Bye Bye Thesis

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS
University of Santo Tomas

Faculty of Arts and Letters
Undergraduate Thesis
AB in Journalism program
2015-2016
Analyzing Online Media: Gauging the Quality of Tweet

Collective Articles
Bautista, Ioannina; Ladera, Chris; Mendoza, Emiaj
Recommended citation:
Bautista, Ladera & Mendoza (2015) Analyzing Online Media: Gauging the Quality of Tweet
Collective Articles Undergraduate thesis, Journalism, University of Santo Tomas
UST was acknowledged a Center of Development in journalism by the Commission on

Higher Education (CHEd) on June 2013.
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL FOR DEFENSE

This thesis titled
Analyzing Online Media: Gauging the

Quality of Tweet Collective Articles
prepared and submitted by
Bautista, Ioannina; Ladera, Chris; Mendoza, Emiaj
has been ACCEPTED AND APPROVED for Oral Examination, for the
fulfillment the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in
Journalism.
MS. JANICE CAVE

Adviser
ASST. PROF. JEREMAIAH M. OPINIANO

Thesis Coordinator, Journalism
Date: _______________
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work, and that to the
best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material to which a substantial
extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment is made in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is a product of our
work, even though we may have received assistance from others in terms
of style, presentation and language expression.
Bautista, Ioannina
Ladera, Chris
Mendoza, Emiaj
Date: _________________
MS. JANICE CAVE

Thesis adviser
Date: _________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1.0
Introduction
Chapter 2.0
Theoretical Background
2.1. Review of Related Literature and Studies
11
2.2 Theoretical framework
17
2.3 Research Simulacrum
20
Chapter 3.0
Methods
3.1 Subjects
21
3.2 Instruments
22
3.3 Data Collection
23
3.4 Data Analysis
24
Chapter 4.0
4
Results
26
Chapter 5.0
Discussion
36
Chapter 6.0
Conclusion
44
Bibliography
47
Appendices
49
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1
27
Table 2
29
Table 3
30
Table 4
30
Table 5
31
Table 6
31
Table 7
32
Table 8
32
Table 9
33
Table 10
33
Table 11
34
Table 12
34
Table 13
34
Table 14
35
Table 15
35
6
Chapter 1.0
INTRODUCTION
The dawn of online journalism has created a new face for journalism.
However, as traditional journalism evolved, it opened different avenues like
online journalism. Overwhelming amounts of human activity are streamed
from the Internet everyday made by the ubiquity of mobile devices, tracking
tools, always on sensors, and cheap computing storage (Lewis et al.,
2013). Because of this, the heavy amount of human data generated from
Social Networking Sites (SNS) may now reflect new media activities.
For online journalism, social media has been a powerful tool for its revolution.
According to Broersma and Graham (2012), since the debut of Twitter in
2006, it has been continuously gaining popularity until now. Twitter
subscribers, or followers, rose to 160 million in June 2010. Because of its
user-friendly interface, that allows users to post messages limited to 140
characters in length, an average of 65 million tweets are now being posted
everyday (Broersma and Graham, 2012). Lewis et al. (2013) claimed that
SNS information is freely available, especially with the Twitter platform, it
makes a tempting target for researchers to obtain data in line with certain
parameters.
From utilizing the Internet as a mere tool for news dissemination, the media
has also discovered that the Internet can be the source of news as well.
Recently, online reporters have been using SNS as sources for the main
content of the news. Online news now contains print screens or links from
Storify, a website which allows its users to collect posts from SNS
subscribers, especially from Twitter. These determine the pulse of netizens
or SNS users, on a certain issue.
Headlines such as Netizens react to something and Heres what netizens
have to say about this has been a rising trend among online news. Online
media use online crowdsourcing or gathering netizens reactions in order to
produce news. As mentioned above, print screens or photos of the netizen
posts are employed in the news article as the main content of the news. This
is to ensure that the tweets used in the post were original, and not
manipulated.
Crowdsourcing on SNS happens mostly on Twitter, where journalists may
tweet a question to their followers, who in turn will retweet it to their followers
so that more people may be able to read the said post and react to it. This
was applicable in events like the Boston bombings in 2014 where eyewitness
accounts of the incidents were posted online and at the same time used by
the media as source of information. Also in this way, online reporters will be
able to get reactions that they will use as the main content of their report.
In Broersma and Grahams (2012) paper entitled Social Media as Beat, the
study focused on tweets generated from prominent politicians in the midst of
the British and Dutch elections. As these given tweets were already deemed
influential, the tweets themselves may be considered as newsworthy since
these were made by famous people who harnessed many followers
(Broersma and Graham, 2012).
As there have been studies on assessing quality journalism on print media,
the present authors would like to shift their attention and focus on the quality
and newsworthiness of online news articles that utilize tweets from nonfamous or non-influential Twitter users. The authors have based their paper
on a content analysis by Spurk and Lublinski (2013) wherein the authors
created criteria for measuring quality journalism. It will be through these
criteria that the authors of the present paper will determine the quality and
newsworthiness of the online articles that will be analyzed.
The current study will show that as the tone of the article and the numbers of
tweets employed are correlated, both parameters will determine an articles
newsworthiness. At the same time, the paper will also establish that a lapse
in these parameters will result to poor journalistic value. This paper will then
9
raise awareness whether writing about the peoples reaction are worth
publishing on cyberspace.
10
Chapter 2.0
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1. Review of Related Literature and Studies
Social Media as Source of News. With the tsunami of information,
journalists have now discovered new ways of gathering information for the
news. The emergence of the internet that has contributed greatly to the
information tide (Graber, 1984) has brought a surmountable amount of
information on and about communication (Karpf, 2012). Thus, communication
researchers are now in pursuit of addressing the new phenomena that can
only be acquainted to the gathering of information from the World Wide Web
as stated by Knobloch-Westerwick et al., (2005).
Social media has taken part as a source of information from the Internet.
Twitter, equipped with the one of the most user-friendly interfaces from wellknown SNS (Facebook, Instagram, Viber), possess the easiest way to hand
out information.
According to Broersma and Graham, journalism and social media have
entered a convenient marriage because these sites, Twitter for example, has
become a convenient, cheap and effective beat for journalists in search of
11
news and information (Broersma and Graham, 2013). According to their

