INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES

Volume II/Issue 1/JAN2014

A Coal Mine Safety System using Wireless

Sensor Network
Vijaya Kumari Doddi 1, N.Anuradha 2
1

M.Tech Student, Dept of ECE, Nova College of Engineering & Technology for Women, Jupudi
village, Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P, India
2

Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE, Nova College of Engineering & Technology for Women,
Jupudi village, Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P, India

Abstract-This paper designs a monitoring system

for coal mine safety based on ZIGBEE wireless
sensor network. In this project there are two
sections. The first section is underground section
and
another section
is ground section. In
underground section the sensors will senseMore
>>sensesessssssss the environment conditions such
as temperature, humidity, gas etc.., and this
information is send to the micro controller. Micro
controller displays this information in the LCD
and sends through ZIGBEE transmitter. In
ground section ZIGBEE receiver take that
information and send to the controller and
controller sends the information to GSM modem
and as well as displaying on the LCD. Here GSM
modem sends the message to mobile when the
sensors exits there threshold level. If we want to
send this information to underground section we
can press the switch in ground section at that time
buzzer will indicate in underground section.
Key words: GSM, ZIGBEE Wireless technology,
sensors.
I. Introduction
The existing monitoring systems underground of coal
mine mostly use cable network. This kind of network
has poor performance of expansion. The cables are
easy to aging and wear, and have high incidence of
failures. With the working surface expanded, a blind
area for monitoring appears, and then the new cost
for installation and maintenance is needed. When an
accident happened, especially explosion, the sensors
and cables usually were damaged fatally, and couldn't
provide information for rescue search and detection
events [1]. Wireless sensor network can solve the key
issues of communication bandwidth, mobile data
transmission, staff orientation, working surface realtime monitoring, synchronization monitoring and so

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on. This article designs a monitoring system based on

ZIGBEE technology to build wireless sensor
network. The sensor nodes will send the collected
data to an embedded network controller based on
ARM kernel through multi-hop method. And then the
controller receives the data and sends them to the
ground PC by the conversion of ZIGBEE protocol
GSM modem and as well as displaying on the LCD.
Here GSM modem sends the message to mobile
when the sensors exits there threshold level. If we
want to send this information to underground section
we can press the switch in ground section at that time
buzzer will indicate in underground section.
II. Design of Proposed Hardware System
Compared with the current wireless
technology, ZIGBEE is more suitable for data
collection. ZIGBEE is a new wireless network
technology with short range and low rate. It is a
technology between labeling technology and
Bluetooth, and the cost is much lower than Bluetooth.
It has its own standards. The sensors sent the data to
computer by multi-hop method, and the
communication efficiency is very high. The system
can be divided into monitoring management layer,
underground data collection and transmission layer
according to the location. Underground data
collection and transmission layer can be divided into
the ZIGBEE data collection network and information
receiving and processing terminal. In this project
there are two sections. The first section is
underground section and another section is ground
section. In underground section the sensors will
senseMore >>sensesessssssss the environment
conditions such as temperature, humidity, gas etc..,
and this information is send to the micro controller.
Micro controller displays this information in the
LCD and sends through Zigbee transmitter.

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OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES

Fig.1.Under ground section

Fig.2.Groung section

In ground section zigbee receiver take that

information and send to the controller and controller
sends the information to GSM modem and as well as
displaying on the LCD. Here GSM modem sends the
message to mobile when the sensors exits there
threshold level. If we want to send this information to
underground section we can press the switch in
ground section at that time buzzer will indicate in
underground section.
III. Board Hardware Resources Features
ZIGBEE Technology
ZIGBEE is a new wireless technology guided by the
IEEE 802.15.4 Personal Area Networks standard. It
is primarily designed for the wide ranging automation
applications and to replace the existing non-standard
technologies. It currently operates in the 868MHz
band at a data rate of 20Kbps in Europe, 914MHz
band at 40Kbps in the USA, and the 2.4GHz ISM
bands Worldwide at a maximum data-rate of
250Kbps.The ZIGBEE specification is a combination
of Home RF Late and the 802.15.4 specification. The

