ) and electric field intensity Equad ( r ) associated with a pure, physical,
linear electric quadrupole with quadrupole moment Q (oriented along the z -axis) are:
Vquad ( r ) =
2Qd 2 1 3cos 2 1
4 o r 3
2
E ( r ) =
E ( r ) =
V ( r )
r
1 V ( r ) 3i2Qd 2 1
=
sin cos
4 o r 4
r
1 V ( r )
= 0 No -dependence because charge configuration is manifestly
r sin
axially / azimuthally symmetric (invariant under arbitrary -rotations)
Explicitly writing out the form of the electric field intensity Equad ( r ) for a pure, linear, physical
electric quadrupole oriented along the z -axis, for r (observation / field point) >> d:
Equad ( r ) =
3i2Qd 2 1 3cos 2 1
3i2Qd 2 1
+
r
4 sin cos
4 o r 4
2
4
3i2Qd 2 1 3cos 2 1
=
r + sin cos
4
4 o r
2
15
Lecture Notes 8
E -field lines & equipotentials associated with a pure, physical, linear electric quadrupole:
n.b. E -field lines to equipotentials everywhere in space
The next higher order pure, linear physical multipole is known as the pure, linear physical
electric octupole. We can construct / create it (as before) by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
+Q
+Q
d
2Q
2Q
+Q
+Q
Original
+Q
Q
d
2Q
2Q
d
+Q
Original
3.
16
z
copy
+2Q
+Q
Copy
+Q
Original
Q
Charge-Conjugated Copy
4.
Lecture Notes 8
+Q
Original
2Q
Q
Charge-Conjugated Copy
+2Q
= 0Q +Q
Q
+2Q
Q
+Q
ra
d
2d
rb
2Q
4
1
1
Voctupole ( r ) = Vi ( r ) 4 P3 ( cos )
4 o
r 1 3
i =1
= 2 5cos 3cos
4d
+2Q
x
rc
rd
1
Eoctupole ( r ) = Voctupole ( r ) 5
r 4 o
= Octupole Moment Qddd (Rank-3 tensor)
d
Q
Note: QTOT = 0
= 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . defining M
th
-order multipole
moment (SI units: coulomb-(meters)b) then the potential associated with a pure, physical, linear
multipole moment is of the form:
M 1
V (r )
P ( cos )
4 o r +1
The electric field intensity associated with a pure, physical, linear multipole moment is of the
1 M
E ( r ) = V ( r )
form:
4 o r + 2
Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
2005 - 2008. All rights reserved.
17
Lecture Notes 8
r = r r
r = r = r r
r 2 = r 2 + r 2 2rr cos = r 2 + r 2 2r ir
Law of Cosines:
If the observation / field point P is far away from electric charge distribution ( r ) such that:
r= r
r 2
r
r 2 = r 2 1 + 2 cos
r
r
or:
r
r
r = r 1 + 2 cos
r
r
1 for r
r
r
Define: 2 cos for r >> a (a = max value of r )
r
r
Now: V ( r ) =
18
1
4 o
( r)
r
d with:
1 1
1 2
= (1 + )
r r
Lecture Notes 8
= (1 + )
=
= 1 + + ...
n
r r
8
16
r n=0
r 2
1 2 ( 1) ( n 12 )
is the binomial coefficient and ( x ) is the gamma function.
where:
=
n!
( n)
n
( n 12 )
and:
= ( 12 )( 12 + 1) .... ( 12 + n 1) = ( 12 )( 12 ) .... ( n 23 )
(n)
n
Then:
2
2
3
3
1 1 1 r r
5 r r
3 r r
1 1 r
r 3cos 1 r 5cos 3cos
= 1 + cos +
+
+ ...
r r r
2
2
r
1 1
r
r
r
Hence:
1 1 r
= P ( cos ) where = opening angle between r and r .
r r =0 r
2
1
r
r
(where 2 cos ) is known as the
1+
r
r
Generating Function for the Legendr Polynomials!!!
