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16
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Definition of an Indefinite Integral

dy
= f ( x ), then y is the function whose derivative is f(x) and is called the anti-derivative of f(x) or the indefidx
dy
nite integral of f(x), denoted by f ( x ) dx. Similarly if y = f (u) du, then
= f (u). Since the derivative of a
du
constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant.
For the definition of a definite integral, see 18.1. The process of finding an integral is called integration.
If
General Rules of Integration

In the following, u, , w are functions of x; a, b, p, q, n any constants, restricted if indicated; e = 2.71828 is
the natural base of logarithms; ln u denotes the natural logarithm of u where it is assumed that u > 0 (in general,
to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace ln u by ln |u|); all angles are in radians; all constants of
integration are omitted but implied.
16.1.
a dx = ax
16.2.
af ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx
16.3.
(u w ) dx = u dx dx w dx
16.4.
u d = u du
(Integration by parts)
For generalized integration by parts, see 16.48.
16.5.
f (ax ) dx = a f (u) du
16.6.
F{ f ( x )} dx = F(u) du du =
16.7.
u n du =
16.8.
dx
F (u)
du where u = f ( x )
f ( x )
u n+1
, n 1 (For n = 1, see 16.8)
n +1
du
= ln u if u > 0 or ln(u) if u < 0
u
= ln | u |
16.9.
16.10.
e du = e
u
au du =
eu ln a du =
e u ln a
au
=
, a > 0, a 1
ln a ln a
67
68
16.11.
sin u du = cos u
16.12.
cos u du = sin u
16.13.
tan u du = ln sec u = ln cos u
16.14.
cot u du = ln sin u
16.15.
sec u du = ln (sec u + tan u) = ln tan 2 + 4
16.16.
csc u du = ln(csc u cot u) = ln tan 2
16.17.
sec
16.18.
csc
16.19.
tan
16.20.
cot
16.21.
sin
16.22.
cos
16.23.
sec u tan u du = sec u
16.24.
csc u cot u du = csc u
16.25.
sinh u du = cosh u
16.26.
cosh u du = sinh u
16.27.
tanh u du = ln cosh u
16.28.
coth u du = ln sinh u
16.29.
sech u du = sin
16.30.
csch u du = ln tanh 2
16.31.
sech u du = tanh u
u du = tan u
u du = cot u
u du = tan u u
u du = cot u u
u du =
u sin 2u 1
= (u sin u cos u)
2
4
2
u du =
u sin 2u 1
+
= (u + sin u cos u)
2
4
2
(tanh u) or 2 tan 1 eu
u
or coth 1 e u
16.32.
csch u du = coth u
16.33.
tanh u du = u tanh u
16.34.
coth u du = u coth u
16.35.
sinh u du =
sinh 2u u 1
= (sinh u cosh u u)
4
2 2
16.36.
cosh u du =
sinh 2u u 1
+ = (sinh u cosh u + u)
4
2 2
16.37.
sech u tanh u du = sech u
16.38.
csch u coth u du = csch u
16.39.
16.40.
16.41.
16.42.
du
u
= sin 1
2
a
a u
16.43.
du
u
= ln(u + u 2 + a 2 ) or sinh 1
2
a
u +a
16.44.
du
= ln (u + u 2 a 2 )
u2 a2
16.45.
16.46.
du
1 a + u2 + a2
=
u u 2 + a 2 a ln
u
16.47.
16.48.
69
u
du
1
= tan 1
a
+ a2 a
u
du
1 u a
1
=
ln
= coth 1 u 2 > a 2
a
a
a 2 2a u + a
u
du
1 a + u 1
=
ln
= tanh 1 u 2 < a 2
a
u 2 2a a u a
2
du
u2 a2
u
1
sec 1
a
a
du
1 a + a2 u2
= ln
2
2
a
u
a u
(n)
g dx = f ( n 1) g f ( n 2) g + f ( n 3) g (1)n
This is called generalized integration by parts.
fg
(n)
dx
70
Important Transformations
Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution together
with Formula 16.6. The following list gives some transformations and their effects.
16.49.
F(ax + b)dx = a F(u) du
16.50.
F(
16.51.
F(
16.52.
F(
a 2 x 2 ) dx = a
F(a cos u) cos u du
where x = a sin u
16.53.
F(
x 2 + a 2 ) dx = a
F(a sec u) sec
where x = a tan u
16.54.
F(
x 2 a 2 ) dx = a
F(a tan u) sec u tan u du
16.55.
F (e
16.56.
F(ln x) dx = F(u) e du
16.57.
F sin
where u = ax + b
ax + b ) dx =
2
a
u F(u) du
where u = ax + b
ax + b ) dx =
n
a
where u = n ax + b
ax
) dx =
1
a
n 1
F(u) du
u du
F (u)
du
u
u
x
dx = a
a
F(u) cos u du
where x = a sec u
where u = eax
where u = ln x
where u = sin 1
Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

16.58.
F(sin x , cos x) dx = 2
2u 1 u 2 du
F
1 + u 2 , 1 + u 2 1 + u 2
where u = tan
x
2
x
a
17
TABLES of SPECIAL INDEFINITE

INTEGRALS
Here we provide tables of special indefinite integrals. As stated in the remarks on page 67, here a, b, p, q, n
are constants, restricted if indicated; e = 2.71828 . . . is the natural base of logarithms; ln u denotes the natural
logarithm of u, where it is assumed that u > 0 (in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace
ln u by ln |u|); all angles are in radians; and all constants of integration are omitted but implied. It is assumed in
all cases that division by zero is excluded.
Our integrals are divided into types which involve the following algebraic expressions and functions:
(1)
ax + b
ax + b
(2)
(3)
ax + b and px + q
(5)
(25)
eax
(14) x3 + a3
(26)
ln x
(27)
sinh ax
(16)
x 4 a4
x n an
(28)
cosh ax
(17)
sin ax
(29)
sinh ax and cosh ax
(15)
ax + b and px + q
ax + b and px + q
(4)
ax 2 + bx + c
(13)
(6)
x2 + a2
(18) cos ax
(30)
tanh ax
(7)
x2 a2, with x2 > a2
(19)
sin ax and cos ax
(31)
coth ax
(8)
a2 x2, with x2 < a2
(20)
tan ax
(32)
sech ax
csch ax
(9)
x 2 + a2
(21) cot ax
(33)
(10)
x 2 a2
(22) sec ax
(34) inverse hyperbolic functions
a2 x 2
(12) ax2 + bx + c
(11)
(23) csc ax
(24)
inverse trigonometric functions
Some integrals contain the Bernouilli numbers Bn and the Euler numbers En defined in Chapter 23.
(1)
Integrals Involving ax b
dx
x dx
17.1.1.
ax + b = a ln (ax + b)
17.1.2.
ax + b = a a
17.1.3.
17.1.4.
ln (ax + b)
x 2dx
(ax + b)2 2b(ax + b) b 2
=
+ 3 ln (ax + b)
ax + b
a3
a
2a 3
dx
1 x
x (ax + b) = b ln ax + b
a ax + b
dx
1
=
+ ln
bx b 2 x
(ax + b)
17.1.5.
17.1.6.
(ax + b)
17.1.7.
1
a(ax + b)
x dx
b
1
(ax + b)2 = a 2 (ax + b) + a 2 ln (ax + b)
dx
x 2 dx
17.1.8.
(ax + b)
17.1.9.
x (ax + b)
dx
ax + b
b2
2b
3
ln (ax + b)
3
a
a (ax + b) a 3
1
1 x
+ ln
b(ax + b) b 2 ax + b
71
TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
72
dx
a
1
2a ax + b
2 + 3 ln
2 =
2
(ax + b)
b (ax + b) b x b
x
17.1.10.
17.1.11.
(ax + b)
17.1.12.
(ax + b)
17.1.13.
(ax + b)
17.1.14.
(ax + b)
17.1.15.
x (ax + b) dx =
1
2(ax + b)2
1
b
+
a 2 (ax + b) 2a 2 (ax + b)2
2b
b2
1
3
+ ln (ax + b)
a (ax + b) 2a (ax + b)2 a 3
dx
x dx
x 2 dx
(ax + b)n+1
. If n = 1, see 17.1.1.
(n + 1)a
dx =
n
(ax + b)n+ 2 b(ax + b)n+1

, n 1, 2
(n + 2)a 2
(n + 1))a 2
If n = 1, 2, see 17.1.2 and 17.1.7.
17.1.16.
(ax + b)n dx =
(ax + b)n+3 2b(ax + b)n+ 2 b 2 (ax + b)n+1
+
(n + 3)a 3
(n + 2)a 3
(n + 1)a 3
If n = 1, 2, 3, see 17.1.3, 17.1.8, and 17.1.13.
nb
x m +1 (ax + b)n
n 1
m
m + n + 1 + m + n + 1 x (ax + b) dx
x m (ax + b)n+1
mb
m 1
m
n
n
x
(
ax
+
b
)
dx
=
(m + n + 1)a (m + n + 1)a x (ax + b) dx
m +1
n +1
x (ax + b) + m + n + 2 x m (ax + b)n+1 dx
(n + 1)b
(n + 1)b
17.1.17.
(2)
Integrals Involving
ax b
17.2.1.
dx
2 ax + b
=
a
ax + b
17.2.2.
x dx
2(ax 2b)
=
ax + b
3a 2
ax + b
17.2.3.
x 2 dx
2(3a 2 x 2 4 abx + 8b 2 )
=
ax + b
15a 3
ax + b
17.2.4.
dx
=
x ax + b
17.2.5.
17.2.6.
17.2.7.
dx
2
ax + b
ax + b dx =
ax + b b
ln
b ax + b + b
2
b
tan 1
ax + b
b
ax + b
a
2b
bx
dx
ax + b
2 (ax + b)3
3a
ax + b dx =
2(3ax 2b)
(ax + b)3
15a 2
(see 17.2.12.)
2(15a 2 x 2 12abx + 8b 2 )
(ax + b)3
105a 3
17.2.8.
17.2.9.
ax + b
dx = 2 ax + b + b
x
17.2.10.
ax + b
ax + b a
dx =
+
2
2
x
x
17.2.11.
xm
2 x m ax + b
2mb
dx =
2
m
1
a
2
m
(
)
(
+
+ 1)a
ax + b
17.2.12.
17.2.13.
17.2.14.
ax + b
ax + b
a
dx =
+
xm
(m 1) x m 1 2(m 1)
17.2.15.
ax + b
(ax + b)3/ 2 (2m 5)a
dx =
m
x
(m 1)bx m 1 (2m 2)b
17.2.16.
(ax + b)m / 2 dx =
17.2.17.
x (ax + b)m / 2 dx =
17.2.18.
17.2.19.
(ax + b)m / 2
2(ax + b)m / 2
=
+b
dx
x
m
17.2.20.
(ax + b)m / 2
(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2 ma
dx
=
+
2
x
2b
bx
17.2.21.
x (ax + b)
(3)
ax + b dx =
x
x
dx
(See 17.2.12.)
ax + b
dx
ax + b dx =
x m 1
dx
ax + b
m 1
dx
ax + b
2x m
2mb
(ax + b)3/ 2
(2m + 3)a
(2m + 3)a
m 1
m 1
ax + b dx
dx
ax + b
ax + b
dx
x m 1
2(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2

a 2 (m + 2)
2(ax + b)( m + 4 )/ 2 2b(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2
a 2 (m + 2)
a 2 (m + 4)
(ax + b)m / 2 dx =
m/2
(See 17.2.12.)
ax + b
dx
ax + b
(2m 3)a
=
m 1
(
2m 2)b
(m 1)bx
ax + b
dx
73
2(ax + b)( m +6)/ 2 4 b(ax + b)( m + 4 )/ 2 2b 2 (ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2
+
a 3 (m + 4)
a 3 (m + 2)
a 3 (m + 6)
(ax + b)( m 2)/ 2
dx
x
(ax + b)m / 2
x dx
2
1
+
(m 2)b(ax + b)( m 2)/ 2 b
dx
x(ax + b)
( m 2 )/ 2
Integrals Involving ax b and px q

dx
x dx
px + q
17.3.1.
(ax + b)( px + q) = bp aq ln ax + b
17.3.2.
(ax + b)( px + q) = bp aq a ln (ax + b) p ln ( px + q)
74
dx
px + q
17.3.3.
(ax + b) ( px + q) = bp aq ax + b + bp aq ln ax + b
17.3.4.
(ax + b) ( px + q) = bp aq bp aq ln px + q a(ax + b)
17.3.5.
(ax + b) ( px + q) = (bp aq)a (ax + b) + (bp aq)
17.3.6.
(ax + b)
x dx
ax + b
x 2 dx
b2
q2
b(bp 2aq)
ln (ax + b)
ln ( px + q) +
2
p
a
dx
1
1
=
( px + q)n (n 1)(bp aq) (ax + b)m 1 ( px + q)n1
+ a(m + n 2)
ax + b
(ax + b)
dx
( px + q)n1
ax bp aq
ln( px + q)
+
p
p2
17.3.7.
px + q dx =
17.3.8.
(ax + b)m +1
(ax + b)m
1
2
+
(
n
)
a
dx
n 1
n 1
( px + q)
(n 1)(bp aq) ( px + q)
m
m
m 1
(ax + b)
(ax + b)
(ax + b)
1
( px + q)n dx = (n m 1) p ( px + q)n1 + m(bp aq) ( px + q)n dx
1 (ax + b)m
(ax + b)m 1
a
m
dx
n 1
( px + q)n 1
(n 1) p ( px + q)
(4)
ax b and px q
Integrals Involving
px + q
2(apx + 3aq 2bp)
dx =
3a 2
ax + b
17.4.1.
17.4.2.
p(ax + b) bp aq
1
ln
bp aq p p(ax + b) + bp aq
dx
=
( px + q) ax + b
2
p(ax + b)
tan 1
aq bp
aq bp p
ax + b
2 ax + b
bp aq p(ax + b) bp aq
+
ln
p p
ax + b
p(ax + b) + bp aq
dx =
px + q
p(ax + b)
2 ax + b 2 aq bp
tan 1
p
aq bp
p p
17.4.3.
17.4.4.
( px + q)n ax + b dx =
17.4.5.
( px + q)
17.4.6.
( px + q)n
2( px + q)n ax + b 2n(aq bp)
dx
=
+
ax + b
(2n + 1)a
(2n + 1)a
17.4.7.
( px + q)
dx
n
ax + b
n
ax + b
dx =
2( px + q)n+1 ax + b
bp aq
+
(2n + 3) p
(2n + 3) p
( px + q)n
ax + b
ax + b
(2n 3)a
n 1 +
2
(
n
1)(aq bp)
(n 1)(aq bp)( px + q)
ax + b
a
+
(n 1) p( px + q)n1 2(n 1) p
( px + q)n1 dx
ax + b
( px + q)
dx
n 1
ax + b
( px + q)
dx
n 1
ax + b
(5)
ax b and
Integrals Involving
17.5.1.
dx
=
(ax + b)( px + q)
ln
ap
2
ap
75
px + q
a( px + q ) + p(ax + b)
tan 1
p(ax + b)
a( px + q)
17.5.2.
x dx
=
(ax + b)( px + q)
(ax + b)( px + q) bp + aq
ap
2ap
17.5.3.
(ax + b)( px + q) dx =
2apx + bp + aq
(bp aq)2
(ax + b)( px + q)
8ap
4ap
17.5.4.
px + q
dx =
ax + b
17.5.5.
( px + q)
(6)
(ax + b)( px + q) aq bp
+
a
2a
dx
2 ax + b
=
(ax + b)( px + q) (aq bp) px + q
Integrals Involving x2 a2
x
dx
1
= tan 1
a
+ a2 a
17.6.1.
17.6.2.
17.6.3.
x 2 dx
1 x
2
2 = x a tan
a
+a
17.6.4.
x 3 dx
x 2 a2
ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
2
2 =
2
2
+a
17.6.5.
x(x
17.6.6.
17.6.7.
x (x
17.6.8.
(x
17.6.9.
(x
17.6.10.
x dx
1
= ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
2
+a
2
x2
dx
1
=
ln
2
+ a 2 ) 2a 2 x 2 + a 2
dx
1
1
x
= 2 3 tan 1
a
(x 2 + a2 )
a x a
x2
dx
1
1
=
ln
2
+ a2 )
2a 2 x 2 2a 4 x 2 + a 2
dx
x
x
1
tan 1
=
+
a
+ a 2 ) 2 2a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 3
x dx
1
2 2 =
2
+a )
2( x + a 2 )
(x
x
x 2 dx
1
x
=
+
tan 1
a
+ a 2 )2 2( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
76
x 3dx
a2
1
=
( x 2 + a 2 )2 2( x 2 + a 2 ) + 2 ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
17.6.11.
dx
1
1
x2
=
+
ln
x ( x 2 + a 2 )2 2a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 4 x 2 + a 2
17.6.12.
17.6.13.
dx
1
x
3
x
= 4 4 2
tan 1
a
( x 2 + a 2 )2
a x 2a ( x + a 2 ) 2a 5
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2
4
2
2 6 ln 2
x (x + a )
2a x
2a ( x + a ) a
x + a 2
17.6.14.
17.6.15.
(x
17.6.16.
(x
17.6.17.
x(x
17.6.18.
(x
17.6.19.
(7)
dx
x
2n 3
=
+
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n1 (2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
=
+
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n1 a 2
x m dx
=
+ a 2 )n
(x
x m 2 dx
a2
+ a 2 )n1
17.7.2.
dx
1
=
( x 2 + a 2 )n a 2
dx
1 x a
=
ln
a 2 2a x + a
dx
1
( x 2 + a 2 )n1 a 2
or
17.7.4.
x
1
coth 1
a
a
x dx
1
= ln ( x 2 a 2 )
a2 2
x 3dx
x 2 a2
=
+ ln ( x 2 a 2 )
2
2
a
2
2
dx
1
x 2 a2
=
ln
x ( x 2 a 2 ) 2a 2 x 2
17.7.5.
17.7.6.
x (x
dx
1
1
x a
=
+
ln
2
a 2 ) a 2 x 2a 3 x + a
dx
1
1
x2
=
ln
x 3( x 2 a 2 ) 2a 2 x 2 2a 4 x 2 a 2
17.7.7.
17.7.8.
(x
x(x
dx
+ a 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
2
+ a 2 )n
x 2 dx
a x a
ln
2
2 = x +
2 x + a
x a
17.7.3.
dx
+ a 2 )n1
(x
Integrals Involving x2 a2, x2 > a2
17.7.1.
x dx
1
=
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)( x 2 + a 2 )n1
(x
dx
x
1
x a
ln
=
a 2 )2 2a 2 ( x 2 a 2 ) 4 a 3 x + a
m2
dx
( x 2 + a 2 )n
(x
17.7.9.
x dx
1
=
a 2 )2 2( x 2 a 2 )
17.7.10.
x 2 dx
x
1 x a
( x a 2 )2 = 2( x 2 a 2 ) + 4a ln x + a
17.7.11.
(x
x 3dx
a2
1
=
+ ln ( x 2 a 2 )
2 2
a )
2( x 2 a 2 ) 2
dx
1
1
x2
=
+
ln
x ( x 2 a 2 )2 2a 2 ( x 2 a 2 ) 2a 4 x 2 a 2
17.7.12.
17.7.13.
x (x
2
dx
1
x
3
x a
= 4 4 2
ln
a 2 )2
a x 2a ( x a 2 ) 4 a 5 x + a
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2
4
2
2 + 6 ln 2
x (x a )
2a x
2a ( x a ) a
x a 2
17.7.14.
17.7.15.
(x
17.7.16.
(x
17.7.17.
x(x
17.7.18.
x m dx
( x a 2 )n =
17.7.19.
(8)
77
dx
x
2n 3
=
a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )n1 (2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
=
a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )n1 a 2

x m 2 dx
( x a 2 )n1 + a 2
2
dx
1
2 n =
a2
(x a )
2
m2
dx
1 a + x
ln
2 =
2
a a x
x
17.8.1.
17.8.2.
17.8.3.
x 2 dx
a a + x
= x + ln
2
2 a x
x2
17.8.4.
dx
1
2
2 n 2
a
(x a )
or
1
x
tanh 1
a
a
x dx
1
= ln (a 2 x 2 )
2
x2
x 3dx
x 2 a2
= ln (a 2 x 2 )
2
2
x
2
2
dx
1
x2
2 =
2 ln 2
x (a x ) 2a
a x 2
17.8.6.
dx
a 2 )n1
x(x
dx
a 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
( x 2 a 2 )n
Integrals Involving x2 a2, x2 < a2
17.8.5.
x dx
1
=
a 2 )n 2(n 1)( x 2 a 2 )n1
(x
dx
1
1
a + x
= 2 + 3 ln
(a 2 x 2 )
a x 2a
a x
dx
( x a 2 )n1
2
78
dx
1
1
x2
2
2 =
2 2 +
4 ln 2
x (a x )
2a x
2a
a x 2
17.8.7.
17.8.8.
(a
17.8.9.
(a
dx
x
1
a + x
=
+
ln
x 2 )2 2a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 4a 3 a x
x dx
1
=
x 2 )2 2(a 2 x 2 )
17.8.10.
x 2 dx
x
1 a + x
(a 2 x 2 )2 = 2(a 2 x 2 ) 4a ln a x
17.8.11.
x 3dx
a2
1
=
(a 2 x 2 )2 2(a 2 x 2 ) + 2 ln (a 2 x 2 )
dx
1
1
x2
=
+
ln
x (a 2 x 2 )2 2a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 2a 4 a 2 x 2
17.8.12.
17.8.13.
x (a
17.8.14.
x (a
17.8.15.
(a
17.8.16.
(a
17.8.17.
x (a
17.8.18.
(a
17.8.19.
dx
1
=
(a 2 x 2 ) n a 2
(9)
dx
1
x
3
a + x
+ 4 2
2 2 =
4
2 +
5 ln
x )
a x 2a (a x ) 4 a
a x
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2 +
4
2
2 + 6 ln 2
x )
2a x
2a (a x ) a
a x 2
dx
x
2n 3
2 n =
2
2
2 n 1 +
x )
2(n 1)a (a x )
(2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
=
+
x 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 (a 2 x 2 )n1 a 2
dx
x m 2 dx
2
x 2 )n
(a
Integrals Involving
(a
x (a
dx
x 2 )n1
dx
x 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
x 2 )n1
dx
1
+
(a 2 x 2 )n1 a 2
x 2 + a2
x
a
x +a
17.9.2.
x dx
= x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
17.9.3.
x 2 dx
x x 2 + a2 a2
=
ln( x + x 2 + a 2 )
2
2
x 2 + a2
17.9.4.
x 3 dx
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
=
a2 x 2 + a2
3
x 2 + a2
17.9.1.
x dx
1
=
x 2 )n 2(n 1)(a 2 x 2 )n1
x m dx
= a2
x 2 )n
(a
= ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) or sinh 1
m2
dx
(a 2 x 2 ) n
17.9.5.
17.9.6.
17.9.7.
17.9.8.
17.9.9.
dx
1 a + x 2 + a2
=
ln
a
x
x 2 + a2
dx
x 2 + a2
=
2
2
a2 x
x +a
a + x 2 + a2
dx
x 2 + a2
1
=
+ 3 ln
2 2
2
2
x
2a x
2a
x +a
2
2
2
x
x
a
a
+
x 2 + a 2 dx = 2 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
x x 2 + a 2 dx =
3
3
17.9.10.
x 2 x 2 + a 2 dx =
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x x 2 + a 2 a 4
ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
4
8
8
17.9.11.
( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
5
3
x 2 + a 2 dx =
a + x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
dx = x 2 + a 2 a ln
x
x
x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
dx
=
+ ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
x2
x
17.9.14.
x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
1 a + x 2 + a2
dx =
ln
3
2
x
2a
x
2x
17.9.15.
(x
17.9.16.
(x
17.9.17.
x 2 dx
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 =
17.9.18.
(x
17.9.12.
17.9.13.
dx
x
=
+ a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x 2 + a 2
x dx
=
+ a 2 )3 / 2
1
x 2 + a2
x
+ ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
x + a2
2
x 3 dx
= x 2 + a2 +
+ a 2 )3 / 2
a2
x + a2
2
dx
1
1 a + x 2 + a2
2 3/ 2 =
3 ln
x
x(x + a )
a2 x 2 + a2 a
dx
x 2 + a2
x
=
4 2
2
2
2 3/ 2
4
x (x + a )
a x
a x + a2
17.9.21.
a + x 2 + a2
dx
3
3
1
l
=
+
n
x
x 3( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 2a 2 x 2 x 2 + a 2 2a 4 x 2 + a 2 2a 5
17.9.22.
(x
17.9.23.
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.9.19.
17.9.20.
+ a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x x 2 + a 2 3 4
+
+ a ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
4
8
8
( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2
5
79
80
+ a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 x ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 a 4 x x 2 + a 2 a 6
ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
6
24
16
16
+ a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
( x 2 + a 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2
7
5
17.9.24.
x (x
17.9.25.
x (x
17.9.26.
a + x 2 + a2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
+ a 2 x 2 + a 2 a 3 ln
dx =
3
x
x
17.9.27.
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 3 x x 2 + a 2 3 2
+
+ a ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
dx =
2
x
2
2
x
17.9.28.
a + x 2 + a2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 3 2
3
dx =
x + a 2 a ln
+
3
2
x
2
2
x
2x
(10)
Integrals Involving
dx
x 2 a2
x a
17.10.2.
x 2 dx
x x 2 a2 a2
=
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
2
2
2
x a
17.10.3.
x 3 dx
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
=
+ a2 x 2 a2
3
x 2 a2
17.10.4.
17.10.5.
17.10.6.
17.10.7.
17.10.8.
17.10.9.
= ln ( x + x 2 a 2 ),
dx
x 2 a2
2
= x 2 a2
x
1
sec 1
a
a
x 2 a2
a2 x
dx
1
x 2 a2
x
+ 3 sec 1
2a 2 x 2
2a
a
x 2 a 2 dx =
x x 2 a2 a2
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
2
x 2 a 2 dx =
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
3
x 2 a 2 dx =
x a
2
dx
=
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
x dx
17.10.1.
x ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x x 2 a 2 a 4
+
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
4
8
8
( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
+
5
3
17.10.10.
17.10.11.
x 2 a2
x
dx = x 2 a 2 a sec 1
x
a
17.10.12.
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
dx =
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
x
x
x 2 a 2 dx =
1
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
x
+
dx =
sec 1
3
2x 2
2a
x
a
17.10.13.
17.10.14.
(x
17.10.15.
(x
17.10.16.
x 2dx
x
( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 = x 2 a 2 + ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
17.10.17.
(x
17.10.18.
x(x
17.10.19.
17.10.20.
17.10.21.
(x
17.10.22.
x ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.10.23.
x 2 ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 x ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 a 4 x x 2 a 2 a 6
+
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
6
24
16
16
17.10.24.
( x 2 a 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2
+
7
5
17.10.25.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
x
dx =
a 2 x 2 a 2 + a 3 sec 1
x
3
a
17.10.26.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 3 x x 2 a 2 3 2
dx =
+
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
x
2
2
x
17.10.27.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 3 x 2 a 2 3
x
=
+
a sec 1
dx
x3
2
2x
2
2
a
(11)
x dx
=
a 2 )3 / 2
1
x 2 a2
x 3 dx
= x 2 a2
a 2 )3 / 2
a2
x 2 a2
dx
1
x
1
=
3 sec 1
2 3/ 2
2
2
2
a )
a
a
a x a
dx
x 2 a2
x
4 2
2 3/ 2 =
a4 x
(x a )
a x a2
2
dx
1
3
3
x
=
5 sec 1
2 3/ 2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
(x a )
2a
a
2a x x a
2a x a
dx
x
= 2 2
a 2 )3 / 2
a x a2
a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x x 2 a 2 3 4
+ a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
4
8
8
( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2
5
( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
Integrals Involving
17.11.1.
dx
x
= sin 1
2
a
a x
17.11.2.
x dx
= a2 x 2
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
81
82
17.11.3.
x 2 dx
x a2 x 2 a2
x
=
+ sin 1
2
2
a
2
2
a x
17.11.4.
x 3 dx
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
=
a2 a2 x 2
2
2
3
a x
17.11.5.
dx
1 a + a2 x 2
=
ln
a
x
x a2 x 2
dx
a2 x 2
=
a2 x
a2 x 2
17.11.6.
17.11.7.
17.11.8.
17.11.9.
17.11.10.
17.11.11.
17.11.12.
a + a2 x 2
a2 x 2
dx = a 2 x 2 a ln
x
x
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
x
dx
=
sin 1
2
x
a
x
17.11.14.
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
1 a + a2 x 2
dx =
+
ln
3
2
x
2a
x
2x
17.11.15.
(a
17.11.16.
(a
17.11.17.
(a
17.11.18.
x 3 dx
a2
2
2
a
x
=
+
/
2
3
2
(a x )
a2 x 2
17.11.19.
x (a
17.11.13.
a + a2 x 2
dx
a2 x 2
1
=
ln
2
2
3
x
2a x
2a
a2 x 2
a 2 x 2 dx =
x a2 x 2 a2
x
+ sin 1
2
2
a
a 2 x 2 dx =
(a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2
3
a 2 x 2 dx =
a 2 x 2 dx =
x
x (a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2 a 2 x a 2 x 2 a 4
+
+ sin 1
4
8
8
a
(a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2 a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2
5
3
dx
x
2 3/ 2 =
2
x )
a a2 x 2
x dx
=
x 2 )3 / 2
1
a x2
x 2 dx
=
x 2 )3 / 2
x
x
sin 1
2
a
a x
dx
1
1 a + a2 x 2
3 ln
2 3/ 2 =
2
2
2
x
x )
a
a a x
dx
a2 x 2
x
=
+ 4 2
2
2
2 3/ 2
4
x (a x )
a x
a a x2
17.11.20.
17.11.21.
a + a2 x 2
dx
3
3
1
+
l
n
2 3/ 2 =
5
x
(a x )
2a 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 2a 4 a 2 x 2 2a
83
x (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x a 2 x 2 3 4 1 x
+
+ a sin
a
4
8
8
17.11.22.
(a
17.11.23.
x (a
17.11.24.
x 2 (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.11.25.
17.11.26.
a + a2 x 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
2
2
2
3
dx
a
a
x
a
ln
=
+
x
x
3
17.11.27.
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 3x a 2 x 2 3 2 1 x
dx =
a sin
2
x
x
2
2
a
17.11.28.
a + a2 x 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2 3 a 2 x 2 3
dx =
+ a ln
3
2
x
2
2
x
2x
(12)
17.12.1.
x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
(a 2 x 2 )5 / 2
5
x
x (a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2 a 2 x (a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2 a 4 x a 2 x 2 a 6
+
+
+ sin 1
6
24
16
16
a
(a 2 x 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2
7
5
Integrals Involving ax2 bx c
2
2ax + b
tan 1
2
4 ac b 2
dx
4 ac b
=
ax 2 + bx + c 1
2ax + b b 2 4 ac
ln
b 2 4 ac 2ax + b + b 2 4 ac
If b 2 = 4 ac, ax 2 + bx + c = a( x + b / 2a)2 and the results 17.1.6 to 17.1.10 and 17.1.14 to 17.1.17 can be used.
If b = 0 use results on page 75. If a or c = 0 use results on pages 7172.
x dx
1
b
=
ln (ax 2 + bx + c)
2a
+ bx + c 2a
ax
17.12.3.
x 2 dx
x
b
b 2 2ac
2
ax
bx
c
=
+
+
+
ln
(
)
ax 2 + bx + c a 2a 2
2a 2
17.12.4.
x m dx
x m 1
c
=
ax + bx + c (m 1)a a
17.12.5.
x (ax
17.12.6.
17.12.7.
17.12.8.
(ax
17.12.9.
(ax
ax
dx
+ bx + c
17.12.2.
x m 2 dx
b
ax + bx + c a
ax
dx
+ bx + c
dx
b
ax 2 + bx + c 1 b 2 2ac
= 2 ln
cx + 2c 2
x2
(ax + bx + c) 2c
dx
1
b
=
n 1
c
(ax + bx + c)
(n 1)cx
n 1
dx
+ bx + c
x m1dx
ax + bx + c
x2
dx
1
b
ln 2
=
+ bx + c) 2c ax + bx + c 2c
ax
ax
dx
a
(ax + bx + c) c
2
dx
2ax + b
2a
+
2 =
2
2
+ bx + c)
(4 ac b )(ax + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
x dx
bx + 2c
b
=
+ bx + c)2
(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
ax
dx
+ bx + c
n 2
dx
(ax + bx + c)
dx
+ bx + c
ax
dx
+ bx + c
84
17.12.10.
(ax
17.12.11.
(ax
x 2 dx
(b 2 2ac) x + bc
2c
+
2 =
+ bx + c)
a(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
dx
+ bx + c
x m dx
x m 1
(m 1)c
+
n =
+ bx + c)
(2n m 1)a(ax 2 + bx + c)n1 (2n m 1)a
17.12.12.
x 2 n1dx
1
(ax 2 + bx + c)n = a
17.12.13.
x (ax
17.12.14.
17.12.15.
(n m )b
(2n m 1)a
(ax
x m 1dx
(ax + bx + c)n
dx
1
b
=
+ bx + c)2 2c(ax 2 + bx + c) 2c
x 2 n3 dx
b
(ax 2 + bx + c)n a
(ax
dx
1
3a
=
(ax 2 + bx + c)2
cx (ax 2 + bx + c) c
dx
1
+
+ bx + c)2 c
(ax
x 2 n 2 dx
(ax 2 + bx + c)n
x (ax
dx
2b
c
+ bx + c)2
dx
1
(m + 2n 3)a
n =
m 1
2
n 1
(m 1)c
(ax + bx + c)
(m 1)cx (ax + bx + c)
2
Integrals Involving
(m + n 2)b
(m 1)c
x m 2 dx
+ bx + c)n
x 2 n3 dx
c
(ax 2 + bx + c)n1 a
(13)
ax
m 1
dx
+ bx + c)
x (ax
x
m2
dx
+ bx + c)2
dx
(ax + bx + c)n
2
dx
(ax + bx + c)n
2
ax 2 bx c
In the following results if b 2 = 4 ac, ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x + b / 2a) and the results 17.1 can be used. If b = 0
use the results 17.9. If a = 0 or c = 0 use the results 17.2 and 17.5.
17.13.1.
17.13.2.
17.13.3.
1
2
a ln (2 a ax + bx + c + 2ax + b)
dx
=
ax 2 + bx + c 1 sin 1 2ax + b or 1 sinh 1 2ax + b
b 2 4 ac
4 ac b 2
a
a
x dx
=
2
ax + bx + c
x 2 dx
2ax 3b
3b 2 4 ac
2
=
ax
+
bx
+
c
+
4a 2
8a 2
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
b
2a
a
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
1
2 c ax 2 + bx + c + bx + 2c
ln
x
dx
c
2
x ax + bx + c 1
1
bx + 2c
bx + 2c
1
1
c sin | x | b 2 4 ac or c sinh | x | 4 ac b 2
17.13.4.
17.13.5.
17.13.6.
dx
ax 2 + bx + c b
=
2c
cx
ax + bx + c
2
ax 2 + bx + c dx =
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
(2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c 4 ac b 2
+
4a
8a
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
17.13.7.
ax 2 + bx + c dx =
(ax 2 + bx + c)3/ 2 b(2ax + b)
ax 2 + bx + c
3a
8a 2
17.13.8.
x 2 ax 2 + bx + c dx =
b(4 ac b 2 )
16a 2
ax 2 + bx + c
b
dx = ax 2 + bx + c +
x
2
17.13.10.
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
dx =
+a
2
x
x
17.13.11.
(ax
17.13.12.
(ax
17.13.13.
(ax
17.13.14.
x (ax
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
x
b
2
ax 2 + bx + c dx
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
x dx
2(bx + 2c)
=
+ bx + c)3/ 2 (b 2 4 ac) ax 2 + bx + c
x 2 dx
(2b 2 4 ac) x + 2bc
1
+
3/ 2 =
+ bx + c)
a(4 ac b 2 ) ax 2 + bx + c a
dx
1
1
=
+
+ bx + c)3/ 2 c ax 2 + bx + c c
dx
b
2
c
ax + bx + c
(ax
17.13.17.
x (ax 2 + bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx =
17.13.18.
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)3/ 2
dx
+ bx + c)3/ 2
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
b
(ax 2 + bx + c)n+3/ 2
2a
a(2n + 3)
(ax
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx
dx
2(2ax + b)
=
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 (2n 1)(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c)n1/ 2
+
x (ax
(ax
(ax
(2ax + b)(ax 2 + bx + c)n+1/ 2 (2n + 1)(4 ac b 2 )