study, tweets have increasingly been used by news organizations as quotes
to their newspapers since the trend of Twitter started on 2007.
Tweets that are read on a reporters Twitter account can be easily re-blogged
or retweeted by the followers of that reporter (Broersma and Graham, 2012).
However, news organizations are now also using Twitter feeds on their
websites. Broersma and Graham (2012) said that this allowed the written
media to innovate live coverages in form of live tweeting improving its initial
role as a tool for news dissemination. Media organizations also utilize Twitter
as a tool for measuring the pulse of the netizens as they react on certain
issues. Hashtags like #LoveWins, #ALDUBEBTamangPanahon, and
#SONA2015 have engaged netizens in actively voicing out their opinions thus
creating an avenue for reporters to use the vox populi as nutgrafs.
After the interactivity, reporters now have found new sources of news as they
harbor tweets as the news main content. News outfits now employ social
media editors in order to observe traffic online (Ahmad, 2010). The role of
these editors is to pose questions in relation to current issues.
It can now be perceived that the use of social media has changed the
newsgathering process of online news. Twitter has now become a fitting tool
for the reporters to gain and interact with sources and gather information from
12
a vast network of users without leaving the office or even picking up the
phone (Hermida, 2010). When social networks are employed by journalists,
they turn into beats, said Broersma and Graham (2012).
Crowdsourcing, or obtaining data from a group of people, is the process used
in gathering information online. This is to have an eyewitness feel of what
happened in a certain event or situation (Broersma and Graham, 2012).
However, crowdsourcing does not only apply to eyewitness accounts
exclusively as news outfits also consider readers opinions on issues as well.
Lasica (2002) calls it collaborative filtering. Today, social media editors need
not to post questions, but make use of hashtags in surveying popular opinion
on Twitter as this SNS shows the most potential for crowdsourced alternative
reporting (Lewis et al., 2013).
Still, even though journalism is known to be a source-driven practice, only
limited studies have been made that ponders on tweet sourcing. Manning
(2001) showed that while some journalists theorize sourcing on a critical
perspective, he also notes that journalists give more than brief consideration
to the question of where journalists get their information from. Broersma and
Graham (2013) points out that what needs to be studied further is how
sources are incorporated in the news.
13
Because of this, Twitter can now suggest a foundation for co-construction

of news by both reporters and consumers (Lewis et. Al, 2013).
Newsworthiness and Journalistic Quality. While there are numerous
variations of determining the newsworthiness and journalistic value of news,
communication research has presented a variety of characteristics to
describe news. For traditional news platforms, such formal indicators of
newsworthiness have been demonstrated to guide information selections of
news consumers (e.g. Garcia and Stark, 1991; Graber, 1984; McCombs and
Mauro, 1977; Wolf and Grotta, 1985). On the other hand, more news
consumers turn to the internet for information (Fallows, 2014) at it generates
more information at no cost (Deuze, 2003).
Online journalism is usually received negatively. However, Jeff Jarvis (2008)
believes that aside from the typical writing standards, it is important to be
inventive and flexible. Tweet collective articles is a product of incorporating
innovation with journalism. Jarvis also added that responsiveness of the
audience could be an indication of quality.
I think quality has to rest in the hands of the consumer, and in the editor
thats reviewing the piece, (Beatty, 2011). However, even with his stand,
Beatty also believes that journalistic quality varies differently from one content
to another.
14
For Richard Picard (2011), the North American representative of the Reuters
Institute for the Study of Journalism, quality journalism is not defined by the
elements that are used to determine it, pursuit of truth, fairness,
completeness etc. These factors cannot support journalism alone but can
together at some degree. Journalistic quality remains to be subjective and
dependent on individual perceptions.
Although journalistic quality has been perceived by journalists as
undefinable (Spurk and Lublinski,
2014; Raivio,
2011) or even
immeasurable, the criteria for newsworthy and high journalistic value may
be equated depending on the perception of the author (Cudal et al, 2015).
Newsworthiness on the other hand, despite sharing similarities with
journalistic quality it is an entirely different entity. Conflict is newsworthy
because as human beings were naturally interested in conflict (Rogers,
2011).
Mencher defined news according to news values such as timeliness, potential
impact, prominence of people involved, proximity to audience, and novelty of
the event. According to Sundar (1999), almost all journalism textbooks
employ accuracy, attribution, balance, fairness, objectivity, brevity, and clarity
as the most important elements in a news story. However, these only so far
catered to print or traditional journalism.
15
As journalism has become more participatory and collaborative (Abramson,

2010), news editors are now applying standardized criteria when selecting
data for publishing according to Knobloch-Westerwick et al. (2005). In a study
conducted by Tewksbury and Althaus (2000) they claimed that wellestablished, formal indicators of issue are no longer visible when news
reports are retrieved online. Nonetheless, according to Cudal et al., (2015),
one must always put in mind that media practitioners, including journalists,
media managers, and experts as well as the public are the ones who are to
judge the journalistic quality of an article.
Spurk and Lublinski (2014) formulated criteria in what they discovered to be
a plausible quantifier for the quality of news. This was created from
subdividing quality into a set of criteria that defines various aspects of
quality. Condensed from different studies (Schatz and Schulz, 1992; Rager,
1994; Russ-Mohl, 2005; Arnold, 2008; and Spurk et al., 2010), Spurk and
Lublinski (2014) created a matrix to give further definition on what makes up
quality journalism. The major criteria given by the abovementioned study are
as follows:
Diversity (of actors, sources);
Timeliness,
16
Relevance,
Credibility,
Correctness and truthfulness (reporting on proven facts);
Comprehensiveness,
Independence,
Critique,
Impartiality, and
Balance (Cudal et al., 2015; Spurk and Lublinski, 2014)
2.2. Theoretical Framework