Then, since V ( r ) =
1
4 o
( r ) r d for r >> a
Voutside ( r ) =
=
1
4 o
1
r ( r ) P ( cos ) d
+1 ( )
v
=0
1 1
( r ) ( r ) P ( cos ) d
4 o r +1 v
19
1
r ( r ) P ( cos ) d
+1 ( )
4 o =0
v
= opening angle
Linear superposition of
multipole potentials!!!
between r and r .
Lecture Notes 8
i.e.
E outside ( r ) = V outside ( r )
=0
multipole electrostatic potentials V outside ( r ) and multipole electric fields E outside ( r ) respectively,
each arising from the
th
=0
Monopole
1 Q
4 o r 2
M0 = Q (total/net
charge, coulombs)
(scalar)
M 1 = Qd = p
(coulomb-meters)
(vector)
M 2 = 2Qdd = Q
(coulomb-meters2)
(rank-2 tensor)
M 3 Qddd =
(coulomb-meters3)
(rank-3 tensor)
M 4 Qdddd = S
(coulomb-meters4)
(rank-4 tensor)
P0 = 1
1 Q
=
4 o r
Electric Field
( r ) = V outside ( r )
outside
=1
Dipole
1 Qd
4 o r 2
1 Qd
4 o r 3
=2
Quadrupole
1 Qd 2
4 o r 3
1 Qd 2
4 o r 4
=3
Octupole
1 Qd 3
4 o r 4
1 Qd 3
4 o r 5
=4
Sextupole
1 Qd 4
4 o r 5
1 Qd 4
4 o r 6
..........
..........
............
Order
Multipole
th
20
1 Qd
4 o r +1
1 Qd
4 o r + 2
Electric Multipole
Moment M
............
M Q (r ) = M
(coulomb-metersb)
(rank- tensor)
Lecture Notes 8
Voutside ( r ) = Vl
l =0
outside
1 1
1
1
( r )d + 2 r i r ( r ) d + 3
(r ) =
r v
r
4 o r v
(3 ( rir)
pir riQir
1 Net
=
+
+
+
V
r
.....
Thus, we see that: outside ( )
r2
r3
4 o r
term
term
term
with: QNet ( r ) d ,
v
p r ( r ) d and
(3 ( rir)
r 2
r 2
) ( r) d
) ( r) d + ....
..
z
S (source
point)
r
2
P (field point)
r
Spherical Harmonics Addition Theorem:
4 + *
P ( cos ) =
Y m ( , ) Y m ( , )
2 + 1 m =
n.b. complex conjugate
Then:
( r )
1
1
=
= +1 P ( cos ) =
r r r l =0 r
=0
4 ( r ) *
Y m ( , ) Y m ( , )
+ 1 r +1
m =
21
Thus:
1
r ( r ) P ( cos ) d
+1 ( )
v
=0
1 + 4
*
( r ) ( r ) Y ,m ( , ) Y , m ( , ) d
4 o =0 r +1 v m = 2l + 1
= 0 m =
where: V outside
(r ) =
m
Thus:
=
4 o
Voutside ( r ) =
Lecture Notes 8
Voutside ( r ) =
outside
m
(r )
1 4 ( r )
*
+1 ( r ) Y , m ( , ) Y ,m ( , ) d
4 o 2 + 1 v r
+
4 1
r
Y *,m ( , ) Y ,m ( , ) d
(
)
(
)
4 o =0 2l + 1 r +1 v
m =
4 1 + *
Y ,m ( , ) ( r ) ( r )Y , m ( , ) d
+1
m =
=0
v
1
4 o
2l + 1 r
The Yl ,m ( , ) are the Spherical Harmonics; and are the polar & azimuthal angles for r ,
the vector from the origin to the field point, P and and are the polar & azimuthal angles
for r , the vector from the origin to the source point, S .
We can then define q m - the Electric Multipole Moment of order
& m:
q m ( r ) ( r ) Y m ( , ) d
v
We see that:
Y m ( , ) =
2 ( + 1)( m ) !
