Kashmir dispute in favor of India

Kashmir is a region located in northern part of South Asia, where

the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain
range, surrounding by India, Pakistan, China and Afghanistan.
Nowadays, Kashmir could be divided into 3 areas that includes the
Indian dominated territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
dominated territories of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan, and Chinese dominated territories of Aksai Chin and the
Trans-Karakoram Tract.
During the colonization, Gulab Singh bought Kashmir form East
India Company on 12, March 1846. Gulab Singh pays Rs. 7,500,000
and in return receives Kashmir and the overall British sovereignty of
Kashmir area. On 16, March 1846, two parties, East India Company
and Gulab Singh officially signed Treaty of Amritsar and becomes
the ruler of Kashmir (Mohan C. Bhandari, 2006). From 1612 to 1947,
India continent had been colonized by the British for over 300 years
started ruled by East India Company and ended with the Monbadon
plan that partition of sub-continent of India into mainly Hindu India
and Muslim-majority state of Pakistan (BBC, 2016).
The subcontinent was split along religious lines with the Muslim
northwest and northeast going to Pakistan and the rest of the area
going to India. The region of Kashmir was a principality still ruled by
a prince, Maharaja Hari Singh. Singh was a Hindu as were the most
elite of Kashmir, however, three quarters of the population in
Kashmir were Muslims. When the plans for partition were drawn up
the decision of which country to join was left to Singh. He was
reluctant to join the Muslim state of Pakistan, but also did not want
to join democratic India where his autocratic powers would be
curtailed. Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Kashmir, initially believed that
by delaying his decision he could maintain the independence of
Kashmir, but, caught up in a train of events that included a
revolution among his Muslim subjects along the western borders of
the state and the invasion by Pakistan tribesmen, he signed an
instrument of accession on 25 October 1947 to the Indian union in
return for military aid (BBC, 2012). First Kashmir War breaks out
between India and Pakistan over the region. In 1948, India raises
Kashmir in the UN Security Council, which in Resolution 47 calls for a
referendum on the status of the territory. A cease-fire was agreed to
by both parties, which came into effect January 5, 1949. The ceasefire line created what were meant to temporary borders between
Indian and Pakistani zones of control, and promised a plebiscite
would be held to determine the future of the territory (S.N.; Dharm
Pal 1987).

The war did not lead to a final peace. Second Kashmir war took
place in 1965 during April and September between India and
Pakistan. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar,
which was the codename given to the strategy of Pakistan to
infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, and start a rebellion against Indian
rule. If successful, Pakistan hoped to access control over Kashmir,
but the operation was in a major failure and became the cause of
the second Kashmir war.
In 1971, India and Pakistan had a third war which also be
named as Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to the independence
of Bangladesh where was earlier known as part of the territory of
Pakistan. The Silma agreement was made as an outcome of this war
and was ratified by India and Pakistan. BasedonSilmaAgreement, two
countries are resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through
bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon
between them. and
Both the Governments agree that: Indian and Pakistani forces shall be
withdrawn to their side of the international border;In Jammu and Kashmir, the
line of control resulting from the cease-fire of December 17, 1971 shall be
respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either
side. There is a Kashmir cease-fire line that was established in 1948 as a
result of first Kashmir war.Simla agreement turns the Kashmir cease-fire line
into the Line of Control, pledges both sides to settle their differences through
negotiations, and calls for a final settlement of the Kashmir dispute (BBC,
2016).
Nowadays, Kashmir Line of Control area is still not a peaceful place to
visit. Based on BBC News released on 23 March 2000, this area is marked as
most dangerous place in the world. India and Pakistan military power have
conflict over this area, major in Siachen Glacier where is in the end of the line
of control and not demarcated by Silma agreement.

The agreement between Gulab and the British is long before the
Monbadon plan, which clearly claims that Kashmir territory should

be included and decided by the Monbadon plan, since this area is

not under British colonization after the Treaty of Amritsar.
Source:
BBC, Kashmir Timeline.
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-16069078
BBC, Kashmir disputes. http://www.bbc.com/news/10537286
Prasad, S.N.; Dharm Pal (1987). History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 19471948. New
Delhi: History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press
(India) Limited). p. 418.

Mohan C. Bhandari (2006). Solving Kashmir. Lancer Publishers. P.88.

https://books.google.ch/books?
id=ChbvL5i0O7YC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=When+gulab+singh+
bought+kashmir+from+british&source=bl&ots=d0jMJML53Q&sig=
W2sv1Ei0xv8yPbwTBq4nk5Zwro8&hl=zhTW&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirpovwi9LMAhUCL8AKHb4ZAwU4ChDoAQ
hCMAU#v=onepage&q&f=false
Silma Agreement 1972
http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?
dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement