Chapter 1

Project Background
The Project
The project aims to develop the prestressed design of the Fly-Over Bridge
Antipolo Teresa Fly-over. Its exact location was along Antipolo and Teresa boundary.
Based on the Municipal Assessors Office the lot is owned by a private company named
Provident International Resources.
Project Objectives
This project aims to design the Fly-Over Bridge Antipolo-Teresa
Specifically this project intends to:

Design principles in Prestressed Concrete Design

Consider multiple constraints such as economic, health and safety, and ease of
construction including the use of appropriate engineering codes and standards.

Use necessary modern tools in the design process such as Auto Cad, and
Microsoft Excel.

The Client
The client of this project is Millennium Erectors Corporation. General Contractor and
Builder, a custom commercial office builder and custom acreage estate home builder.
Project Scope and Limitation
Considering multiple constraints, the designer comes up with solutions on how to
design the structure economic, safety, health and safety, and ease of construction.

The design will mainly focus on bridge girder design only.

The design for pier and abutment are not covered in this section.

The unit of measure used was in terms of English System.

Design Criteria
GENERAL:

Prestressed members shall meet the strength requirements specified in this

code.
Design of prestressed members shall be based on the strength and behavior
at service conditions at all stages that may be critical during the life of the
structure from the time prestressed is applied
Stress concentrations due to prestressing shall be consider in the design
In computing section properties prior to bonding of prestressing tendons,

effect of loss of area due to open ducts shall be considered

Strength design of the prestressed members for flexure and axial loads
shall be based on the assumptions given in section 410.3, except that
section 410.3.4 shall apply only to reinforcement conforming to section
403.6.3
For investigation of stresses at transfer of prestress, at service loads
and at cracking loads, straight-line theory shall be used with the
following assumptions:
o Strains vary linearly with depth through entire load range
o At cracked sections, concrete resists no tension.

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

IN CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS:

Stresses in concrete immediately after prestress transfer (before time-dependent
prestress losses):
1. Extreme fiber stress in compression except as permitted in (2) shall not
exceed 0.61fci
2. Extreme fiber stress in compression at ends of simply supported
members shall not exceed 0.70fci
3. Where computed concrete tensile strength, f , exceeds 0.5 f ' ci at ends
t

of simply supported members, or 0.25

f 'ci

at other locations,

additional bonded reinforcement shall be provided in the tensile force in

concrete computed with the assumption of an uncracked section.

PRESTRESSING TENDONS:
Tensile stress in prestressing tendons shall not exceed the following:
1. Due to pressing tendon jacking force 0.94fpy but not greater than or
lesser of 0.80fpu and the maximum value recommended by manufacturer
of prestressing tendons or anchorage devices
2. Immediately after prestress transfer 0.82 f py but not greater than
0.74 fpu
3. Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage devices and couplers,
immediately after force transfer 0.70 fpu

LOSS OF PRESTRESS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

to determine effective prestress fse , allowance for the following

sources of prestress shall be considered:
tendon seating at transfer;
elastic shortening of concrete;
creep of concrete;
shrinkage of concrete;
relaxation of tendon stress;
Friction loss due to intended or unintended curvature in posttensioning tendons.

FRICTION LOSS IN POST-TENSIONING TENDONS

Ppx force in post-tensioning tendons a distance l px from the jacking

force shall be computed by:

( K lpx + p px )

P px =P pj e

When ( K l px + p px ) is not greater than 0.3, Ppx shall be permitted to be

computed by:
P px =P pj (1+ K l px + p px )

Friction loss shall be based on experimentally determined wobble K and curvature p

friction coefficients and shall be verified during tendon stressing operations.
Values of K and p coefficients used in design shall be shown on design drawings.
Where loss of prestress in member may occur due to connection of member to
adjoining construction, such loss of prestress shall be allowed for design.

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

As an alternative to a more accurate determination of f px based on

strain compatibility the approximate values of fpx shall be permitted to
used if fse is not less than 0.5 fpu.

( [

f ps=f pu 1

For members with bonded tendons:

p
f
d
p pu + ( ' )
1
f 'c dp

])

LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Prestressed concrete sections shall be classified as either

tension-controlled, transition, or compression-controlled
sections, in accordance with sections 410.3.3 and 410.3.4.
the appropriate strength reduction factors, , from section
409.4 shall apply
Total amount l of prestressed and nonprestressed
reinforcement in members with bonded prestressed
reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored load
at least 1.2 times the cracking load computed on the basis of
the modulus of rupture fr specified in section 409.6.2.3
Part or all of the bonded reinforcement consisting of bars or
tendons shall be provided as close as practible to the tension
face in prestressed flexural member.

DESIGN LOAD:
3.1 Impact Load
3.2 Other Loads
3.1 The AASHTO specifications also allow you to represent the truck as a single
concentrated load and a uniform load.

For H20-44 and HS20-44:

Concentrated load 18 kips for moment; 26 kips for shear
Uniform loading 640 lb/ft of load lane
Tandem Load

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Standard

Specifications for Highway Bridges define HL-93 live load as the extreme force
effect taken as the larger of following:
1) The AASHTO LRFD 3-axle design truck, and uniformly distributed design
lane load of 0.64 klf.
2) The AASHTO LRFD Design Tandem, and uniformly distributed design lane
load of 0.64 klf.
3) For negative moment between points of contra-flexure and reaction at
interior piers, combination of two design trucks spaced at minimum of 50 ft, and
uniformly distributed design lane load of 0.64 klf, should be considered. All of
the forces reduced to 90 %.

Materials:

Allowable Stresses
Prestressed Girders: Initial Strength at transfer, fci = 5,500 psi
28 day strength, fc = 6,500 psi
Deck slab: 4,000 psi
Substructure: 3,000 psi
Concrete Elastic Modulus = 1,817 ksi
Reinforcing Steel
Yield strength, fy = 60,000 psi
Prestressing Strands
Prestressing steel modulus, Eps = 28,500 ksi
Steel ultimate strength, fpu = 270,000 psi
Steel yield strength,fpy = 243,000 psi