Various studies give a wide variety of definitions of newsworthiness and
journalistic value and not just one definition should be accepted. However,
the previous studies conducted only use broadsheet news as basis for the
studies, and not online news. The lack of study therefore on the current
authors study shows also a lack of theory on where to base the current study.
To date, there is still no generally accepted theory of quality in journalism
according to Butcher and Altmeppen (2003) and Weishenberg et al. (2006).
According to Cudal et al. (2015), no simple assessment of matrix of criteria
17
can be generally applied in order to determine the quality of news since there
are different factors that underlie in different cases (e.g. type of media, format,
target group, and point of reference). Quality of journalism was concluded to
be not objectively measurable (Spurk and Lublinski, 2014). Measuring the
quality of news was also described as nailing a pudding to the wall (Spurk
and Lublinski, 2014; Russ-Mohl, 1992). Again, these studies refer to
broadsheet news.
This study seeks to identify the newsworthiness and journalistic value of
online news that contains netizen-based reactions from social media. In the
study of Broersma and Graham (2012), although they also focused on
netizens-based reactions on Twitter as news content, the tweets they used
were sent by politicians that were quoted in news articles. This study also did
not assess quality, but rather investigated on the coverage per se of
newspapers on feed from Twitter.
As Shoemaker and Reese (1996) pointed out in their Theory of Influences on
Media Content that 40 years in the study of journalism has proved to only
produce more data than theory. However, the increasing amount of data
should be continuously analyzed in order to attain a systematic approach in
new phenomena in journalism. There are also points in the aforementioned
theory about why certain content are presented by the media. The impact of
18
content as presented by the media is somehow an effect of the changing

audience interest (Shoemaker and Reese, 1996)
Nevertheless, Shoemaker and Vos (2008) posed in their study on the
Gatekeeping Theory that the news primarily must go through a gate, followed
by its movement through a channel which may be criteria set by editors to
determine whether the story is publishable or not. Kurt Lewin (1951) theorized
and coined the term gatekeeping in order to show how social changes could
be attained in society (Shoemaker and Vos, 2008). An important concept in
this Gatekeeping Theory is that positive and negative forces surround the
gates. Multiple gates may abound a channel that may administer if the article
will be accepted or rejected.
The authors of the current study employed the criteria set by Spurk and
Lublinski (2014) as the gates or decision points in determining the
newsworthiness and journalistic value of the type of news in study.
19
2.3. Research Simulacrum
Figure 1: Research simulacrum
H1: Negative articles are more newsworthy than positive ones

H2: Newsworthiness depends on the number of tweets
H3: Neutral articles yield higher journalistic value than articles with positive and
negative tones.
H4: Higher number of tweets present in the article result to poor journalistic value
H5: A tweet collective article can be newsworthy but not journalistic
20
Chapter 3.0
METHODS
This paper focuses on 5 main assumptions. (1) Negative articles are more
newsworthy than positive ones. (2) Newsworthiness depends on the number
of tweets. (3) Neutral articles yield higher journalistic value than articles with
positive and negative tones. (4) Higher number of tweets present in the article
result to poor journalistic value. (5) A tweet collective article can be
newsworthy but not journalistic.
To assess the reality of these hypotheses, the study used content analysis to
gather its data. The tone of the article, as well as its newsworthiness and
journalistic value will be measured by a certain formula from past studies.
3.1. Design
This study is based on the analysis of 169 articles from known Philippine
online media platforms that used netizen reactions on Twitter and their
characteristics on how opinion-based tweets are used as content for news.
Online websites for Rappler, Philstar, MB (Manila Bulletin) Online, Inquirer,
Interaksyon, ABS-CBN, GMA and CNN are the sole sources of the articles
provided.
21
However, articles used for this study are composed of collections of tweets
from the public audience incorporated with written content from online
journalists. This is to immediately dismiss the notion of an articles relevance
due to the fame of celebrities, politicians & etc.
Three people with journalistic backgrounds were asked to be the coders for
this study to eliminate bias towards the hypothesis.
3.2. Instruments
The researchers made use of a coding guide and a coding sheet to record
the findings of the study. The coding guide is composed of questions,
generally adopted from Cudal, Lorzano and Yatcos, An Exploratory Test of
Indicators to Quality Journalism: A Content Analysis. However, the
researchers tweaked the initial coding guide to parallel it with the focus of the
study. Since the basis was focused on quality journalism on print, several
criteria were taken out to try and fit the online environment.
The study assumes that the newsworthiness of these articles rest mostly on
the idea that the issues have caught the publics attention. To understand the
newsworthiness of the articles the researchers eliminated the number of
tweets from the newsworthiness formula in the coding sheet. The
22
aforementioned study also provide the standards upon which the journalistic
values of each article will be weighed.
The coding sheet is done by three people separately and analyzed by a
statistician provided by the faculty.
3.3. Data collection procedure

The researchers gathered 169 articles from 2012 to early 2016. The articles
were not section specific. As said in the earlier chapters, the presence of
public tweets within the article. These articles featured netizen reactions
mostly, some even highlighting them in their articles, dividing them into
positive and negatives.
Since the articles are primarily online, the researchers collected these articles
by accessing each website identified above. This was an attempt to balance
the number of articles from each website. However, this was unsuccessful
since most of the news organizations were focused on other forms of
journalism such as print and broadcast. Rappler was the only organization
that is solely dedicated to online journalism which provided a high contrast in
the number of articles from other organization.
23
This issue do not affect or invalidate the study in any way since it focuses
more on the content rather than the connections of these articles with certain
news organizations.
To determine the reliability, a pool of twenty articles were evaluated through
the inter-coder reliability test. Four articles from each year were randomly
selected and gauged using the Fleiss Kappa.
3.4. Data analysis

Several criteria have been used as a gauge in an attempt to measure the
variables of the study.
1.
Theme of the article The genre that the articles cater to.
2.
Tone of the article The general angle which the articles are
presented.
3.
Topic Since it is perceived that these articles are significant
because of the attention it received from the public, this section will analyze
whether the story can stand apart from the tweets incorporated with it.
Relevance of the topic
Timeliness - Whether the article was produced within

the height of the issue.
24
Proximity Whether the issue happened inside the

country.
Background of the topic This measures the importance of
the article in a sense that a story may exist even without the tweets provided.
5.
Sources The credibility of any journalistic piece is its source. This
section will show whether the articles follow proper attributions and basis.
Legitimate human source Persons of authority with regards
to the matter
Interviews An interview provides a solid foundation and
support for a news story.
Documents Similar to interviews, documents offer concrete
basis for any news story.

