Overview

Review
Egg cell
Animal pole (ectoderm and mesoderm)
Vegetal pole (endoderm)

Fertilization
Zygote

Cleavage
Cell division without significant growth

Morula
Four cell divisions; 16 cells
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Review
Blastula
7th cleavage; 128 cells

Gastrula
Cells migrate to the interior of the blastula
Two or three germ layers

Somitogenesis or Segmentation
Somites (primitive segments) are produced

Organogenesis
Three germ layers develop into organs

Gametogenesis
What is gametogensis?

Production of gametes
Female: egg (ovum)
Male: sperm
Mesoderm
Arise from primordial germ cells

Gamete
Reproductive cell or sex cell
Haploid

Egg Classification
According to the amount of yolk
Polylecithal or Megalecithal

According to yolk distribution

Highly telolecithal or Discoidal egg

Anatomy of the Chicken Egg

What Happens Inside an Egg?

Gametogenesis
Intermediate mesoderm
Adrenal glands and gonads

Mesenchyme + overlying coelomic epithelium

Genital ridge (protrusion into the coelom)
Gonads

Primordial germ cells

Anterior extraembryonic position

germinal ridge

4th day
Gonads are still of similar appearance in males and
females

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia restart cell division at 10 weeks
after hatching and then enter a differentiation
pathway.
Male germ cells do not begin substantial levels of
proliferation until sexual maturity, when
spermatogenesis begins, leading to the
development of mature sperm.

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

Oogenesis
In most animals, the gonads develop symmetrically,
but most female birds only develop the left ovary.
The start of differentiation into the primary oocytes in
the left ovary from stage 34 (8 days of incubation). The
first meiosis starts at stage 39 in the left ovary and
stops at the diplotene stage (the fourth stage of the
prophase of meiosis) just after hatching.
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Oogenesis

The number of germ cells peaks at stage 43 (17 days

of incubation). Subsequently, the population of germ
cells declines to two-thirds of the highest number at 1
day after hatching.

Oogenesis
The decline of germ cells before hatching is due to a
high incidence of programmed cell death (apoptosis)
of germ cells. In fact, germ cells in the right ovary of the
chicken embryo are also eliminated by apoptosis.

Oogenesis
Oocytes undergo meiotic arrest shortly before or
after hatching and remain quiescent until sexual
maturity when oocyte growth and maturation takes
place.

Oogenesis
The primary oocyte do not resume the first meiotic
division until a few hours before ovulation. The
second meiotic division occurs immediately after
the first meiotic division and stops at metaphase until
ovulation. After ovulation, the ovum is captured by
the infundibulum of the oviduct where fertilization
takes place.

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

No oogonia are present in

the chick ovary at this
stage. They are only present
at the 14th day of incubation
before hatching in the
developing female. None
develop after that time.

This section of chick ovary

contains intermediate
stages in oogenesis.

The largest oocyte shows

growth and development of
yolk ( primary oocyte).

Maturation divisions will

appear only at the time of
ovulation and of
fertilization.
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Oogenesis

Follicles in the Chick Ovary

These are the primary

oocytes with a germinal
vesicle
The egg cell membrane is
partially obscured by the
follicle cells.
Theca interna can be more
clearly seen in larger
developing oocytes.
Note the loose stroma
tissue outside of this layer.
As the follicle grows a theca
externa will develop
(together theca foliculi).
No vitelline membrane has
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yet developed.

Oogenesis
Chick Ovary, Germinal
Vesicle
This Germinal Vesicle is
from the larger of the
developing oocytes.
Numerous nuclei can be
seen.
Germinal Vesicle has
pulled away from the
cytoplasm and the
nuclear membrane can
be seen.
Meiosis will not be
completed until after
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insemination.

Oogenesis
Developing Oocyte
The follicle cells are now
columnar and actively
participating in the
formation of the egg
cytoplasm. This layer is
known as the zona
granulosa or stratum
granulosum.
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Oogenesis
Between the egg cell membrane and
the surrounding follicle cells is the
zona radiata ( in place of the
vitelline membrane). This is still
rather thin and there are numerous
minute radiating canals, giving the
follicular cells a 'brush border'
appearance.

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Oogenesis
Note a definite theca
interna and theca
externa (together
theca foliculi) outside
the granulosal cells.

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References

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/info/chicken/egg.shtml
http://chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/resources/egg_to_chick/development.html
http://www.slideshare.net/AliUmar7/chick-embryo-developmental-stages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis
http://biolearnspot.blogspot.com/2013/12/different-types-of-eggs-with-examples.html
http://images.thedigilibrary.com/notes/courses/IPROFBIenC01BT01ST01.NOTES.1P.pdf
http://home.cse.edu/~ikessler/emb/tutorials/ovaryfrogchick/indexovaryfgck.html
https://msu.edu/~kopachik/zol320/website/notes/lec5.html
http://embriologyofbirds.blogspot.com/2013/03/gametogenesis-pada-aves.html
http://www.uco.es/~an1gamoj/MyWeb/oogenesis.html

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