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Volume II/Issue 1/JAN2014

specification operates in the 2.4GHz (ISM) radio

band - the same band as 802.11b standard, Bluetooth,
microwaves and some other devices. It is capable of
connecting 255 devices per network. The
specification supports data transmission rates of up to
250 Kbps at a range of up to 30 meters. ZIGBEE's
technology is slower than 802.11b (11 Mbps) and
Bluetooth (1 Mbps) but it consumes significantly less
power. 802.15.4 (ZIGBEE) is a new standard
uniquely designed for low rate wireless personal area
networks. It targets low data rate, low power
consumption and low cost wireless networking, and
its goal is to provide a physical-layer and MAC-layer
standard for such networks.
Wireless
networks
provide
advantages
in
deployment, cost, size and distributed intelligence
when compared with wired networks. This
technology allows users to set up a network quickly,
and allows them to set up networks where it is
impossible or inconvenient to wire cables. Wireless
networks are more cost-efficient than wired networks
in general. Bluetooth (802.15.1) was the first wellknown wireless standard facing low data rate
applications. The effort of Bluetooth to cover more
applications and provide quality of service has led to
its deviation from the design goal of simplicity,
which makes it expensive and inappropriate for some
simple applications requiring low cost and low power
consumption. These are the kind of applications this
new standard is focused on. It's relevant to compare
here Bluetooth and ZIGBEE, as they are sometimes
seen as competitors, to show their differences and to
clarify for which applications suits each of them. The
data transfer capabilities are much higher in
Bluetooth, which is capable of transmitting audio,
graphics and pictures over small networks, and also
appropriate for file transfers. ZIGBEE, on the other
hand, is better suited for transmitting smaller packets
over large networks; mostly static networks with
many, infrequently used devices, like home
automation, toys, remote controls, etc. While the
performance of a Bluetooth network drops when
more than 8 devices are present, ZIGBEE networks
can handle 65000+ devices.
Temperature Sensor - The LM35
The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be
used to measure temperature with an electrical output
proportional to the temperature (in oC)
The LM35 - An Integrated Circuit Temperature
Sensor

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You can measure temperature

accurately than a using a thermistor.

The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject

to oxidation, etc.

The LM35 generates a higher output voltage

than thermocouples and may not require that
the output voltage be amplified.

more

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4.

Another important characteristic of the

LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro
amps from its supply and possesses a low
self-heating capability. The sensor selfheating causes less than 0.1 oC temperature
rise in still air.

The LM35 comes in many different packages,

including the following.

TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,

T0-46 metal can transistor-like package

8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline

package

TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture

above)

CO SENSOR:
Product Description

Fig.3.Pin diagram of X-Bee Transceiver

They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in

family and industry, are suitable for detecting of
LPG, i-butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen,
smoke.

Fig.5. CO Sensor
Fig.4. Temperature sensor

Working of LM35:

Advantages

Voltage output

1.

It has an output voltage that is proportional

to the Celsius temperature.

High sensitivity

2.

The scale factor is .01V/oC

Long stability

3.

The LM35 does not require any external

calibration or trimming and maintains an
accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature
and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100
o
C.

Good selectivity

Effective technical service

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OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES

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IV. OPERATION PRINCIPLE:

a.

Connect the sensor to the application circuit.

The surface resistance of the sensor Rs is obtained

through effected voltage signal output of the load
resistance RL which series-wound. The relationship
between them is described:

b.

Turn on the power; keep preheating through

electricity over 48 hours.

c.

Adjust the load resistance RL until you get a

signal value which is respond to a certain carbon
monoxide concentration at the end point of 90
seconds.

d.

Adjust the another load resistance RL until you

get a signal value which is respond to a CO
concentration at the end point of 60 seconds .

Rs\RL = (Vc-VRL) / VRL

Fig. 5 shows alterable situation of RL signal output
measured by using Fig. 2 circuit output signal when
the sensor is shifted from clean air to carbon
monoxide (CO) , output signal measurement is made
within one or two complete heating period (2.5
minute from high voltage to low voltage ).

Humidity sensor: Humidity [7] is the amount of

water vapor in the air. In daily language the term
"humidity" is normally taken to mean relative
humidity. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of
the partial pressure of water vapor in a parcel of air to
the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor at a
prescribed temperature. Humidity may also be
expressed as absolute humidity and specific
humidity. Relative humidity is an important metric
used in forecasting weather. Humidity indicates the
likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. High
humidity makes people feel hotter outside in the
summer because it reduces the effectiveness of
sweating to cool the body by preventing the
evaporation of perspiration from the skin.
Product name: macromolecule Humid resistance
sensor (GY-HR10X), its a new kind of humid
resistance sensor, it has wide range of humidity, fast
respond, high-sensitivity, stable and reliable
performance, consistency characteristics.