6.
Balance The presentation of different viewpoints to eliminate bias
and prejudice
7.
Structure in story There are certain specifications in writing
journalistically. Traditional journalism follows conventional structural types

such as the inverted pyramid. This will show whether articles that employ
tweets from the public still continues to follow traditional news writing.
25
Chapter 4
Results
The main issue faced by the researchers was the reliability of the test to
determine the journalistic value and newsworthiness of the articles. Several
parts of the pretest earned perfect marks in the inter-coder reliability test using
the Fleiss Kappa. However, other criteria fell short in the reliability test. These
sections will be explained further below.
Despite these setbacks, the researchers proceeded with the content analysis.
Due to the lack of the study regarding the matter, there was no concrete
model to follow in evaluating these experimental type of newswriting. The test
adapted was based on a study evaluating quality journalism on media
broadsheets. This was chosen since majority of the articles studied came
from broadsheet media organizations that catered to online journalism.
In addition, measuring the quality of journalism remains to be a controversial
issue. No study has managed to create a single unified set of standards for
quality journalism. This limits the results of the paper due to the chosen
criteria for quantifying journalism.
26
It may be argued that Rappler provided majority of the articles used in the
study. However, Philstar, Inquirer and MBs bulk count outnumbers Rappler.
Since these websites are generally known to produce newspapers, a model
evaluating quality journalism on broadsheets was deemed appropriate in
assessing the online articles used in the study.
Name of Website
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
198
39.1
39.1
39.1
154
30.4
30.4
69.4
38
7.5
7.5
76.9
22
4.3
4.3
81.3
36
7.1
7.1
88.4
30
5.9
5.9
94.3
10
2.0
2.0
96.3
19
3.7
3.7
100.0
507
100.0
100.0
Total
TABLE 1
In addition, measuring the quality of journalism remains to be a controversial
issue. No study has managed to create a single unified set of standards for
quality journalism. This limits the results of the paper due to the chosen
criteria for quantifying journalism.
This model was dependable on certain aspects as said above. But since the
articles studied did not follow conventional journalism restrictions, which is
27
how broadsheet journalism functions did not fall in line with the tweet
collective articles.
In an attempt to measure the journalistic value in the study, Sources, Balance
and Structure were quantified. In line of Spurk and Lublinskis claim that it is
generally undefinable, the subcategories for Sources and Balance took a hit
in the reliability test. Due to the articles unorthodox formulation the coders
experienced difficulties in evaluating credible sources and the balance of the
articles without acknowledging the tweets presented. Since unlike
photographs, tweets provide written words from the public, it proved
challenging trying to separate the analysis for the articles alone. Most of the
coders assessment, despite the attempt to focus on the authored section of
the articles, were highly affected by the public tweets.
To simplify the data, the final computations for measuring newsworthiness
and the journalistic value was limited to yes and no, either they were deemed
newsworthy or journalistic enough. Since the test encountered issues in its
compatibility with the articles, it proved helpful to simply remove the hierarchy
or varying degrees of newsworthiness and journalistic value.
The most frequent theme present in the analysis is entertainment. 40.3% of
the data falls under this category. The next falls far with 23.1% which is
28
politics. Especially with the elections coming to a close, politicians trend on a

daily basis, especially presidential candidates.
Other themes such as health, environment and arts were rarely touched by
this type of newswriting. This also indicate what kinds of story people like to
discuss. Since entertainment took a solid lead against other genres this may
also be a support why this type of newswriting may be considered to be
sensationalized.
Theme
Frequency
Valid
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
1. Crime
15
3.0
3.0
3.0
2. Domestic Issue
26
5.1
5.1
8.1
117
23.1
23.1
31.2
23
4.5
4.5
35.8
5. Health
1.2
1.2
37.0
6. Environment
1.0
1.0
37.9
204
40.2
40.3
78.3
22
4.3
4.3
82.6
1.4
1.4
84.0
1.0
1.0
85.0
11. Religion
21
4.1
4.2
89.1
12. Media and

Journalism
13. Science and
Technology
14. Others
36
7.1
7.1
96.2
12
2.4
2.4
98.6
1.4
1.4
100.0
506
99.8
100.0
.2
507
100.0
3. Politics
4. Business
7. Entertainment
8. Accidents
9. Defense and
Foreign Policy
10. Culture
Total
Missing
Percent
System
Total
Table 2
29
On the matter of the tone of the articles, a section that perfected the Fleiss
Kappa, it showed that majority of the articles were neutral.
Tone
Frequency
Valid
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
1.
Positive
156
30.8
30.8
30.8
2.
Negative
168
33.1
33.2
64.0
3.
Neutral
182
35.9
36.0
100.0
506
99.8
100.0
Total
Missing
Percent
System
Total
.2
507
100.0
Table 3
The other parts of the research were generally composed of yes and no
comparisons. In the case of timeliness, 93.3% of the articles were produced
at the height of the issues tackled.
Timeliness
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Percent
34
6.7
472
Total
506
System
Total
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
6.7
6.7
93.1
93.3
100.0
99.8
100.0
.2
507
100.0
Table 4
For proximity, the topics of 80.4% articles occurred mostly in the country
because Filipino netizens will react more on the issues that they can relate
to, which, based on the statistics, are issues that happened in the Philippines.
30
Proximity
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Total
0
1
Total
System
Percent
99
407
506
1
507
19.5
80.3
99.8
.2
100.0
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
19.6
80.4
100.0
19.6
100.0
Table 5
Regarding the presentation of background on the topic, 76.7% of the articles
provided background information and previous articles about the topic.
Background
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Total
0
1
Total
System
Percent
118
388
506
1
507
23.3
76.5
99.8
.2
100.0
Valid
Percent
23.3
76.7
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
23.3
100.0
Table 6
The researchers correlated these three criteria to quantify newsworthiness.
As said above, this measure was simplified by not using a hierarchy in
determining the newsworthiness. It was either an article was deemed to be
newsworthy or not at all. As expected, 90.1% of the articles are newsworthy
31
Newsworthiness
Frequency
Valid
0
1
Total
Percent
50
457
507
Valid
Percent
9.9
90.1
100.0
9.9
90.1
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
9.9
100.0
Table 7
In terms of sources, there are legitimate human sources, who news writers
can consult about the issue, interviews, which can be cited for the article and
documents that can support the article.
For legitimate human sources, 73.8% of the articles did not have this kind of
source to support the article.
source_I
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
374
73.8
73.9
73.9
132
26.0
26.1
100.0
Total
506
99.8
100.0
.2
507
100.0
System
Total
Table 8
90.9% of the articles also did not quote interviews in the articles which can
be a big support for the credibility of the news article.
32
P_interview
Frequency
Valid
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
460
90.7
90.9
90.9
46
9.1
9.1
100.0
506
99.8
100.0
.2
507
100.0
Total
Missing
Percent
System
Total
Table 9
When it comes to the documents that can help with the background story of
the issue, 77.9% of the articles did not present any written document like
press releases, court documents, statistics, or official websites.
Docu
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Total
0
1
Total
System
394
112
506
1
507
Percent
77.7
22.1
99.8
.2
100.0
Valid
Percent
77.9
22.1
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
77.9
100.0
Table 10
For the balance of the article, viewpoint/s should be considered. This will be
the basis whether or not the articles provide two or more sides of the story.
As for the statistical data that we gathered, 58.3% of the articles showed only
one viewpoint. Viewpoints represent different assessments of the story.
Presenting more than one viewpoint entails more angles on the article.
33
Viewpoints
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Total
0
1
Total
System
Percent
295
211
506
1
507
58.2
41.6
99.8
.2
100.0
Valid
Percent
58.3
41.7
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
58.3
100.0
Table 11
66.8% of the articles did not show opposing viewpoints.
Opp_viewpoint
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
338
66.7
66.8
66.8
168
33.1
33.2
100.0
Total
506
99.8
100.0
.2
507
100.0
System
Total
Table 12
And 59.9% showed complementary viewpoints.
Comp_viewpoint
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Total
0
1
Total
System
203
303
506
1
507
Percent
40.0
59.8
99.8
.2
100.0
Valid
Percent
40.1
59.9
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
40.1
100.0
Table 13
The percentages of opposing and complimentary viewpoints do not sum up
to 100% due to some articles containing both. With regards to the structure,
34
69.0% of the articles logic and the links between the arguments are mostly
made. Initially, this part of the study was supposed to have a hierarchy of
structure, bad, average and good. Due to the low reliability of the test, the
levels were crunched to create a simpler contrast.
Structure
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
157
31.0
31.0
31.0
349
68.8
69.0
100.0
Total
506
99.8
100.0
.2
507
100.0
System
Total
Table 14
Newsworthiness was calculated with timeliness, proximity and backgrounds
presented. The journalistic value on the other hand was measured by
correlating the presence of traditional sources, balance and structure of the
story. Out of 169 articles, 54% were not considered to be journalistic despite
being newsworthy.
Journ_value
Frequency
Valid
0
1
Total
274
233
507
Table 15
35
Percent
54.0
46.0
100.0
Valid
Percent
54.0
46.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
54.0
100.0
Chapter 5
Discussion
There have been many studies about the usage of Twitter as a tool of news
dissemination. The main difference of this study from those is that the
research focuses on its usage as a source. In relation with Broersma and
Graham (2012), employment of social media by journalists turning into beats,
this study dives into that type of newsgathering.
The researchers classified this new type of writing, utilizing public tweets from
Twitter as sources of news an innovative beat, calling it Netizen Beat. In the
case of this study, Twitter is brought into the spotlight. With the statistical data
certain the researchers place netizen beat under scrutiny.
The difference of this study from other evaluations is the attempt to simplify
the measurements of the quality of journalism. Different studies offer different
stages and levels of assessments and some are only applicable on one type,
some may be shared between platforms. However, online journalism is still
mostly experimental. Unlike other mediums such as newspaper and TV which
are restricted by space and time, online media transcends these boundaries
(Shoemaker, 2006). These laid-back media provides a faster pace
information spreading. It also provides room for slack and error.
36
The researchers formulated five hypothesis to be the center of the study.