+
(ax 2 + bx + c)n1/ 2 dx
4 a(n + 1)
8a(n + 1)
17.13.16.
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx =
3b
2c 2
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
ax 2 + 2bx + c
b 2 2ac
+
3/ 2 = 2
x (ax + bx + c)
2c 2
c x ax 2 + bx + c
2
+c
dx
2(2ax + b)
=
+ bx + c)3/ 2 (4 ac b 2 ) ax 2 + bx + c
17.13.19.
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
6ax 5b
5b 2 4 ac
2
3/ 2
(
+
+
)
+
ax
bx
c
24 a 2
16a 2
17.13.9.
17.13.15.
85
8a(n 1)
(2n 1)(4 ac b 2 )
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)n1/ 2
dx
1
=
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 (2n 1)c(ax 2 + bx + c)n1/ 2
+
1
c
x (ax
dx
b
+ bx + c)n1/ 2 2c
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)n+1/22
86
(14)
Note that for formulas involving x3 a3 replace a with a.
( x + a) 2
dx
1
1
2x a
=
ln
tan 1
+
2
3
3
2
2
2
x +a
6a
x ax + a
a 3
a 3
x dx
1 x 2 ax + a 2
1
2x a
=
ln
tan 1
+
3
3
2
( x + a)
x +a
6a
a 3
a 3
17.14.3.
x 2 dx
1
= ln ( x 3 + a 3 )
x 3 + a3 3
17.14.4.
x(x
17.14.1.
17.14.2.
dx
1
x3
3 =
3 ln 3
+ a ) 3a
x + a 3
x 2 ax + a 2
dx
1
1
1
2x a
tan 1
=
ln
2
3
3
3
4
2
4
( x + a) a 3
x (x + a )
a x 6a
a 3
17.14.5.
17.14.6.
(x
17.14.7.
(x
17.14.8.
x 2 dx
1
( x 3 + a3 )2 = 3( x 3 + a3 )
17.14.9.
x(x
( x + a) 2
1
dx
x
2
2x a
tan 1
= 3 3
+ 5 ln 2
+
3 2
3
x ax + a 2 3a 5 3
+a )
3a ( x + a ) 9a
a 3
x 2 ax + a 2
1
x dx
x2
1
2x a
= 3 3
+
tan 1
ln
+
3 2
3
4
( x + a)2 3a 4 3
+a )
3a ( x + a ) 18a
a 3
dx
1
1
x3
3 2 =
3
3
3 +
6 ln 3
+a )
3a ( x + a ) 3a
x + a 3
dx
1
x2
4
=
6
2
3
3 2
6
6
3
3
x (x + a )
a x 3a ( x + a ) 3a
17.14.11.
x m dx
x m2
x m 3dx
3
a
=
x 3 + a3
x 3 + a3 m 2
17.14.12.
17.14.10.
(15)
dx
1
1
=
( x 3 + a 3 ) a 3 (n 1) x n1 a 3
n3
x dx
+ a3
(See 17.14.2.)
dx
( x 3 + a3 )
17.15.1.
17.15.2.
17.15.3.
x 2 + ax 2 + a 2
x 2
dx
1
1 1 x 2
3
ln 2
tan 1 1 +
tan 1
4 =
3
2
a
a
+a
4 a 2 x ax 2 + a 2a 2
2
x dx
1
1 x
4 =
2 tan
2
+a
2a
a
x 2 ax 2 + a 2
x 2
x 2 dx
1
1 1 x 2
ln 2
tan 1 a tan 1 1 + a
4
4 =
2
x +a
4 a 2 x + ax 2 + a 2a 2
x 3 dx
1
= ln ( x 4 + a 4 )
4
+ a4 4
17.15.4.
17.15.5.
x(x
17.15.6.
dx
1
x4
4 =
4 ln 4
+ a ) 4a
x + a 4
x 2 ax 2 + a 2
dx
1
1
5
ln 2
4
4 = 4
x (x + a )
a x 4 a 2 x + ax 2 + a 2
2
17.15.7.
17.15.8.
17.15.9.
17.15.11.
17.15.13.
(16)
2
dx
1
1
1 x
4
4 =
4 2
6 tan
2
(x + a )
2a x
2a
a
dx
1
1
x
x a
=
ln
tan 1
a
a 4 4 a 3 x + a 2a 3
x dx
1
x 2 a2
4 =
2 ln 2
a
4a
x + a 2
x 3dx
1
= ln ( x 4 a 4 )
4
a4 4
4
dx
1
1
1
x
x a
=
+
ln
tan 1
+
a
( x 4 a 4 ) a 4 x 4 a 5 x + a 2a 5
dx
1
1
x 2 a2
4
4 =
4 2 +
6 ln 2
x ( x a ) 2a x
4a
x + a 2
3
Integrals Involving xn an
xn
dx
1
=
ln
x ( x n + a n ) na n x n + a n
17.16.2.
x n1dx 1
= ln ( x n + a n )
x n + an n
17.16.3.
x m dx
( x + a n )r =
17.16.4.
17.16.5.
17.16.1.
17.16.6.
2a
1 x 2
x 2
tan 1 a tan 1 1 + a
2
dx
1
x 4 a4
4 =
4 ln
x ( x a ) 4a
x 4
17.15.12.
1
5
x
x 2 dx
1 x a 1
ln
tan 1
=
+
a
x 4 a 4 4 a x + a 2a
17.15.10.
17.15.14.
87
x m n dx
( x + a n )r 1 a n
n
dx
1
=
( x n + a n )r a n
x m n dx
( x n + a n )r
dx
1
( x n + a n )r 1 a n
x n + an an
dx
1
ln
=
x n + a n n a n x n + a n + a n
dx
1
x n an
n =
n ln
x ( x a ) na
x n
n
mn
dx
( x n + a n )r
88
x n 1dx 1
= ln ( x n a n )
n
an n
17.16.7.
17.16.8.
x m dx
x m n dx
x m n dx
n
a
=
+
n
r
n
n
r
n
(x a )
( x a ) ( x a n )r 1
17.16.9.
17.16.10.
17.16.11.
dx
1
= n
n r
(x a )
a
n
dx
x n an
n an
mn
cos 1
dx
1
n
n
n r
(x a )
a
dx
( x a n )r
n
an
xn
m
x + a cos[(2k 1) /2m]
x p1dx
1
(2k 1) p
sin
tan 1
=
2m
2m p
ma
2
m
+a
a sin[(2k 1) /2m]
k =1
2m
1
(2k 1) p 2
(2k 1)
cos
ln x + 2ax cos
+ a 2
2ma 2 m p k =1
2m
2
m
where 0 < p 2m.

17.16.12.
m 1
x p1dx
1
kp 2
k
cos
ln x 2ax cos
+ a 2
=
2m
2m p
2ma
m
m
a
k =1
2m
x a cos (k /m)
1 m 1 kp
sin
tan 1
ma 2 m p
m
a sin (k /m)
k =1
1
{ln ( x a) + (1) p ln ( x + a)}
2ma 2 m p
+
where 0 < p 2m.
17.16.13.
m
x + a cos[2k /(2m + 1)]
x p1dx
2(1) p1
2kp
sin
tan 1
=
2 m +1
2 m +1
2 m p+1
x
(2m + 1)a
+a
2m + 1
a sin[2k /(2m + 1)]
k =1
p 2
(1) p1
2kp
2k
ln x + 2ax cos
cos
+ a 2
2 m p+1
(2m + 1)a
2m + 1
2m + 1
k =1
(1) p1 ln( x + a)
(2m + 1)a 2 m p+1
where 0 < p 2m + 1.
17.16.14.
m
x a cos[2k /(2m + 1)]
x p1dx
2kp
2
sin
tan 1
=
2 m +1
2 m +1
2 m p+1
x
(2m + 1)a
2m + 1
a
a sin[2k /(2m + 1)]
k =1
1
2kp 2
2k
cos
ln x 2ax cos
+ a 2
2 m p+1
(2m + 1)a
2m + 1
2m + 1
k =1
+
where 0 < p 2m + 1.
ln ( x a)
(2m + 1)a 2 m p+1
(17)
89
Integrals Involving sin ax
17.17.1.
sin ax dx =
cos ax
a
17.17.2.
x sin ax dx =
sin ax x cos ax
a
a2
17.17.3.
17.17.4.
17.17.5.
sin ax
(ax )3 (ax )5
dx
=
ax
+

x
3 3! 5 5!
17.17.6.
17.17.7.
sin ax = ln(csc ax cot ax ) = ln tan
17.17.8.
sin ax = a
17.17.9.
2x
2 x2
cos ax
2 sin ax + 3
a
a
a
sin ax dx =
3x 2 6
6x x 3
sin ax dx = 2 4 sin ax + 3 cos ax
a
a
a
a
sin ax
sin ax
cos ax
+ a
dx =
dx (See 17.18.5.)
x2
x
x
dx
ax
2
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

(ax )3 7(ax )5
1
+
+
++
ax +
2
(2n + 1)!
18
1800
x sin 2ax
sin 2 ax dx = 2 4a
x dx
x 2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax
4
4a
8a 2
17.17.10.
x sin
17.17.11.
sin
17.17.12.
sin ax dx =
17.17.13.
sin
17.17.14.
sin
17.17.15.
sin px sin qx dx =
17.17.16.
1 sin ax = a tan 4 +
17.17.17.
1 sin ax = a tan 4 +
17.17.18.
1 + sin ax = tan 4
17.17.19.
1 + sin ax = a tan 4
ax dx =
ax dx =
cos ax cos3 ax
+
3a
a
3x sin 2ax sin 4 ax
+
8
4a
32a
dx
1
= cot ax
2
a
ax
cos ax
ax
dx
1
ln tan
=
+
3
2
ax
2a sin 2 ax 2a
sin ( p q) x sin ( p + q) x
2( p q)
2( p + q)
(If p = q, see 17.17.9.)
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax
ax 2
+ ln sin
2 a 2
4 2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln sin +
2 a 2
4 2
90
dx
17.17.20.
(1 sin ax)
17.17.21.
(1 + sin ax )
17.17.22.
dx
1
ax 1
ax
tan + +
tan 3 +
a
2a
4
2
6
4 2
ax 1
ax
1
tan
tan 3
2a
4 2 6a
4 2
1
2
1 p tan 2 ax + q
tan
a p2 q 2
p2 q 2
dx
=
p + q sin ax
p tan 12 ax + q q 2 p2
1
ln
2
2
p tan 12 ax + q + q 2 p2
a q p
(If p = q, see 17.17.16 and 17.17.18.)

17.17.23.
dx
( p + q sin ax)
q cos ax
p
+
a( p2 q 2 )( p + q sin ax ) p2 q 2
dx
p + q sin ax
(If p = q, see 17.17.20 and 17.17.21.)

17.17.24.
p2 q 2 tan ax
1
1
tan
2
2
p
dx
ap p q
=
2
2
2
p q sin ax
q 2 p2 tan ax + p
1
ln
2
2
2
q p2 tan ax p
2ap q p
17.17.25.
17.17.26.
17.17.27.
17.17.28.
sin
17.17.29.
sin
17.17.30.
sin
(18)
p2 + q 2 tan ax
p
dx
1
=
tan 1
+ q 2 sin 2 ax ap p2 + q 2
sin ax dx =
x m cos ax mx m 1 sin ax m(m 1)

+
a
a2
a2
sin ax
sin ax
a
+
dx =
xn
(n 1) x n 1 n 1
n
ax dx =
m2
sin ax dx
cos ax
dx (See 17.18.30.)
x n 1
sin n1 ax cos ax n 1
+
an
n
dx
n2
cos ax
=
+
n
n 1
ax a(n 1) sin ax n 1
sin
sin
n 2
ax dx
dx
n 2
ax
x dx
x cos ax
1
n2
+
=
n
ax a(n 1) sin n1 ax a 2 (n 1)(n 2) sin n 2 ax n 1
Integrals Involving cos ax

sin ax
a
17.18.1.
cos ax dx =
17.18.2.
x cos ax dx =
17.18.3.
x 2 cos ax dx =
cos ax x sin ax
+
a
a2
2x
x2 2
cos
+
ax
a a 3 sin ax
a2
x dx
n 2
ax
sin
91
17.18.4.
3x 2 6
x 3 6x
3
cos
=
cos
x
ax
dx
ax
+
a a 3 sin ax
2
4
a
a
17.18.5.
cos ax
(ax )2 (ax )4 (ax )6
dx
=
ln
x
+
x
2 2! 4 4 ! 6 6!
17.18.6.
17.18.7.
cos ax = a ln (sec ax + tan ax ) = a ln tan 4 +
17.18.8.
En (ax )2 n+ 2
x dx
1 (ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6

=
+
+
+
+
+
cos ax a 2 2
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
17.18.9.
cos
cos ax
cos ax
a
dx =
x2
x
dx
sin ax
dx (See 17.17.5.)
x
ax dx =
x 2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax

+
+
4
4a
8a 2
x cos2 ax dx =
17.18.11.
cos3 ax dx =
sin ax sin 3 ax
3a
a
17.18.12.
cos
3x sin 2ax sin 4 ax

