'VSD'

Project
Report
Task Name: Main Power

supply
Report No.: 1.0
Edited by : Mohamed Magdy
Elsafoury

Preface :
The power supply assumes a very unique role within a typical system . In

many respects it is the mother of the system. It gives the system

life by providing consistent and repeatable power to its circuits. It
defends the system against the harsh world outside the confines of
the enclosure and protects its wards by not letting them do harm to
themselves. If the supply experiences a failure within itself, it must
fail gracefully and not allow the failure to reach the system.

Necessary Questions prior to the beginning of the design

process !!
*.From what power source the power supply and the system draw its
power??
The system draws its power from AC mains (3phases configuration).
The power supply draws its power from the Main system Rectifier.

So we will design a DC/DC converter.

*.Is Safety OR Radio Frequency OR Electro-Magnetic Interferences
needed??
Safety from Over Voltage, Under Voltage, Over Current, RFI and EMI.

*.What are the environmental conditions??

There will be high relative range of temperature, Dust, Dirt, Shock,
Vibrations and High

relative ambient range of EMI and RFI.

*.What are the Max. and Min. load current limits and
characteristics??
Max limit of current >>> (isn't estimated till now. ) .
Min limit of current >>> (isn't estimated till now.).
Load Characteristics : _Capacitive loads (IGBTs),_Logics (ICs),_LCD
monitors,
_resistive loads.

*.Are there any circuits which are noise-sensitive??

Yes >>> ICs, ADCs and DACs require special noise filtering
*. Are there any special interfaces with any part of the system??
Not determined yet
*.How much space and what physical shape is allocated for the
power supply??
Its size should be small as possible, modular (easy to remove).
Physical shape isn't determined yet.

Selecting the Appropriate Power Supply Technology

The important issues :

1.

Cost and reliability

2.

Weight and space. (Minimum)

3.

How much heat can be generated within the system

(Min. as possible)

(Minimum,Maximum)

4.

Required Output power rating. And output isolation (Not

estimated,isolated)

5.

Number of output voltages and their particular

characteristics.
(Not estimated)
The three major power supply technologies that can be
considered within a power supply system are:
1. Linear regulators.
2. Pulse width modulated (PWM) switching power supplies.
3. High efficiency resonant technology switching power supplies.
'Each of these technologies excels in one or more of the system
considerations mentioned above and must be weighed against the
other considerations to determine the optimum mixture of
technologies that meet the needs of the final Design.'

Linear
Linear regulators are used predominantly in ground-based
equipments where the generation of heat and low efficiency are not
of major concern and also where low cost and a short design period
are desired. They are very popular as board level regulators in
distributed power systems where the distributed voltage is less than
40VDC. For off-line (plug into the wall) systems, a power supply
stage ahead of the linear regulator must be provided for safety in
order to produce dielectric isolation from the ac power line. Linear
regulators can only produce output voltages lower than their input
voltages and each linear regulator can
produce only one output voltage. Each linear regulator has an
average efficiency
of between 35 and 50 percent. The losses are dissipated as heat

PWM switching power supplies

PWM switching power supplies are much more efficient and

flexible in their use than linear regulators. One commonly

finds them used within portable products, aircraft and
automotive products, small instruments, off-line
applications, and generally those applications where high
effic- -iency and multiple output voltages are required. Their
weight is much less than that of linear regulators since they
require less heat sinking for the same output ratings. They
do, however, cost more to produce and require more
engineering development time.

High efficiency resonant technology switching

power supplies
This variation on the basic PWM switching power supply
finds its place in applications where still lighter weight and
smaller size are desired, and most importantly, where a
reduced amount of radiated noise is desired. The drawbacks
are that this power supply technology requires the greatest
amount of design time and usually costs more than the
other two technologies.

As show in previous we will use ' Isolated' Pulse

Width Switching Power Supply

Types of isolated PWMSP

1- Non transformer isolated PWMSP

2- Transformer isolated PWMSP

Main PWMSP topologies:

Buck Converter :

The buck regulators basic operation can be seen as roughly analogous to a

piston-flywheel combination. A steady-state DC current whose average
value equals the output load current is always flowing through the inductor.
The power switch, a power MOSFET in this case, acts only to replenish the
energy in the inductor that was removed by the load during the MOSFETs
off-time. The diode, called a commutating diode, maintains the flow of
the load current through the inductor when the power switch is turned off.
There are two current paths inside a buck regulator. When the power switch
is conducting, the current is passed through the input source, the power
switch, the inductor, and the load, after which i t returns to the input
source. Since the input source can provide much more energy than the load
wants, the excess is stored in the inductor. When the power switch is off,
the load current is passed through the commutation diode to the load and
back again. The energy behind the sustained current flow is provided by the
excess energy stored in the inductor, which is now being drawn on. This
continues until the power switch is once again turned on and the cycle
starts over again.

Boost converter

The boost regulator, otherwise known as a step-upregulator, is a

flybackmode topology. Its output voltage must always be higher
than the input voltage. The boost regulator uses the same number
of components as the buck regulator, but they operation is also very
much different from the forwardmode, buck converter. When the
power switch is turned on the input voltage (V) is placed across the
inductor. This causes the inductor current to linearly ramp up from 0
A until the power switch is turned off. During this time energy has
been stored within the core material. At the instant the power
switch is turned off the inductor voltage flies back above the input
voltage. The inductor would reach an infinite voltage but is clamped
to a value of the output voltage when the output rectifier becomes
forward biased (Vout+Vdiode).During the time which follows the
energy within the core is emptied into the output filter capacitor and
is made available to the load. This topology is limited to a 50

percent duty cycle since the core needs sufficient time to empty its
energy into the output capacitor.

Fly-back converter

The flyback regulator actually works as a boost and a buck-boost regulator

combined, and the input voltage can traverse the levels of any of the output
voltages without affecting the operation of the supply. The operation of the

flyback regulator can be discussed by breaking one period of operation into

two parts: the power switchs on-time and off-time. During the on-time, the
full input voltage is placed across the primary winding of the transformer. This
results in an increasing linear current ramp through the primary whose slope
is +Vin/Lpri.This continues until the power switch is turned off. At this point
the voltage as measured across the power switch (a MOSFET in this case) flies
back to a voltage equal to the sum of the input voltage plus the turns ratio
multiplied by the output voltage (plus a diode drop). So for example, if the
transformer had a 1 : 1 turns ratio with a 5-V output, the flyback voltage
would be 6 V above the input voltage (5 V + 1 V for the diode). During the
flyback period (the power switch off-time)the output rectifier conducts,
thereby passing the stored energy within the core material to the output
capacitor and the load. This flyback period continues until either the core is
depleted of energy, after which the power switchs voltage returns to the
voltage of the input, or the power switch is once again turned on. The
secondary current during the flyback period is a declining linear ramp with a
slope of
Vout / Lsec, . As one can see, since input and output voltages are rarely, if
ever, equal and the primary and secondary turns may not be equal, the power
switch on-time and the flyback periods are rarely equal in time. One nice
relationship is valid, though, when viewed from any one winding: the volt-time
product of a winding during the power switch's on-time is equal to the volttime product during the flyback period