H1: Negative articles are more newsworthy than positive
ones.
H2: Newsworthiness depends on the number of tweets
H3: Neutral articles yield higher journalistic value than
articles with positive and negative tones.
H4: Higher number of tweets present in the article result to
poor journalistic value
H5: A tweet collective article can be newsworthy but not
journalistic
For the initial hypothesis, the tone of the articles were categorized with three
values positive, negative and neutral. However, the statistics showed that
the tone of the article has no significant effect on its newsworthiness.
The second premise was also debunked since the findings revealed that the
number of tweets present on the article had no bearing on its newsworthiness.
Since 90% of the articles were deemed newsworthy, this entails that most of
the topics of these stories can stand alone and may be written in different
angles.
37
This also opens a different view on netizen beat. It can be assumed that
netizen beat is an alternative angle for a news story. Netizen beat act as
follow-ups or support for the main angles of the story. For example, with the
elections coming up, presidential candidates own most of the news pages on
broadsheets and time slots on evening primetimes. Rappler tackled these
candidates by profiling them based on the perception of netizens. Some of
the notable articles were #Poe2016 or #TraPOE? Netizens react to Poe's
presidential bid, and Netizens express doubts on Binay, UNA. With the
expanse world of social networking sites, Twitter has provided a way to
generate the sentiments of the people. The net has created a new archetype
of personas by producing netizens as part of the publics identities (Hauben,
1995).
To cite another example, one of the topics on the articles was the Miss
Universe mishap, when host Steve Harvey crowned Miss Columbia as queen
instead of Miss Philippines. Instead of simply having articles that focused on
the incident, journalists now turn to the heat online, the capricious reactions
of the people on social networking sites and utilize these as news stories.
Hence, netizens react on articles.
38
The findings can be interpreted in such a way that the reactions from the
public are not a requirement to create a news story. They are merely
additional articles and are not entirely necessary.
The third hypothesis: Neutral articles yield higher journalistic value than
articles with positive and negative tones. Unlike the two hypotheses
discussed, the results of the statistical data compliments it. Since there were
three tones identified in the study, the statistics revealed that positive articles
were the least journalistic compared to negative and neutral ones.
Despite the difficulty of quantifying the journalistic value, the statistics
managed to identify its relationship with the tone of the articles. As indicated
on the results chapter, some parts of the test such as the tallies on sources
scored low on the Fleiss Kappa. However, this is due to the immeasurability
of the journalistic value. Still, the data remains to be an indicator that neutral
articles are more journalistic.
This can be explained by understanding that journalists try to add both sides
of the story in a news article. Most issues have their own pros and cons. Since
the articles being studied have issues that netizens react to, authors are
opened to a pool of both positive and negative feedback. Since netizen beat
does not require much research or study of the topic, presenting these
39
opposing public reaction allows the audience to form their own speculation
on the story.
The fourth hypothesis was made under the impression that the incorporation
of tweets within news articles defeats responsible journalism. However,
similar to the first two premises, the number of tweets does not actually aid
or worsen an articles journalistic value. The number of tweets present in an
article remain insignificant, similar to its relation to newsworthiness.
However, despite these findings, it remains that only 54% of the articles were
journalistic. This meant that traditional journalism must still be followed in
writing articles online. This can be an indicator of the laxness of online
journalists compared to broadsheet and broadcast.
These raise the question of gatekeeping on such type of articles. How
established are the editorial boards of online sections?
This brings the last hypothesis into light, not all tweet collective articles are
journalistic despite being newsworthy. The data indicated a clear difference
on each aspect. 90.1% were newsworthy but only 54% of the 169 articles are
journalistic.
One of the most critical elements that tweet collective articles lack were
presence of credible sources. 73.9% of the articles lacked legitimate human
40
sources and 90.9% did not provide interviews. These show certain
dependency on the public tweets provided. Since the articles were focused
on netizen reactions, it fails to truly assess the issues it tackle but instead
creates a viewing center for people sharing the same sentiments.
Unlike photographs which complement and somehow justify articles, public
tweets blend with authored content. Because tweets are words, they become
a more critical part of the article. Writers may not feel the need to add and
identify the essential key points if its provided by the garnered tweets.
What the writers miss is that these people are not credible sources of news
as they are not directly involved with the issue. They also have no authority
or expertise over it. It turns news writing in a compiling session of public
sentiments which defeats its true responsibility. According to Lewis et al
(2013) the usage of hashtags makes this job easier for online journalists. This
type of sources maybe taken in bulk without having direct interaction with the
tweeter. Twitter offers an entire cyber realm for crowdsourcing (Lewis et al,
2013).
Aside from that, these people are not considered as news writers. That job
remains for the journalists that employed to create actual news articles. This
dependency on content from the public audience creates a shift in the
newswriting process. An article entitled Netizens react to #Napoles denials
41
published by the Inquirer back in 2013 stood out among the rest of the articles
in this category. It contained about 9 tweets that featured memes and parodic
pictures and zero paragraphs from the author, which was not identified.
Information from the internet should complement your article, not replace it
(Rogers, 2011). Due to its written form, tweets affect the audience differently
than photographs which leads to the dependency of journalists. The collected
tweets then become substitutes for authored content which defeats the
purpose of journalism.
Another example would be an article published by Rappler back in 2012,
Netizens react to Manny Pacquiao's anti-gay views. The article failed to
provide substantial information regarding the actual issue. The incident was
not reported nor identified. The article simply wrote transitions for viewpoints
presented from public tweets.
Despite being taught elements that make good journalistic articles, an actual
basis or set of criteria in evaluating the quality of journalism remains to be
theoretically vague. No assessment can still be called universal in measuring
quality journalism since there remains to be a wide variety of categories to be
considered (Cudal et al, 2015)
42
Though the exact value of journalism remains to be unquantifiable, it still