+
+
8
4a
32a
17.18.13.
cos
17.18.14.
cos
17.18.15.
cos ax cos px dx =
17.18.16.
1 cos ax = a cot
17.18.17.
1 cos ax = a cot
17.18.18.
1 + cos ax = a tan
17.18.19.
1 + cos ax = a tan
17.18.20.
(1 cos ax)
17.18.21.
(1 + cos ax)
17.18.22.
ax dx =
dx
2
ax
ax
2
x sin 2ax
+
2
4a
17.18.10.
tan ax
a
sin ax
dx
1
ax
ln tan +
=
+
3
ax 2a cos 2 ax 2a
4 2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln sin
2 a2
2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln cos
2 a2
2
dx
dx
sin(a p) x sin(a + p) x
+
2(a p)
2(a + p)
(If a = p, see 17.18.9.)
1
ax 1
ax
cot
cot 3
2a
2 6a
2
1
ax 1
ax
tan
tan 3
+
2a
2 6a
2
2
1
tan 1 ( p q) / ( p + q) tan ax
2
2
2
dx
a p q
=
tan 1 ax + (q + p) / (q p)
p + q cos ax
1
2
ln
a q 2 p2 tan 1 ax (q + p) / (q p)
2
(If p = q, see 17.18.16

and 17.18.18.)
92
dx
17.18.23.
( p + q cos ax )
17.18.24.
q sin ax
p
a(q 2 p2 )( p + q cos ax ) q 2 p2
(If p = q see 17.18.19

and 17.18.20.)
dx
p + q cos ax
dx
1
p tan ax
=
tan 1
+ q 2 cos 2 ax ap p2 + q 2
p2 + q 2
1 p tan ax
ap p2 q 2 tan
p2 q 2
dx
=
p tan ax q 2 p2
p2 q 2 cos 2 ax
1
ln
2ap q 2 p2 p tan ax + q 2 p2
17.18.25.
17.18.26.
x m cos ax dx =
17.18.27.
17.18.28.
cosn ax dx =
17.18.29.
cos
17.18.30.
cos
(19)
x m sin ax mx m 1
m(m 1)
+
cos ax
a
a2
a2
cos ax
cos ax
a
dx =
n
n 1
x
(n 1) x
n 1
dx
n
ax
m2
cos ax dx
sin ax
dx (Seee 17.17.27.)
x n 1
sin ax cos n1 ax n 1
+
an
n
cos
n2
sin ax
+
a(n 1) cos n1 ax b 1
cos
n 2
ax dx
dx
n 2
ax
x dx
x sin ax
1
n2
=
+
n
ax a(n 1) cos n1 ax a 2 (n 1)(n 2) cos n 2 ax n 1
Integrals Involving sin ax and cos ax
17.19.1.
sin ax cos ax dx =
sin 2 ax
2a
17.19.2.
sin px cos qx dx =
cos( p q) x cos( p + q) x
2( p q)
2( p + q)
17.19.3.
sin n ax cos ax dx =
sin n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
17.19.4.
cos ax sin ax dx =
cos n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
17.19.5.
sin
x sin 4 ax
8
32a
17.19.6.
sin ax cos ax = a ln tan ax
17.19.7.
sin
17.19.8.
sin ax cos
17.19.9.
sin
ax cos 2 ax dx =
dx
(If n = 1, see 17.20.1.)
dx
1
1
ax
= ln tan +
ax cos ax a
4 2 a sin ax
dx
(If n = 1, see 17.21.1.)
ax
ax
1
1
ln tan
+
a
2 a cos ax
dx
2 cot 2ax
=
a
ax cos 2 ax
x dx
cos
n 2
ax
93
17.19.10.
sin 2 ax
sin ax 1
ax
cos ax dx = a + a ln tan 2 + 4
17.19.11.
17.19.12.
cos ax (1 sin ax ) = 2a(1 sin ax ) + 2a ln tan 2
17.19.13.
sin ax (1 cos ax ) = 2a(1 cos ax ) + 2a ln tan
17.19.14.
sin ax cos ax = a
17.19.15.
sin ax cos ax = 2 2a ln (sin ax cos ax )
17.19.16.
sin ax cos ax = 2 + 2a ln (sin ax cos ax )
17.19.17.
p + q cos ax = aq ln ( p + q cos ax)
17.19.18.
p + q sin ax = aq ln ( p + q sin ax)
17.19.19.
( p + q cos ax )
17.19.20.
( p + q sin ax)
17.19.21.
17.19.22.
cos 2 ax
cos ax 1
ax
dx =
+ ln tan
sin ax
2
a
a
dx
ax
dx
ax
2
dx
sin ax dx
sin ax dx
ax
ln tan
2 8
2
1
cos ax dx
+
4
cos ax dx
sin ax dx
cos ax dx
1
aq(n 1)( p + q cos ax )n1
1
aq(n 1)( p + q sin ax )n1
ax + tan 1 (q / p)
dx
1
ln tan
=
p sin ax + q cos ax a p2 + q 2
2
p + (r q) tan(ax / 2 )
2
tan 1
a r 2 p2 q 2
r 2 p2 q 2
dx
=
p sin ax + q cos ax + r
p p2 + q 2 r 2 + (r q) tan (ax / 2 )
1
ln
2
2
2
p + p2 + q 2 r 2 + (r q) tan (ax / 2 )
a p + q r
(If r = q see 17.19.23. If r2 = p2 + q2 see 17.19.24.)

17.19.23.
dx
p sin ax + q(1 + cos ax ) = ap ln q + p tan
ax
2
dx
1
ax + tan 1 (q / p)
=
tan
4
2
p sin ax + q cos ax p2 + q 2 a p2 + q 2
17.19.24.
17.19.25.
17.19.26.
dx
1
p tan ax
=
tan 1
sin 2 ax + q 2 cos 2 ax apq
q
dx
1
p tan ax q
ln
=
2
2
apq
2
sin ax q cos ax
p tan ax + q
2
94
17.19.27.
sin m 1 ax cos n+1 ax m 1

sin m 2 ax cos n ax dx
+
a(m + n)
m+n
m
n
sin
ax
cos
ax
dx
=
m +1
n 1
sin ax cos ax + n 1 sin m ax cos n 2 ax dx

m+n
a (m + n )
17.19.28.
sin m 1 ax
m 1 sin m 2 ax
1
n
a(n 1) cos ax n 1 cos n 2 ax dx
m
sin m +1 ax
sin ax
mn+2
sin m ax
dx
=
cosn2 ax dx
cosn ax
n 1
a(n 1) cos n1 ax
m 1 sin m 2 ax
sin m 1 ax
dx
+
n 1
a(m n) co
os ax m n cos n ax
17.19.29.
cos m 1 ax
m 1 cos m 2 ax
a(n 1) sin n1 ax n 1 sin n 2 ax dx

cos m +1 ax
cos m ax
cos m ax
mn+2
dx
=
n
n
1
sin n2 ax dx
sin ax
n 1
a(n 1) sin ax
cos m 1 ax
m 1 cos m 2 ax
+
n 1
sin n ax dx
a(m n) sin ax m n
17.19.30.
1
m+n2
a(n 1) sin m 1 ax cos n1 ax + n 1

dx
sin m ax cosn ax =
1
m+n2
+
m 1
a(m 1) sin m 1 ax cos n1 ax
(20)
dx
ax cos n 2 ax
dx
sin m2 ax cosn ax
sin
Integrals Involving tan ax

1
17.20.1.
tan ax dx = a ln cos ax = a ln sec ax
17.20.2.
tan
17.20.3.
tan3 ax dx =
17.20.4.
tan
17.20.5.
17.20.6.
tan ax = a ln sin ax
17.20.7.
x tan ax dx =
ax dx =
tan ax
x
a
tan 2 ax 1
+ ln cos ax
2a
a
ax sec 2 ax dx =
tan n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
sec 2 ax
1
dx = ln tan ax
tan ax
a
dx
22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

1 (ax )3 (ax )5 2(ax )7

+
+
+
+
+
2
(
2
n
+
1
)!
3
15
105
a
22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n1
tan ax
(ax )3 2(ax )5
+
++
+
dx = ax +
9
75
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
17.20.8.
17.20.9.
x tan
ax dx =
x tan ax 1
x2
+ 2 ln cos ax
2
a
a
dx
17.20.10.
p + q tan ax =
17.20.11.
tan
(21)
ax dx =
95
px
q
+
ln (q sin ax + p cos ax )
p 2 + q 2 a( p 2 + q 2 )
tan n 1 ax
tan n 2 ax dx
(n 1)a
Integrals Involving cot ax

1
17.21.1.
cot ax dx = a ln sin ax
17.21.2.
cot
17.21.3.
cot ax dx =
17.21.4.
cot n ax csc2 ax dx =
17.21.5.
17.21.6.
cot ax = a ln cos ax
17.21.7.
x cot ax dx =
17.21.8.
17.21.9.
x cot
ax dx =
cot ax
x
a
cot 2 ax 1
ln sin ax
2a
a
cot n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
csc 2 ax
1
dx = ln cot ax
cot ax
a
dx
1
a2
22 n Bn (ax )2 n+1
(ax )3 (ax )5

ax
(2n + 1)!
9
225
22 n Bn (ax )2 n 1
cot ax
1 ax (ax )3

dx =
x
ax 3
135
(2n 1)(2n)!
2
ax dx =
17.21.10.
p + q cot ax =
px
q
ln (q sin ax + q cos ax )
p 2 + q 2 a( p 2 + q 2 )
17.21.11.
cot n ax dx =
cot n 1 ax
cot n 2 ax dx
(n 1)a
(22)
dx
x cot ax 1
x2
+ 2 ln sin ax
2
a
a
Integrals Involving sec ax

1
ax
+
4
17.22.1.
sec ax dx = a ln (sec ax + tan ax) = a ln tan 2
17.22.2.
sec ax dx =
tan ax
a
17.22.3.
sec ax dx =
sec ax tan ax 1
+
ln (sec ax + tan ax )
2a
2a
96
sec n ax
na
17.22.4.
secn ax tan ax dx =
17.22.5.
sec ax =
17.22.6.
x sec ax dx =
17.22.7.
En (ax )2 n
sec ax
(ax )2 5(ax )4 61(ax )6

+
dx
=
ln
x
+
+
+
+
+
x
4
96
4320
2n(2n)!
17.22.8.
x sec ax dx = a tan ax + a
17.22.9.
q + p sec ax = q q p + q cos ax
dx
sin ax
a
dx
ln cos ax
dx
sec n 2 ax tan ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
sec
n2
17.23.1.
csc ax dx = a ln (csc ax cot ax) = a ln tan
ax
2
17.23.2.
csc ax dx =
cot ax
a
17.23.3.
csc ax dx =
csc ax cot ax 1
ax
+
ln tan
2a
2a
2
17.23.4.
cscn ax cot ax dx =
17.23.5.
csc ax =
17.23.6.
x csc ax dx =
17.23.7.
17.23.8.
x csc ax dx =
17.23.9.
q + p csc ax = q q p + q sin ax
17.22.10.
(23)
sec
E (ax )2 n+ 2
(ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6
+
+
+
++ n
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
2
1
a2
ax dx =
ax dx
Integrals Involving csc ax
17.23.10.
dx
csc n ax
na
cos ax
a
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1
(ax )3 7(ax )5
+
+
++
ax +
(2n + 1)!
18
1800
1
a2
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n 1
csc ax
1 ax 7(ax )3
+
dx =
+
+
++
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
ax 6
1080
2
dx
cscn ax dx =
x cot ax 1
+ 2 ln sin ax
a
a
dx
csc n 2 ax cot ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
(See 17.17.22.)
csc
n2
ax dx
(24)
Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

x
x
dx = x sin 1 + a 2 x 2
a
a
17.24.1.
sin
17.24.2.
x sin 1
x
x x a2 x 2
x 2 a2
dx = sin 1 +
4
4
a
a
2
17.24.3.
x 2 sin 1
x
x3
x ( x 2 + 2a 2 ) a 2 x 2
sin 1 +
dx =
3
9
a
a
17.24.4.
sin 1 ( x /a)
x ( x/a)3 1 i 3( x/a)5 1 i 3 i 5( x /a)7
+
+
+
dx = +
x
a 2i 3i 3 2i 4 i 5i 5 2i 4 i 6i 7i 7
17.24.5.
sin 1 ( x /a)
sin 1 ( x/a) 1 a + a 2 x 2
dx =
ln
2
x
a
x
x
17.24.6.
sin 1
x
x
x
dx = x sin 1 2 x + 2 a 2 x 2 sin 1
a
a
a
17.24.7.
cos
x
x
dx = x cos 1 a 2 x 2
a
a
17.24.8.
x cos1
x
x x a2 x 2
x 2 a2
dx = cos 1
a
a
4
4
2
17.24.9.
x
x3
x ( x 2 + 2a 2 ) a 2 x 2
dx =
cos 1
a
a
3
9
cos 1
17.24.10.
cos 1 ( x/a)
sin 1 ( x/a)
dx
x
ln
=
x
x dx (See 17.224.4.)
2
17.24.11.
17.24.12.
cos1
17.24.13.
tan
17.24.14.
x tan
17.24.15.
17.24.16.
tan 1 ( x/a)
x ( x/a)3 ( x/a)5 ( x/a)7
+
dx =
+
x
a
32
52
72
17.24.17.
tan 1 ( x/a)
1
x 1 x 2 + a2
dx = tan 1
ln
2
x
x
a 2a x 2
cos 1 ( x /a)
cos 1 ( x/a) 1 a + a 2 x 2
dx =
+ ln
2
x
a
x
x
x
x
x
dx = x cos 1 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 cos 1
a
a
a
x
x a
dx = x tan 1 ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
a
a 2
1
tan 1
1
x
x ax
dx = ( x 2 + a 2 ) tan 1
2
a
a 2
x
x3
x ax 2 a 3
dx =
+ ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
tan 1
a
a
3
6
6
97
98
x
x a
+ ln (x 2 + a 2 )
dx = x cot 1
a
a 2
17.24.18.
cot
17.24.19.
x cot
17.24.20.
x 2 cot 1
17.24.21.
cot 1 ( x/a)
tan 1 ( x /a)
=
ln
dx
x
x
x dx
2
17.24.22.
cot 1 ( x/a)
cot 1 ( x /a) 1 x 2 + a 2
=
+
dx
ln
x2
2a x 2
x
17.24.23.
1
x sec
x
1
sec
=
dx
a
x sec 1
17.24.24.
x2
a x 2 a2
1 x
sec
2
a
x sec 1 a dx = x22
2
x
a
x
a2
sec 1 +
2
2
a
17.24.25.
x3
ax x 2 a 2 a 3
1 x
ln(x + x 2 a 2 )
sec
3
6
6
a
2
1 x
x sec a dx = x 3
2
2
3
x
ax
x
a
a
sec 1 +
+ ln(x + x 2 a 2 )
3
6
6
a
17.24.26.
sec 1 ( x/a)
a (a/x )3 1i3(a/x )5 1 i 3 i 5(a/x )7