P ( cos ) eim
4 ( + m ) !
q m = ( 1) q*,m
1 4 1 *
Y , m ( , ) q m
4 o 2 + 1 r +1
+
1 + 4 1 *
r
Y ,m ( , ) q , m
=
Then: Voutside ( r ) = V outside
(
)
,m
4 o =0 m = 2 + 1 r +1
= 0 m =
=
Thus: V outside
,m
= 0 m =
i.e.
22
E outside
( r ) =
,m
= 0 m =
outside
,m
(r )
E outside
( r ) = V outside
(r )
,m
,m
Lecture Notes 8
The main advantage of using these seemingly more complex expressions for V outside
(r )
,m
involving the Y *m ( , ) and Y m ( , ) spherical harmonics is that they are directly connected to
a right-handed x y z coordinate system. The earlier expression for Voutside ( r ) involving the
P ( cos ) Legendr Polynomials, it must be kept in mind at all times that = opening angle
between field point r and source point r .
The explicit derivation of Voutside ( r ) using the Addition Theorem for Spherical Harmonics:
Voutside ( r ) =
4 1 + *
Y m ( , ) ( r ) ( r ) Y m ( , ) d
4 o =0 2 + 1 r +1 m =
v
q m
(electric multipole moment of order & m )
thus makes it explicitly clear that Voutside ( r ) = fcn ( r , , ) only all source variable
( r , , ) dependence has been integrated out, in carrying out the integral over the volume v !!!
Thus Voutside ( r ) is fully capable of correctly/exactly describing many other kinds of multipole
moments we have not yet discussed, e.g.:
A. Pure Physical Electric Dipole(s) Lying in the x-y Plane:
a.
d/2
b.
d/2
Q d/2
d/2 +Q
c.
d/2
d/2
+Q
x
(x-axis)
(y-axis)
(x-y plane)
(3-D dipole)
d/2
+Q
23
Lecture Notes 8
a.
b.
z
+Q
d/2
d/2
+Q
Q d/2
d/2
d/2 Q
+Q
x
Q d/2
y
x
(x-y plane)
c.
Q
d/2
d/2
+Q
+Q
d/2 d/2
y
+Q d/2 d/2
(y-z plane)
(x-z plane)
1 Q
is not quite correct the exact potential
4 o r
is V ( r ) =
1 Q
and r r; however r
4 o r
r when r >> r .
24
Lecture Notes 8
For higher electric moments, if (and only if) QTOT = QNET = 0, then (pure) electric
moment M (where > 0) is independent of choice of origin of coordinate system.
If net / total charge QNET = QTOT 0, then the higher-order electric moment(s)
M (where > 0) can be made to vanish if one chooses the origin or coordinates to be
located at the charge-weighted center of charge, then r = 0 .
q m = ( r ) ( r ) Y m ( , ) d = 0 if r = 0
v
2Q
+Q
d
+Q
Q
z +
p1 = Qdz
(origin)
z
p2 = Qdz
= r ( r ) d + a ( r ) d
then:
= p + a ( r ) d = p + QNet a = p + porigin
v
= QNet ( = QTot )
If QNET 0, then the choice of origin does matter; because the electric dipole moment p
depends on the choice of origin !!!
If QNET 0, then higher-order electric multipole moments must be accompanied by explicitly
specifying the choice of origin of coordinates!!!
- Iff QNET = 0, then p* = p , i.e. p is independent of choice or origin of coordinate system.
+Q
d
5Q
Origin,
Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
2005 - 2008. All rights reserved.
25
Lecture Notes 8
The Potential for a Pure Physical Electric Quadrupole (in Cartesian Coordinates)
Not Necessarily With Colinear Charges
The potential for a pure, physical electric quadrupole (not necessarily with collinear charges) can
be written in Cartesian coordinates as:
1 3 3 1 xi x j
2
Vquad ( r ) =
5 ( 3 xi x j r ij ) ( r ) d
4 o i =1 j =1 2 r v
or as: Vquad ( r ) =
1
4 o
1 xi x j
5
j =1
r
3
2
i =1
Qij
with r 2 = x2 + y2 + z 2 = x12 + x2 2 + x3 2
and where the summations i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2, 3 represent sums over the {1,x ,2,3
y , z } components
i, j = 2: x2 y and
respectively; i.e. i, j = 1: x1 x
and where ij = Kroenecker function { == 10 ifif ii= jj }
i, j = 3: x3 z
Q11 Q12
The 9 elements of the quadrupole moment tensor Q are the Qijs: Q = Q21 Q22
Q
31 Q32
Where:
Q13
Q23
Q33
sum of diagonal
elements =0
ii
i=1
and also: Qij = Q ji for i j , i.e. Q12 = Q21 , Q13 = Q31 and Q23 = Q32 .