Sensitive layer of MQ-7 gas sensitive components is

made of SnO2 with stability, So, it has excellent long
term stability. Its service life can reach 5 years under
using condition.
SENSITVITY ADJUSTMENT
Resistance value of MQ-7 is difference to various
kinds and various concentration gases. So, when
using these components, sensitivity adjustment is
very necessary. we recommend that you calibrate the
detector for 200ppm CO in air and use value of Load
resistance that( RL) about 10 K(5K to 47 K).
When accurately measuring, the proper alarm point
for the gas detector should be determined after
considering the temperature and humidity influence.
The sensitivity adjusting program:

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Fig.6. Humidity sensor

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GSM Module
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is
a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used
in many parts of the world.
The mobile
communications has become one of the driving
forces of the digital revolution. Every day, millions
of people are making phone calls by pressing a few
buttons. Little is known about how one person's voice
reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of
miles away. Even less is known about the security
measures and protection behind the system. The
complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people
begin sending text messages and digital pictures to
their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly
turning into a handheld computer. All the features
and advancements in cell phone technology require a
backbone to support it. The system has to provide
security and the capability for growth to
accommodate future enhancements. General System
for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the
many solutions out there. GSM has been dubbed the
"Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to
realize why GSM provides a secure and confidential
method of communication.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is
a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used
in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the
most widely used of the three digital wireless
telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user data,
each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the
900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.
GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal
success in mobile telecoms over the last decade.
Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband
services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new
demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its
international roaming capability, giving consumers a
seamless service. This has been a vital driver in
growth, with around 300 million. In the Americas,
today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly,
with market potential of 500 million in population,
due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows
operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to
GSM technology too.
GSM together with other technologies is part of an
evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that
includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD),
General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced
Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). GSM

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security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and

legal interception continue to raise significant interest
in the GSM community. The purpose of this portal is
to raise awareness of these issues with GSM security.
The mobile communications has become one of the
driving forces of the digital revolution. Every day,
millions of people are making phone calls by
pressing a few buttons. Little is known about how
one person's voice reaches the other person's phone
that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known
about the security measures and protection behind the
system. The complexity of the cell phone is
increasing as people begin sending text messages and
digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell
phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer.
All the features and advancements in cell phone
technology require a backbone to support it. The
system has to provide security and the capability for
growth to accommodate future enhancements.
General System for Mobile Communications, GSM,
is one of the many solutions out there. GSM has been
dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take
much to realize why GSM provides a secure and
confidential method of communication.

Fig.7. General architecture of a GSM network

V. CONCLUSION
The application of wireless sensor network will
improve the safety of coal mine. The main
advantages are as follows:
(1)The wirelesses are more flexible and can avoid the
trouble of rewiring, because wireless network can
meet the moving and changing of topology [1].
(2) It will greatly improve the performance and
efficiency of data transmission of the coal mine
safety system, and reduce the costs of extending the
system.
(3) In wireless sensor network, the old master-slave
network can be transformed into the network without

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OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES

Volume II/Issue 1/JAN2014

master to enhance the whole performance and

stability of the existing sensor networks [3].
(4) The application of WSN can realize the real-time
monitoring of working region.

REFERENCES

[1] Yang Wei, Huang Ying. Wireless Sensor

Network Based Coal Mine Wireless and
Integrated Security Monitoring Information
System.
Networking, ICN '07 Sixth
International Conference, 22-28 April,
[2] Zigbee0Aliance Website http://wwwzigbe.org
Xiaodong Wang, Xiaoguang Zhao, Zize Liang,
Min Tan. Deploying a Wireless SensorNetwork
on the Coal Mines. Networking, Sensing and
Control, 2007 IEEE International Conference on
15-17 April 2007: 324328
[3] Mo Li, Yunhao Liu. Underground Structure
Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks.
Information Processing in Sensor Networks,
2007. IPSN 2007. 6th International Symposium
on25-27 April 2007: 69- 78
[4] PIC18F2525/2620/4525/4620
http://www.microchip.com
[5] Microchip Stack for the Zigbee Protocol.
http://www.microchip.com
[6] Guo Yongling, Wang Qianping, Huang Hai, Tan
Wei, Zhang, Guoxia.
VIJAYA KUMARI DODDI, pursuing her M.tech in
Embedded Systems from Nova College of
Engineering & Technology for Women, Jupudi
villaga, Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P,
India. Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada, and is approved by AICTE
Delhi.
N.ANURADHA, her Qualification is M.tech,
currently working as an Associate Professor, in the
Department of Electronics and communication
Engineering, Nova College of Engineering &
Technology
for
Women,
Jupudi
village,
Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna Dist, A.P, India.
Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada, and is approved by AICTE
Delhi.

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