=
ln
+
+
+
dx
x
+
+
x
2
x 2 i 3 i 3 2 i 4 i 5i 5 2 i 4 i 6 i 7i 7
17.24.27.
sec 1 ( x /a)
+
1
sec ( x/a)
x 2 dx = sec 1 ( x/a)
17.24.28.
x
x csc 1 + a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
x
csc 1 a dx = 1 xa
x csc
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
a
17.24.29.
x2
csc 1
1 x
x csc a dx = x22
csc 1
2
17.24.30.
x3
x ax x 2 a 2 a 3
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
csc 1 +
3
6
6
a
x
x 2 csc 1 a dx = 3
x
ax x 2 a 2 a 3
1 x
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
csc
6
6
a
3
1
x
x ax
+
dx = ( x 2 + a 2 ) cot 1
2
2
a
a
x
x3
x
ax 2
a3
+
ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
cot 1
dx =
3
6
6
a
a
(See 17.24.16.)
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
x
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
a
x
+ a ln (x + x 2 a 2 )
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a
2
x 2 a2
ax
0 < sec 1
x 2 a2
ax
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
x
<
a 2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
0 < csc 1
x
a x 2 a2
x
+
<
0 < csc 1
a
a
2
2
x a x 2 a2
< csc 1
<0
2
2
a
a
0 < csc 1
x
<
a 2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
99
csc 1 ( x /a)
a (a /x )3 1 i 3(a /x )5 1 i 3 i 5(a /x )7
+
+
+
dx = +
2i 4 i 6 i 7i 7
x
x 2i 3 i 3 2i 4 i 5 i 5
17.24.31.
17.24.32.
csc 1 ( x /a)
x
csc 1 ( x /a)
=
dx
x2
csc 1 ( x /a)
+
x 2 a2
ax
0 < csc 1
x 2 a2
ax
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
17.24.33.
x m sin 1
1
x
x m +1
x
dx =
sin 1
a
m +1
a m +1
17.24.34.
cos 1
1
x
x m +1
x
dx =
cos 1 +
a
m +1
a m +1
a2 x 2
17.24.35.
tan 1
x
x m +1
x
a
tan 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
x m +1
dx
x + a2
17.24.36.
cot 1
x
x m +1
x
a
cot 1 +
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
x m +1
dx
x + a2
x m dx
17.24.37.
x m +1 sec 1 ( x/a)
a
m +1
m +1
x
x m sec 1 a dx = x m+1 sec 1 ( x/a) a
m +1
m +1
17.24.38.
(25)
x m +1 sec 1 ( x /a)
a
+
m +1
m +1
x
x m csc 1 a dx = x m+1 csc 1 ( x /a) a
m +1
m +1
x
<
a 2
x m +1
dx
a2 x 2
x m +1
dx
x a
2
x m dx
x a
2
x m dx
x a
2
x m dx
x a
2
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < csc 1
x
<
a
2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
Integrals Involving eax

e ax
a
17.25.1.
17.25.2.
xeax dx =
17.25.3.
x e
17.25.4.
x neax dx =
ax
dx =
2 ax
e ax
a
1
x a
e ax 2 2 x 2
+
x
a
a a 2
dx =
x n e ax n
a
a
e ax
a
n 1 ax
e dx
n(n 1) x n 2
(1)n n !
n nx n1
a
a2
a n
17.25.5.
e ax
ax (ax )2 (ax )3
=
ln
+
+
+
+
dx
x
x
1 i 1! 2 i 2! 3 i3!
17.25.6.
e ax
n
dx =
a
e ax
+
n 1
(n 1) x n1
e ax
n 1
dx
if n = positivee integer
100
17.25.7.
dx
x
1
=
ln (p + qe ax )
p + qe ax
p ap
17.25.8.
dx
x
1
1
= 2 +
ln (p + qe ax )
( p + qe ax )2
p
ap( p + qe ax ) ap2
dx
+ qe ax
1
p ax
tan 1
e
q
a pq
=
e ax q /p
1
ln
ax
2a pq e + q /p
pe
ax
17.25.10.
ax
sin bx dx =
e ax (a sin bx b cos bx )
a2 + b2
17.25.11.
ax
cos bx dx =
e ax (a cos bx + b sin bx )
a2 + b2
17.25.12.
xe
17.25.13.
xe
17.25.14.
eax ln x dx =
17.25.15.
eax sin n bx dx =
e ax sin n1 bx
n(n 1)b 2 ax n 2
(
a
sin
bx
nb
co
s
bx
)
+
e sin bx dx
a2 + n2b2
a2 + n2b2
17.25.16.
eax cosn bx dx =
e ax cos n1 bx
n(n 1)b 2 ax
(a cos bx + nb sin bx ) + 2
e cos n 2 bx dx
2
2 2
a +n b
a + n2b2
17.25.9.
(26)
ax
sin bx dx =
xe ax (a sin bx b cos bx ) e ax {(a 2 b 2 ) sin bx 2ab cos bx}
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
a2 + b2
ax
cos bx dx =
xe ax (a cos bx + b sin bx ) e ax {(a 2 b 2 ) cos bx + 2ab sin bx}
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
a2 + b2
e ax ln x 1
a
a
e ax
x dx
Integrals Involving ln x
17.26.1.
ln x dx = x ln x x
17.26.2.
x ln x dx =
17.26.3.
17.26.4.
ln x
1
dx = ln 2 x
x
2
17.26.5.
ln x
ln x 1
2 dx =
x
x
x
17.26.6.
ln
17.26.7.
ln n x dx ln n+1 x
x = n +1
17.26.8.
x2
2
ln x dx =
1
ln x
2
1
x m +1
ln x
m + 1
m + 1
( If m = 1, see 17.26.4.)
x dx = x ln 2 x 2 x ln x + 2 x
dx
= ln (ln x )
x ln x
(If n = 1, see 17.26.8.)
dx
ln 2 x ln 3 x
= ln (ln x ) + ln x +
+
+
2 i 2 ! 3 i 3!
ln x
17.26.9.
(m + 1)2 ln 2 x
(m + 1)3 ln 3 x
x m dx
= ln (ln x ) + (m + 1) ln x +
+
+
ln x
2 i 2!
3 i 3!
17.26.10.
17.26.11.
ln x dx = x ln
17.26.12.
ln
xn
n 1
x dx
x m +1 ln n x
n
m +1
m +1
If m = 1, see 17.26.7.
ln n x dx =
17.26.13.
ln (x
17.26.14.
ln ( x
17.26.15.
(27)
ln n 1 xdx
x
a
+ a 2 ) dx = x ln (x 2 + a 2 ) 2 x + 2a tan 1
x + a
a 2 ) dx = x ln ( x 2 a 2 ) 2 x + a ln
x a
x m ln (x 2 a 2 ) dx =
2
x m +1 ln ( x 2 a 2 )
m +1
m +1
x m+2
dx
x a2
2
Integrals Involving sinh ax

cosh ax
a
17.27.1.
sinh ax dx =
17.27.2.
x sinh ax dx =
17.27.3.
x2
2
2x
2
sinh
x
ax
dx
=
a + a 3 cosh ax a 2 sinh ax
17.27.4.
sinh ax
(ax )3 (ax )5
dx = ax +
+
+
3 i3!
5 i5!
x
17.27.5.
sinh ax
sinh ax
dx =
+a
x
x2
17.27.6.
sinh ax
17.27.7.
101
dx
x cosh ax sinh ax
a
a2
cosh ax
dx
x
(See 17.28.4.)
1
ax
ln tanh
a
2
2(1)n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

x dx
1
(ax )3 7(ax )5
+
=
ax
sinh ax a 2
(2n + 1)!
18
1800
17.27.8.
sinh
17.27.9.
x sinh
ax dx =
2
sinh ax cosh ax x
2a
2
ax dx =
x sinh 2ax
cosh 2ax x 2
4a
4
8a 2
102
dx
coth ax
a
17.27.10.
sinh
17.27.11.
sinh ax sinh px dx =
ax
sinh (a + p) x sinh (a p) x
2(a + p)
2(a p)
For a = p see 17.27.8.
x m cosh ax
a
m m 1
x cosh ax dx
a
17.27.12.
17.27.13.
sinh n ax dx =
17.27.14.
sinh ax
a
sinh ax
dx =
+
(n 1) x n 1
xn
n 1
17.27.15.
dx
n2
cosh ax
=
n
n 1
sinh ax
a(n 1) sinh ax
n 1
17.27.16.
sinh
(28)
sinh ax dx =
sinh n1 ax cosh ax
an
n 1
n
sinh
n 2
cosh ax
dx
x n 1
(See 17.28.12.)
ax dx
(See 17.28.14.)
dx
sinh
n2
ax
x dx
x cosh ax
1
n2
=
2
n
n 1
n2
ax a(n 1)sinh ax a (n 1)(n 2)sinh ax n 1
Integrals Involving cosh ax

sinh ax
a
17.28.1.
cosh ax dx =
17.28.2.
x cosh ax dx =
17.28.3.
x 2 cosh ax dx =
17.28.4.
cosh ax
(ax )2 (ax )4 (ax )6
ln
+
dx
=
x
+
+
+
x
2 i 2! 4 i 4 ! 6 i 6!
17.28.5.
17.28.6.
cosh ax
x sinh ax cosh ax
a
a2
2 x cosh ax x 2
2
+
+ 3 sinh ax
2
a
a a
cosh ax
cosh ax
dx =
+a
x
x2
dx
sinh ax
dx
x
(See 17.27.4.)
2
tan 1 e ax
a
(1)n En (ax )2 n+ 2
x dx
1 (ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6
+
= 2
+
+ +
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
cosh ax a 2
17.28.7.
17.28.8.
cosh
17.28.9.
x cosh 2 ax dx =
ax dx =
x sinh ax cosh ax
+
2
2a
x 2 x sinh 2ax
cosh 2ax
+
4
4a
8a 2
x dx
sinh
n2
ax
dx
103
tanh ax
a
17.28.10.
cosh
17.28.11.
cosh ax cosh px dx =
17.28.12.
17.28.13.
cosh
17.28.14.
cosh ax
a
cosh ax
dx =
+
xn
(n 1) x n 1
n 1
17.28.15.
sinh ax
dx
n2
=
+
n
n 1
cosh ax
a(n 1) cosh ax
n 1
17.28.16.
1
n2
x dx
x sinh ax
+
=
+
n
n 1
2
n2
cosh ax
a(n 1) cosh ax (n 1) (n 2)a cosh ax n 1
(29)
ax
cosh ax dx =
ax dx =
sinh (a + p) x
sinh (a p) x
+
2(a p)
2(a + p)
x m sinh ax
a
m m 1
x sinh ax dx
a
cosh n 1 ax sinh ax
an
n 1
n
cosh
dx
cosh
sinh ax cosh ax dx =
sinh 2 ax
2a
17.29.2.
sinh px cosh qx dx =
cosh ( p + q) x cosh ( p q) x
+
2( p + q)
2( p q)
17.29.3.
sinh
17.29.4.
sinh ax cosh ax
17.29.5.
sinh
17.29.6.
cosh ax dx =
17.29.7.
dx
sinh 4 ax x
32a
8
1
ln tanh ax
a
dx
2 coth 2ax
=
ax cosh 2 ax
a
sinh 2 ax
sinh ax 1 1
tan sinh ax
a
a
cosh 2 ax
cosh ax 1
ax
+ ln tanh
dx =
sinh ax
2
a
a
ax dx
(See 17.27.14.)
17.29.1.
ax cosh 2 ax dx =
n2
sinh ax
dx
x n 1
Integrals Involving sinh ax and cosh ax
(See 17.27.12.)
n2
ax
x dx
cosh
n2
ax
104
(30)
Integrals Involving tanh ax