In general, if r = xi + yj + zk and r = xi + yj + z k then:
Vquad ( r ) =
+
26
1 1
3xy xy ( r ) d + 3 zx xz ( r ) d + 3 yz yz ( r ) d
4 o r 5 v
v
v
1
1
1
3x 2 1) x2 ( r ) d + ( 3 y 2 1) y2 ( r ) d + ( 3z 2 1) z 2 ( r ) d
(
2
2
2
v
v
v
Lecture Notes 8
The 9 elements of the quadrupole moment tensor Q (in Cartesian coordinates) are thus:
Mean square of xixj (multiplied by q).
Qxx = x2 ( r ) d = qx
= q x
Qyy = y2 ( r ) d = q y
= q y
Qzz = z 2 ( r ) d = qz
= q z
Qyz = yz ( r ) d = q yz = q yz = Qzy
v
Qzx = z x ( r ) d = qz x = q z x = Qxz
v
Then:
Vquad ( r ) =
1 1
1
1
1
2
2
2
5 3 xyQxy + 3 yzQyz + 3 xzQxz + ( 3 x 1) Qxx + ( 3 y 1) Qyy + ( 3 z 1) Qzz
4 o r
2
2
2
1
q
4
q20 =
1 5
Q33
2 4
q10 =
3
pz
4
q21 =
1 15
m
( Q13 iQ23 ) with q m = ( 1) q*m
3 8
q11 =
3
( px ip y )
8
q22 =
1 15
( Q11 2iQ12 Q22 )
12 2
27
Lecture Notes 8
The Energy / Work Associated With a Charge Distribution ( r ) Located at (or Near) the
Origin of the Coordinate System in an External Electric Field Eext ( r )
For r >> a (a = max value of r ), the energy / work associated with a charge distribution in an
external field Eext ( r ) is given by:
W = QVext ( r = 0 ) p i Eext ( r = 0 )
=
r =0
refpt. . Eext i dl
E ext
1 3 3
j
Q
ij
6 i =1 j =1
xi
....
xi = 0
Eext ( r = 0 ) = Vext ( r = 0 )
Where the summations i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2, 3 represent sums over the
respectively; i.e. i, j = 1: x1 x
i, j = 2: x2 y
{ } components
1, 2,3
x, y, z
i, j = 3: x3 z
r 2 = x2 + y2 + z 2 = x12 + x2 2 + x3 2
i =1
ii
1
4 o
1 *
Y , ) q m
+1 m (
2l + 1 r
=0
m =
It can then be seen that the electric multipole moments q m are the strengths (i.e. coefficients)
associated with the
Electrostatic Forces and Torques Acting on Multipole Moments of the Charge Distribution
The net force and torque acting on the charge distribution as an expansion in multipole moments
are given below:
1 3 3
E ext
j ( r = 0)
F ( r ) = qE ( r = 0 ) + p i E ( r )
+ Qij
+ ....
r =0
xi
6 i =1 j =1
x =0
i
( r ) = ( p E ( r ))
1 3
ext
0
+
=
Q
E
r
Q3 j E ext
(
)
2j j
j ( r = 0)
r =0
3 x3 j =1
x2 j =1
r =0
3
3
0
+ Q3 j E ext
=
r
) Q1 j E extj ( r = 0 )
j (
x1 j =1
x3 j =1
r =0
3
3
ext
ext
+
Q1 j E j ( r = 0 )
Q2 j E j ( r = 0 ) + ....
x1 j =1
r =0
x2 j =1
28