stands that more than half of the articles did not provide sufficient elements
to be considered journalistic. This means that despite being newsworthy,
public reactions must still be regulated and assessed before being published.
Despite the unlimited space and lack of time constraint, online writers must
still practice conventional journalism, similar to print or radio. Sourcing has
been a critical lapse in tweet collective articles and must be improved.
This can also be due to the prominence of entertainment in the evaluated
articles. Since 40.3% of the articles studied fall under entertainment, it reveals
that most of the audiences reaction revolve around showbiz rather than true
informative stories. However, due to the elections coming up, political issues
also gather heat from the public. Regulation then becomes of utmost
importance.
Overall, tweet collective articles prove to be a challenging task to analyze
especially without any concrete measurement for the aspects evaluated. This
type of journalism will continue to flourish and therefore must be studied
further in the future.
43
Chapter 6
Conclusion
The results of our study clearly suggests that todays online journalists use
Twitter not to disseminate news but as the source of news itself. With the click
of a mouse, or a tap on a smartphone, young journalists have access to
virtually unlimited amounts of online information (Rogers, 2015). Moreover,
the information that they get for these kinds of articles are reactions of
netizens about certain topics. On the articles that the researchers gathered,
online news organizations used tweets from ordinary people, meaning that
they are not verified by Twitter because they are not a public personality,
which makes it clear that they did not lift the netizens reactions because of
the influence that they can give to the readers but because of the content of
the tweet itself.
Secondly, the netizen beat trend is based more on the entertainment that it
can provide to the audience, rather than the information that it can offer to the
people. Most of the topics of the articles falling in this category were focused
on entertainment. This proves that Filipino netizens react more on issues from
the showbiz and celebrities. Considering that the 2016 Philippine Presidential
Elections is near, was rated second.
44
These tweet collective articles may have more screen shots of tweets than
the number of paragraphs of the article itself but still they can provide enough
background information that can support the reactions of the netizens. Some
articles also provide two tones of the story; positive and negative, which
showcases unbiased journalism. Since online news organizations can
release unlimited articles a day, editors doesnt need to limit its writers to
make articles about anything and since they are online news and can be
browsed through smart phones and the internet, why not get topics from the
pool of rants and thoughts of the people on Twitter.
This proves that netizens can be both the audience and the news itself. Such
tweet reactions can be really helpful in times of emergency. For example,
during earthquakes or other natural disasters, netizens can easily share their
situation to other people that can help them. This is a whole new level of usergenerated content because they not only contribute to the news but they are
the news.
Before, reporters do include tweets as a support to a story (Broersma and
Graham, 2013). Now, these twitter reactions that turns into news proves that
the structure of news changes over time. Who would have thought that a
simple tweet from an ordinary person that can only have 140 characters or
less can be turned into a hard news that can be published? Netizens are
45
becoming news writers because, technically, their tweets are the news itself
and the articles that the journalist wrote can just be the supporting details and
additional background information but that should not be the case because it
can defeat the purpose of journalism. Online news organizations should
properly gate keep or filter the news that they are publishing and the
journalistic value of each article should always be intact.
This study proves that the netizen beat is both an improvement and
regression. It is an improvement because there is now a new kind of article
that can both entertain and inform the people. On the other hand, it is a
regression because as what Rogers (2015) said, information taken from the
Internet should be a complement to, but not a substitute for a journalists own
original reporting. It seems like more journalists are now finding news inside
the newsroom rather than the field where the actual action is really going on.
46
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48
Annex A
2012
1. https://storify.com/rappler/netizens-react-to-missuniverse2012results
2. http://dzmm.abscbnnews.com/news/National/Netizens,_galit,_disma
yado_sa_resulta_ng_Miss_Universe_2012.html
3. http://storify.com/rappler/citizens-react-to-manny-pacquiao-s-antigay-views/embed?
4. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/6216-how-the-online-communityreacted-to-corona-s-conviction
5. http://www.rappler.com/nation/6219-santiago-s-fury-draws-sharpreactions
6. http://rp3.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/06/11/12/funny-posts-lamentingpacquiao-loss-go-viral
7. http://entertainment.inquirer.net/42483/what-netizens-say-on-phillipphillips-%E2%80%98american-idol%E2%80%99-win-2
8. http://entertainment.inquirer.net/36243/american-idol-judges-savejessica-sanchez
9. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/257813/news/pinoyabroad/
pinoy-netizens-cheer-jessica-sanchez-as-she-makes-it-to-top-3
10. https://storify.com/rappler/netizens-react-to-jessica-sanchez-srendition-of-t
49
11. http://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/2012/07/10/826679/netizensmourn-dolphys-passing
12. http://tcdn04.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/07/10/12/netizenspay-tribute-dolphy
2013
13. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/323768/showbiz/showbizab
road/netizens-react-to-miley-cyrus-s-shocking-2013-vmaperformance
14. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2013/10/01/1240263/fb-usersracist-post-vs-megan-filipinos-angers-netizens
15. http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/netizens-blame-ariellaaridas-loss-on-gown-want-pinoy-designers-to-clothe-miss-ph-nextyear/
16. http://technology.inquirer.net/31391/netizens-react-to-napolesdenials
17. http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/11/14/1256607/korinasanchez-reacts-anderson-coopers-mali-mali-report
18. http://technology.inquirer.net/32709/netizens-react-to-binay-villageguards-row