1
ln cosh ax
a
17.30.1.
tanh ax dx
17.30.2.
tanh
17.30.3.
tanh3 ax dx =
17.30.4.
x tanh ax dx = a
17.30.5.
ax dx = x
1
tanh 2 ax
ln cosh ax
a
2a
(1)n 1 22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

1 (ax )3 (ax )5 2(ax )7
+

+
2
15
105
(2n + 1)!
3
2
1
x
x tanh ax
x tanh 2 ax dx = 2 a + a 2 ln cosh ax
(1)n 1 22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n 1
tanh ax
(ax )3 2(ax )5
+

+
dx = ax
9
75
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
17.30.6.
17.30.7.
p + q tanh ax
17.30.8.
tanh n ax dx =
(31)
tanh ax
a
dx
px
q
ln (q sinh ax + p cosh ax )
p 2 q 2 a( p 2 q 2 )
tanh n1 ax
+ tanh n 2 ax dx
a(a 1)
Integrals Involving coth ax

1
ln sinh ax
a
17.31.1.
coth ax dx =
17.31.2.
coth
17.31.3.
coth3 ax dx =
1
coth 2 ax
ln sinh ax
a
2a
17.31.4.
x coth ax dx =
(1)n1 22 n Bn (ax )2 n+1

1
(ax )3 (ax )5
+
+
2 ax +
(2n + 1)!
9
225
a
17.31.5.
x coth
17.31.6.
17.31.7.
p + q coth ax
17.31.8.
coth n ax dx =
ax dx = x
ax dx =
coth ax
a
x 2 x coth ax
1
+ 2 ln sinh ax
2
a
a
(1)n 22 n Bn (ax )2 n1
coth ax
1 ax (ax )3
+
+
+
dx =
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
ax 3
135
dx
px
q
ln ( p sinh ax + q cosh ax )
p 2 q 2 a( p 2 q 2 )
coth n1 ax
+
a(n 1)
coth
n 2
ax dx
(32)
Integrals Involving sech ax

2
17.32.1.
sech ax dx = a tan
17.32.2.
sech
17.32.3.
sech
17.32.4.
x sech ax dx =
17.32.5.
x sech
17.32.6.
17.32.7.
sech n ax dx =
(33)
105
e ax
ax dx =
tanh ax
a
ax dx =
1
sech ax tanh ax
tan 1 sinh ax
+
2a
2a
(1)n En (ax )2 n+ 2
1 (ax )2 (ax )4
5(ax )6
+
+
+
2
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
a 2
ax dx =
x tanh ax 1
2 ln cosh ax
a
a
(1)n En (ax )2 n
sech ax
(ax )2 5(ax )4 61(ax )6
+
dx = ln x
+
+
4
96
4320
2n(2n)!
x
sech n 2 ax tanh ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
sech
n 2
ax dx
Integrals Involving csch ax

1
17.33.1.
csch ax dx = a ln tanh
17.33.2.
csch
17.33.3.
csch
17.33.4.
x csch ax dx = a
17.33.5.
x csch
17.33.6.
17.33.7.
csch
ax
2
ax dx =
coth ax
a
ax dx =
csch ax coth ax
1
ax
ln tanh
2a
2a
2
2(1)n (22 n1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1
1
(ax )3 7(ax )5
+
+ +
+
2 ax
(
2
n
+
1
)!
18
1800
ax dx =
x coth ax 1
+ 2 ln sinh ax
a
a
(1)n 2(22 n1 1) Bn (ax )2 n1

1
csch ax
ax 7(ax )3
+
+
+
dx =
6
1080
(2n 1) (2n)!
x
ax
n
ax dx =
csch n 2 ax coth ax n 2
a(n 1)
n 1
csch
n 2
ax dx
106
(34)
Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

x
x
dx = x sinh 1 x 2 + a 2
a
a
17.34.1.
sinh
17.34.2.
x sinh
17.34.3.
x ( x /a)3 1 i 3( x /a)5 1 i 3 i 5( x /a)7

|x| < a
a 2 i3 i3 + 2 i 4 i 5 i 5 2 i 4 i 6 i 7i7 +
ln 2 (2 x /a) (a /x )2 1 i 3(a /x )4 1 i3 i5(a /x )6

sinh 1 ( x /a)
=
dx
+
x>a
x
2
2i2i2 2 i 4 i 4 i 4 2i 4 i 6 i 6 i 6
4
6
2
2
ln (2 x /a) + (a /x ) 1 i 3(a /x ) + 1 i3 i5(a /x )
x < a
2
2i2i2
2 i 4 i 4 i 4 2i 4 i 6 i 6 i 6
17.34.4.
x cosh 1 ( x /a) x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0

x
cosh a dx =
1
2
2
1
x cosh ( x /a) + x a , cosh ( x /a) < 0
17.34.5.
1
1
(2 x 2 a 2 ) cosh 1 ( x /a) x x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0
4
4
x
x cosh 1 a dx = 1
(2 x 2 a 2 ) cosh 1 ( x /a) + 1 x x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
4
4
17.34.6.
x
x
x 2 + a2
x 2 a2
dx = + sinh 1 x
a
a
4
4
2
cosh 1 ( x /a)
(a /x )2 1 i 3(a /x )4 1 i 3 i 5(a /x )6
1 2
ln
(
)
=
+
+
2
+
+
dx
x
/
a
2
x
2i2i2 2i4i4i4 2i4i6i6i6
+ if cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0, if cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
17.34.7.
tanh
17.34.8.
x tanh
17.34.9.
x
x a
dx = x tanh 1 + ln (a 2 x 2 )
a
a 2
x
ax 1 2
x
+ ( x a 2 ) tanh 1
dx =
2 2
a
a
tanh 1 ( x /a)
x ( x /a)3 ( x /a)5
+
+
dx = +
x
a
32
52
x
a
dx = x coth 1 x + ln ( x 2 a 2 )
a
2
17.34.10.
coth
17.34.11.
x coth
17.34.12.
coth 1 ( x /a)
a (a /x )3 (a /x )5
dx
x + 32 + 52 +
17.34.13.
1
1
1
x
x sech ( x /a) + a sin ( x /a), sech ( x /a) > 0
sech a dx = x sech 1 ( x /a) a sin 1 ( x /a), sech 1 ( x /a) < 0
17.34.14.
csch
x
ax 1 2
x
dx =
+ ( x a 2 ) coth 1
a
a
2 2
x
x
x
dx = x csch 1 a sinh 1
a
a
a
(+ if x > 0, if x < 0)
1
x
x m +1
x
sinh 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.34.15.
x m sinh 1
17.34.16.
x m +1
1
m + 1 cosh
x
x m cosh 1 a dx = x m+1
1
m + 1 cosh
107
x m +1
dx
x 2 + a2
1
x
a m +1
x
1
+
a m +1
x m +1
x 2 a2
x m +1
x a
2
17.34.17.
x m tanh 1
x
x m +1
x
a
dx =
tanh 1
a
m +1
a m +1
x m +1
a 2 x 2 dx
17.34.18.
1
x
x m +1
x
coth 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.34.19.
x m +1
1
m + 1 sech
x
x m sech 1 a dx = x m+1
1
m + 1 sech
17.34.20.
coth 1
x m csch 1
cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0
dx
cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
x m +1
dx
x2
x m dx
x
a
+
a m +1
x
1
a m +1
a2 x 2
x m dx
x 2 + a2
x
x m +1
x
a
csch 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
dx
a x
2
x m dx
sech 1 ( x /a) > 0

sech 1 ( x /a) < 0
(+ if x > 0, if x < 0)
18
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Definition of a Definite Integral

Let f(x) be defined in an interval a x b. Divide the interval into n equal parts of length x = (b a)/n. Then
the definite integral of f(x) between x = a and x = b is defined as
18.1.
f ( x ) dx = lim{ f (a) x + f (a + x ) x + f (a + 2x ) x + + f (a + (n 1) x ) x}
n
The limit will certainly exist if f(x) is piecewise continuous.

d
If f ( x ) =
g( x ), then by the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus the above definite integral can
dx
be evaluated by using the result
18.2.
f ( x ) dx =
b
d
g( x ) dx = g( x ) = g(b) g(a)
a
dx
b
a
If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the interval, the definite integral is called
an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,
18.3.
18.4.
18.5.
18.6.
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
b a
b
a
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
a a
f ( x ) dx = lim
f ( x ) dx = lim
a +
f ( x ) dx
if b is a singular point..
f ( x ) dx if a is a singulaar point.
General Formulas Involving Definite Integrals

b
18.7.
18.8.
18.9.
18.10.
18.11.
108
a
a
b
a
b
a
{ f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) } dx =
b
a
f ( x ) dx
b
a
cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx where c is any constant.

a
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
b
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
g( x ) dx h( x ) dx
a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.12.
109
f ( x ) dx = (b a) f (c)
where c is between a and b.
This is called the mean value theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in
a x b.
18.13.
f ( x ) g( x ) dx = f (c) g( x ) dx
where c is between a and b
This is a generalization of 18.12 and is valid if f(x) and g(x) are continuous in a x b and g(x) 0.
Leibnitzs Rules for Differentiation of Integrals

18.14.
d
d
2 ( )
1 ( )
F ( x , ) dx =
2 ( )
1( )
d
d
F
dx + F (2 , ) 2 F (1 , ) 1
d
d
d
Approximate Formulas for Definite Integrals

In the following the interval from x = a to x = b is subdivided into n equal parts by the points
a = x0, x1, x2, , xn1, xn = b and we let y0 = f(x0), y1 = f(x1), y2 = f(x2), , yn = f(xn), h = (b a)/n.
Rectangular formula:
18.15.
b
a
f ( x ) dx h( y0 + y1 + y2 + + yn1 )
Trapezoidal formula:
18.16.
b
a
f ( x ) dx
h
( y + 2 y1 + 2 y2 + + 2 yn1 + yn )
2 0
Simpsons formula (or parabolic formula) for n even:

18.17.
b
a
f ( x ) dx
h
( y + 4 y1 + 2 y2 + 4 y3 + + 2 yn 2 + 4 yn1 + yn )
3 0
Definite Integrals Involving Rational or Irrational Expressions

18.18.
18.19.
dx
=
x 2 + a 2 2a
x p1dx
=
,
1+ x
sin p
0 < p<1
x m dx
a m+1 n
=
,
x n + a n n sin[(m + 1) /n]
18.21.
x m dx
sin m
=
0 1 + 2 x cos + x 2
sin m sin
18.22.
18.20.
18.23.
a
0
dx
=
2
2
a x
2
a 2 x 2 dx =
a2
4
0 < m +1< n
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
110
18.24.
18.25.
a
0
x m (a n x n ) p dx =
a m +1+ np [(m + 1)/n] ( p + 1)

n [(m + 1)/n + p + 1]
x m dx
(1)r 1 a m +1 nr [(m + 1)/n]
,
=
( x n + a n )r n sin[(m + 1) /n](r 1)! [(m + 1) /n r + 1]
0 < m + 1 < nr
Definite Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