19. http://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/11/918435/netizens-reactpbas-decision-ban-balkman
50
20. https://storify.com/rappler/netizens-react-to-possible-napoleshospital-arrest
21. http://rp3.abs-cbnnews.com/sports/06/08/13/netizens-reactabanilla%E2%80%99s-exit-la-salle
22. http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/11/24/13/netizens-celebratepacquiao-seals-comeback
23. https://storify.com/abscbnnews/pacquiao-rios-match-creates-socialmedia-buzz
24. http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/04/17/931751/netizensthrow-mixed-reactions-tugonons-breakup-bf
25. http://www.rappler.com/nation/38212-netizens-views-hospital-arrestnapoles
26. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoonyolanda/43612-korina-sanchez-anderson-cooper
27. http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/11/18/1258157/netizens
-abuzz-over-korinas-alleged-suspension-abs-cbn-mum
-weigh-ogie-alcasids-reported-tv5-transfer
29. http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/09/09/1190261/netizensask-prayforzamboanga
30. http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2013/09/11/1197981/classperspective-netizens-weigh-kris-aquinos-mrt-experience
51
2014
31. http://www.rappler.com/nation/special-coverage/sona/2014/64598sona2014-social-media-reactions
32. http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/60321-netizensjinggoy-estrada-speech
33. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/07/28/1351242/whatfilipino-netizens-think-sona-2014
34. http://entertainment.inquirer.net/147411/netizens-react-on-mannypacquiao-spoof-hilarious-or-offensive
35. https://storify.com/rappler/oscars2014
36. http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/call-her-miley-netizens-react-tokris-aquinos-new-short-hairdo
37. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/08/13/1357176/netizensreact-mrt-mishap
38. http://www.philstar.com/sports/2014/08/09/1355681/netizens-reactrare-win-uaap
39. http://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/10/19/14/netizens-react-pacquiaospba-debut
40. http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/63319-netizenreactions-aquino-dap-speech
41. http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/technology/136-viral/47604nazarene-2014-chaos-altar
52
42. http://www.gmanetwork.com/community/articles/2014-0809/1461/Netizens-react-to-the-DongYan-Royal-Engagement
43. http://starcinema.abs-cbn.com/latest-news/netizens-react-to-krisaquinos-pixie-cut
44. http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/11/11/14/netizens-react-joskobinay-duwag-political-suicide
45. http://www.rappler.com/sports/by-sport/boxingmma/pacquiao/75838-pacquiao-algieri-unanimous-decision
46. http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/video-jessica-sanchezvs-ashanti-in-anthem-sing-off-at-pacquiao-bradley-2/
47. http://www.philstar.com/showbiz/news/2014/04/02/1307950/netizenmixed-alleged-anne-sam-bar-confrontation
48. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/397140/showbiz/chikaminut
e/dingdong-marian-wedding-sinubaybayan-ng-netizens-bagongkasal-inulan-ng-pagbati
49. http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/life-health/76625-doh-antipregnancy-video-flak
50. http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/68108-netizenssupport-gilas-pilipinas-elimination-fiba-world-cup-2014
51. http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/72903-netizensuber-ltfrb
53
52. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/75584-condo-policy-onlineconversation
53. http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/fashion/66239-makeuptransformation-celebrities
54. http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/67800-netizensapplaud-andray-blatche-fiba-world-cup-2014
55. http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/71393-popefrancis-ph-netizens-wishes
56. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/budget-watch/48445-shownetizens-weigh-revilla-speech
57. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/67636-mrt-challenge-governmentofficials
-still-proud-bianca-guidotti-after-ms.-international
59. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/08/13/1357173/netizensstill-chickensad
60. http://www.philstar.com/sports/2014/09/27/1373830/almightyalapag-captures-netizens-hearts-close-loss
61. http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/11/23/1395041/celebsnetizens-hail-mannys-win-against-algieri
62. http://www.philstar.com/sports/2014/09/14/1369042/netizens-sharefearless-forecast-2014-uaap-cheerdance-tiff
54
63. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/12/09/1400822/filipinonetizens-share-thingstodopagmalamig
64. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/10/22/1383180/laude-orpemberton-netizens-take-sides-olongapo-slay-case
65. http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/12/09/1400800/netizensslam-plagiarized-doh-video
66. http://www.philstar.com/gadgets/2014/09/10/1367523/iphone-6draws-mixed-reactions-filipino-netizens
67. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/07/28/1351245/netizenstake-sona-2014-fashion
68. http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/09/19/1370869/25hugotsatagulan-quotes-netizens
-kris-herbert-relationship
70. http://technology.inquirer.net/36728/revillas-speech-music-video-nota-hit-among-netizens
2015
71. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/96778-netizens-oblation-back-uplogo-uaap
72. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/82250-netizens-aquino-who-gaveorders
55
73. http://www.rappler.com/technology/features/91925-radian6-scanpacquiao-mayweather
74. http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/missuniverse/116667-viral-social-media-2015-mixup
75. http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/107976-netizensreaction-unhappy-cheerdance-results-2015
76. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/548662/lifestyle/netizensshare-hugot-lines-on-miss-universe-announcement-mishap
77. http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/217375/miss-bulgaria-loves-piawurtzbach-earns-ph-netizens-praise
-winwyn-victim-network-war
79. http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/07/27/15/disgruntled-netizenscounter-pnoys-sona-sonangaling
80. http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-congratulate-miss-grandinternational-3rd-runner-up-parul-shah/
81. http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/national-day-of-brokenheartednetizens-rue-philippines-loss-in-fiba-world-cup-bid
82. http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/81044-netizensreact-disrupted-telco-services-papal-visit
83. http://www.interaksyon.com/article/103966/hugas-kamay--netizensreact-to-pnoy-address-on-mamasapano-misencounter
56