All letters are considered positive unless otherwise indicated.
18.26.
18.27.
18.28.
18.29.
18.30.
18.31.
18.32.
18.33.
18.34.
18.35.
0
m, n integers and m + n even
sin mx cos nx dx =
2m/ (m 2 n 2 ) m, n integers and m + n odd
/2
/2
/2
18.36.
18.37.
m, n integers and m = n
0 m, n integers and m n
cos mx cos nx dx =
ntegers and m = n
/2 m, n in
/2
m, n integers and m n
0
sin mx sin nx dx =
/2
sin 2 x dx =
sin 2 m x dx =
/2
0
sin 2 m +1 x dx =
cos 2 x dx =
/2
0
cos 2 m x dx =
/2
0
1 i 3 i 5 2 m 1
,
2 i 4 i 6 2m 2
cos 2 m +1 x dx =
sin 2p1 x cos 2 q1 x dx =
2 i 4 i 6 2m
,
1 i 3 i 5 2 m + 1
( p) (q)
2 ( p + q)
/2 p > 0
sin px
dx = 0 p = 0
x
/2 p < 0
0
sin px cos qx
dx = /2
x
/4
p/2
sin px sin qx
dx =
2
x
q/2
sin 2 px
p
dx =
2
x2
1 cos px
p
dx =
2
x2
p>q>0
0< p<q
p=q>0
0 < pq
pq > 0
m = 1, 2,
m = 1, 2,
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.38.
18.39.
18.40.
18.41.
18.42.
18.43.
18.44.
18.45.
18.46.
18.47.
18.48.
x sin mx
ma
e
2
2 dx =
2
x +a
sin mx
dx = 2 (1 e ma )
x(x 2 + a2 )
2a
/2
0
2
0
2
18.52.
18.53.
18.54.
18.55.
2
a2 b2
dx
=
a + b cos x
2
a2 b2
cos 1 (b / a)
dx
=
a + b cos x
a2 b2
dx
=
(a + b sin x )2
2
0
dx
2 a
=
(a + b cos x )2 (a 2 b 2 )3/2
dx
2
=
,
1 2a cos x + a 2 1 a 2
sin ax 2 dx =
0 < a <1
sin ax n dx =
cos ax 2 dx =
1
2
a <1
a >1
m = 0, 1, 2,
2a
n >1
(1/n) cos ,
2n
na1/n
cos ax n dx =
sin x
dx =
x
a 2 < 1,
(1/n) sin ,
2n
na1/n
cos mx dx
am
,
2 =
1 2a cos x + a
1 a2
18.50.
dx
=
a + b sin x
( /a) ln (1 + a),
x sin x dx
=
1 2a cos x + a 2 ln (1 + 1/a),
cos mx
ma
e
2
2 dx =
a
2
x +a
18.56.
cos px cos qx
(q p)
dx =
2
2
x
18.49.
18.51.
cos px cos qx
q
dx = ln
x
p
111
n >1
cos x
dx =
2
x
sin x
dx =
,
2 ( p) sin ( p /2)
xp
cos x
dx =
,
2 ( p) cos ( p /2)
xp
sin ax 2 cos 2bx dx =
1
2
2a
0 < p<1
0 < p<1
b2
b2
cos
sin
a
a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
112
18.57.
18.58.
18.59.
18.60.
18.61.
18.62.
cos ax 2 cos 2bx dx =
2a
b2
b2
cos
sin
+
a
a
sin 3 x
3
dx =
8
x3
sin 4 x
dx =
3
x4
tan x
dx =
x
2
/2
0
/2
0
dx
=
1 + tan m x 4
x
1 1
1
1
dx = 2 2 2 + 2 2 +
sin x
1 3
5
7
tan 1 x
1 1
1
1
dx = 2 2 + 2 2 +
x
1 3
5
7
18.64.
sin 1 x
dx = ln 2
0
2
x
18.65.
18.66.
18.67.
18.63.
1
2
cos x
1 cos x
dx
dx =
1
x
x
1
dx
1 + x 2 cos x x =
tan 1 px tan 1 qx
p
dx = ln
x
2 q
Definite Integrals Involving Exponential Functions

Some integrals contain Eulers constant g = 0.5772156 . . . (see 1.3, page 3).
a
18.68. e ax cos bx dx = 2
0
a + b2
18.69.
18.70.
18.71.
18.72.
18.73.
e ax sin bx dx =
ax
0
ax
b
sin bx
dx = tan 1
x
a
e bx
b
dx = ln
x
a
e ax dx =
b
a2 + b2
1
2 a
e ax cos bx dx =
2
1 b /4 a
e
2 a
2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.74.
18.75.
18.76.
18.77.
18.78.
18.79.
18.80.
e x dx
x n e ax dx =
x m e ax dx =
2
( b 4 ac )/4 a
e
a
2
(n + 1)
a n+1
[(m + 1)/2]
2a ( m +1)/2
e ( ax + b/x ) dx =
e ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
1 ( b 4 ac )/4 a
b
e
erfc
2 a
2 a
e ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
where erfc (p) =
113
1 2
e
2 a
ab
x dx
2
1 1
1
1
=
+
+
+
+
=

6
e x 1 12 22 32 4 2
x n1
1
1
1
dx = (n) n + n + n +
ex 1
2
3
1
For even n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers (see pages 142143).
18.81.
18.82.
x dx
2
1 1
1
1
= 2 2 + 2 2 + =
x
12
e +1 1
2
3
4
x n1
1
1
1
dx = (n) n n + n
x
e +1
2
3
1
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed (see 23.10).
18.83.
18.84.
sin mx
m
1
1
dx = coth
4
2 2m
e 2 x 1
1
x dx
1 + x e x =
2
x
e x
dx = 12
x
18.85.
18.86.
e x
1
0 e x 1 x dx =
18.87.
18.88.
18.89.
e bx
1 b 2 + p2
dx = ln 2
x sec px
2 a + p2
ax
e bx
b
a
dx = tan 1 tan 1
x csc px
p
p
ax
ax
(1 cos x )
a
dx = cot 1 a ln (a 2 + 1)
2
x2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
114
Definite Integrals Involving Logarithmic Functions

18.90.
1
0
x m (ln x )n dx =
(1)n n !
(m + 1)n+1
m > 1,
n = 0, 1, 2,
If n 0, 1, 2, replace n! by (n + 1).
18.91.
ln x
2
dx
=
0 1 + x
12
18.92.
ln x
2
dx
=
0 1 x
6
18.93.
18.94.
18.95.
18.96.
18.97.
ln (1 + x )
2
dx =
x
12
1
0
ln (1 x )
2
dx =
x
6
1
0
1
0
1
0
ln x ln (1 + x ) dx = 2 2 ln 2
ln x ln (1 x ) dx = 2
0 < p<1
xm xn
m +1
dx = ln
ln x
n +1
18.99.
18.100.
18.101.
2
e x + 1
ln
dx
=
0 e x 1
4
18.102.
e x ln x dx =
( + 2 ln 2)
4
e x ln x dx =
2
/2
0
/2
0
18.104.
18.105.
18.106.
18.107.
2
6
x p1 ln x
dx = 2 csc p cot p
1+ x
18.98.
18.103.
2
12
/2
0
(ln sin x )2 dx =
x ln sin x dx =
/2
ln sin x dx =
ln cos x dx =
/2
ln 2
2
(ln cos x )2 dx =
3
(ln 2)2 +
2
24
2
ln 2
2
sin x ln sin x dx = ln 2 1
ln (a + b sin x ) dx =
2
0
ln (a + b cos x ) dx = 2 ln (a + a 2 b 2 )
a + a2 b2
ln(a + b cos x ) dx = ln
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.108.
18.109.
18.110.
18.111.
2 ln a, a b > 0
ln (a 2 2ab cos x + b 2 ) dx =
2 ln b, b a > 0
/4
/2
a
0
115
ln (1 + tan x ) dx =
ln 2
8
1 + b cos x
1
sec x ln
dx = {(cos 1 a)2 (cos 1 b)2}
2
1 + a cos x
sin a sin 2a sin 3a
ln 2 sin dx = 2 +
+ 2 +
2
22
3
See also 18.102.
Definite Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions

18.112.
18.113.
18.114.
18.115.
sin ax
a
dx =
tanh
2b
2b
sinh bx
cos ax
a
sech
dx =
2b
2b
cosh bx
x dx
2
= 2
sinh ax 4 a
x n dx
2n+1 1
1
1
1
= n n+1 (n + 1) n+1 + n+1 + n+1 +
sinh ax 2 a
1
2
3
If n is an odd positive integer, the series can be summed.

18.116.
18.117.
1
sinh ax
a
dx =
csc
b 2a
2b
e bx + 1
a
sinh ax
1
dx =
cot
b
2a 2b
e bx 1
Miscellaneous Definite Integrals

18.118.
f (ax ) f (bx )
b
dx = { f (0) f ()}ln
x
a
This is called Frullanis integral. It holds if f (x) is continuous and

18.119.
18.120.
1
0
dx 1 1
1
x = 1 + 2 + 3 +
x
1 2
3
a
a
(a + x )m 1 (a x )n1 dx = (2a)m + n1
(m ) (n)
(m + n)
f ( x ) f ()
dx converges.
x
Section V: Differential Equations and Vector Analysis
19
BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

and SOLUTIONS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
SOLUTION
19.1. Separation of variables

f1 ( x )
g ( y)
dx + 2
dy = c
f2 ( x )
g1 ( y)
f1(x) g1(y) dx + f2(x) g2(y) dy = 0
19.2. Linear first order equation

ye
dy
+ p( x ) y = Q( x )
dx
Pdx
= Qe
Pdx
dx + c
19.3. Bernoullis equation

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x ) y n
dx
e
(1 n ) Pdx
= (1 n) Qe
(1 n ) Pdx
dx + c
where y = y1n. If n = 1, the solution is

ln y = (Q P) dx + c
19.4. Exact equation

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0
where M/y = N/x.
M x + N y M x dy = c
where x indicates that the integration is to be performed with respect to x keeping y constant.
19.5 Homogeneous equation
y
dy
= F
dx
x
ln x =
d
F ( ) + c
where y = y/x. If F(y) = y, the solution is y = cx.
116
Copyright 2009, 1999, 1968 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS
117
19.6.
y F(xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0
ln x =
G ( ) d
{G( ) F ( )} + c
where y = xy. If G(y) = F(y), the solution is xy = c.
19.7. Linear, homogeneous second order

equation
d2y
dy
+a
+ by = 0
2
dx
dx
Let m1, m2 be the roots of m2 + am + b = 0. Then there

are 3 cases.
Case 1. m1, m2 real and distinct:
y = c1e m x + c2 e m x
1
Case 2.
m1, m2 real and equal:

y = c1 e m x + c2 x e m x
1
a, b are real constants.

Case 3.
m1 = p + qi,
m2 = p qi:
y = e px (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx )
where p = a/2, q = b a 2 /4 .
19.8. Linear, nonhomogeneous second
order equation
There are 3 cases corresponding to those of entry 19.7

above.
Case 1.
y = c1e m x + c2 e m x
d y
dy
+a
+ by = R( x )
2
dx
dx
a, b are real constants.
em x
e m x R( x ) dx
m1 m2
1
em x
e m x R( x ) dx
m2 m1
2
Case 2.
y = c1 e m x + c2 x e m x
1
+ xe m x e m x R( x ) dx
1
e m x xe m x R( x ) dx
1
Case 3.
y = e px (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx )
+
e px sin qx px
e R( x ) cos qx dx
q
e px cos qx px
e R( x ) sin qx dx
q
BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS
118
19.9. Euler or Cauchy equation

x2
Putting x = et, the equation becomes

d2y
dy
+ (a 1) + by = S (e t )
dt 2
dt
d2y
dy
+ ax
+ by = S ( x )
2
dx
dx
and can then be solved as in entries 19.7 and 19.8

above.
19.10. Bessels equation
x2
d2y
dy
+x
+ ( 2 x 2 n 2 ) y = 0
2
dx
dx
y = c1 J n ( x ) + c2 Yn (x )
See 27.1 to 27.15.
19.11. Transformed Bessels equation
x2
d2y
dy
+ (2 p + 1) x
+ (a 2 x 2 r + 2 ) y = 0
dx 2
dx
y = x p c1 J q/r x r + c2 Yq/r x r
r
r
where q =
p2 2 .
19.12. Legendres equation

(1 x 2 )
d2y
dy
2x
+ n(n + 1) y = 0
dx 2
dx
y = c1 Pn ( x ) + c2 Qn ( x )
See 28.1 to 28.48.

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16

Definition of an Indefinite Integral

General Rules of Integration

For generalized integration by parts, see 16.48.

tan u du = ln sec u = ln cos u

sec u du = ln (sec u + tan u) = ln tan 2 + 4

csc u du = ln(csc u cot u) = ln tan 2

sec u tan u du = sec u

csc u cot u du = csc u

sech u tanh u du = sech u

csch u coth u du = csch u

This is called generalized integration by parts.

F(ax + b)dx = a F(u) du

F(a cos u) cos u du

F(a sec u) sec

F(a tan u) sec u tan u du

Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

TABLES of SPECIAL INDEFINITE

sinh ax and cosh ax

x2 a2, with x2 > a2

sin ax and cos ax

a2 x2, with x2 < a2

(34) inverse hyperbolic functions

inverse trigonometric functions

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(ax + b)n+ 2 b(ax + b)n+1

If n = 1, 2, see 17.1.2 and 17.1.7.

(ax + b)n+3 2b(ax + b)n+ 2 b 2 (ax + b)n+1

If n = 1, 2, 3, see 17.1.3, 17.1.8, and 17.1.13.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

2(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2

2(ax + b)( m +6)/ 2 4 b(ax + b)( m + 4 )/ 2 2b 2 (ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2

Integrals Involving ax b and px q

(ax + b)( px + q) = bp aq a ln (ax + b) p ln ( px + q)

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(ax + b) ( px + q) = (bp aq)a (ax + b) + (bp aq)

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Integrals Involving x2 a2, x2 > a2

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )n1 (2n 2)a 2

a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )n1 a 2

Integrals Involving x2 a2, x2 < a2

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Integrals Involving ax2 bx c

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(ax 2 + bx + c)3/ 2 b(2ax + b)

(2ax + b)(ax 2 + bx + c)n+1/ 2 (2n + 1)(4 ac b 2 )

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Note that for formulas involving x3 a3 replace a with a.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

where 0 < p  2m.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Integrals Involving sin ax

sin ax = ln(csc ax cot ax ) = ln tan

2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

where 0 < p 2m.