84. http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-laud-poe-after-genuine-come-backat-critics/
85. http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-react-to-earthquake/
86. http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-defend-andrea-brillantes-onalleged-scandal/
87. http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-react-on-aldub-meeting/
88. http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/105049duterte-not-running-announcement-netizens-reactions
89. http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-find-humor-in-mondays-epic-trafficgridlock/
90. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/106094-poe2016-trapoe-netizensreact-grace-poe
91. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/106309-leni-robredo-netizen-reax
92. http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/106816-binay-tvad-twitter-reactions
93. http://www.philstar.com/newsfeature/2015/10/02/1506337/daangmatuwad-netizens-reacttwerking-girls-lp-event
94. http://www.mb.com.ph/netizens-react-on-binay-honasan-tandem/
95. http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/209188/imee-marcos-mag-cover-drawsmixed-reaction-from-netizens
57
96. http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/109364-netizensreact-miriam-santiago-bongbong-marcos-phvote-2016
97. http://www.gmanetwork.com/community/articles/2015-1106/1894/Netizens-react-EncantadiaRebirth2016
98. http://www.philstar.com/radar/2015/11/18/1523271/funniestreactions-apec-hottie-trend
99. http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/12/01/1527844/catholicsblast-rodrigo-duterte-cursing-pope-francis
100.
http://technology.inquirer.net/45701/netizens-question-
ramon-bautistas-support-for-roxas
101.
http://technology.inquirer.net/45947/netizens-post-sharp-
witty-tweets-vs-steve-harvey-miss-universe-gaffe
102.
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/548662/lifestyle/neti
zens-share-hugot-lines-on-miss-universe-announcement-mishap
103.
http://www.philstar.com/news-
feature/2015/01/26/1416965/patay-tv-filipino-netizens-react-mjlastimosas-loss
104.
https://storify.com/YouScoop/netizens-react-to-emotional-
espina
105.
http://www.mb.com.ph/video-netizens-react-on-dutertes-
decision-not-to-run-for-2016/
58
106.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/109914-
netizens-reaction-earthquake
107.
http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/12/04/netizens-
reactions-20-day-tro-vs-grabcar-uber-applications.html
108.
http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/07/27/What-netizens-
thought-of-President-Aquinos-last-SONA.html
109.
http://www.rappler.com/nation/special-
coverage/sona/2015/100678-reaction-sona-2015-twitter
110.
http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/100674-
sona-2015-memes
111.
http://technology.inquirer.net/43338/sona2015-netizens-
cheer-jeer-aquinos-last-sona
112.
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/529450/news/nation
/youscoop-netizens-react-to-pnoy-s-final-sona-in-3-words
113.
http://www.interaksyon.com/article/103013/kapal-epal--
pinoy-netizens-nix-napoles-wearing-of-pope-francis-shirt
114.
http://entertainment.inquirer.net/186511/186511
115.
http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/gma/articles/201
5-11-11/19790/Netizens-react-sa-pagdating-ni-Lola-Babah-sa-kalyeserye-ng-Eat-Bulaga
116.
http://www.rappler.com/sports/by-sport/basketball/gilas-
pilipinas/107999-netizens-reaction-fiba-asia-philippines-china
59
117.
laglag-bala-naia-netizens-reaction
118.
http://www.rappler.com/sports/101921-heartbreaking-china-
philippines-fiba-world-cup
119.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/98655-binay-bracelets-
cross
120.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/106746-netizens-reflect-
september-21-martial-law-peace-day
121.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/106336-staynegathive-
netizen-conversation-hiv-aids
122.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/109140-phvote-
miriam2016-miriam-santiago-trends-twitter
123.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/98021-netizens-reaction-
junjun-binay-steps-down
124.
mnl50shadesofgrey-hashtag-twitter
125.
revilla-senate-twitter-reactions
126.
netizens-apec-2015
127.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/103026-pldt-globe-provide-
poor-philippines-internet-services-netizens
60
128.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/104305-inc-protest-victory-
deal-aquino-government
129.
http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/98110-
netizens-binay-una-launch-reaction
130.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/108220-never-again-
netizens-hail-senator-ferdinand-marcos-vice-president-bid
131.
prayfornepal-netizens-support-quake-victims
132.
neverforget911-trending-september-11-attacks
133.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/80342-online-conversation-
idolatry-religion-respect
134.
http://www.rappler.com/technology/109130-netizens-
presidential-eligibility
135.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/106216-netizen-reaction-
president-aquino-marwan-saf44
136.
http://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/83635-gen-
espina-trending
137.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/100680-netizens-sona-
2015-three-words
138.
http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/81606-
netizens-dswd-pope-street-families
61
139.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/93013-philippines-leaders-
netizens-ideal-2016-elections
140.
http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/835-
shareph/113301-netizens-travel-destinations-local-food-apec-2015
141.
feature/2015/03/30/1439148/netizens-what-should-be-josie-rizalsfinishing-move
142.
http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2015/08/26/1492465/
netizens-commend-angelica-panganibans-palaban-responsebashers
143.
netizens-slam-noli-de-castro-rude-air-attitude-towards-winnie
144.
feature/2015/09/15/1500085/netizens-abuzz-over-viral-photo-cleanflooded-subway-japan
145.
http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2015/11/05/1518709/j
anicel-lubinas-poverty-speech-touches-netizens-hearts
146.
feature/2015/11/20/1524012/netizens-commend-japans-first-ladyvisiting-payatas
147.
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/11/12/1521117/netiz
ens-canadas-pm-trudeau-please-take-your-garbage-back
62
148.
feature/2015/08/24/1491694/netizens-balikbayan-box-every-ofwslove-box
149.
feature/2015/10/13/1510323/netizens-rejoice-over-miriamspresidential-bid
150.
feature/2015/11/14/1521851/netizens-decry-paris-attacks-offerprayers-through-prayforparis
151.
feature/2015/09/17/1500873/istandwithahmed-netizens-enragedover-racism-against-14-year-old
152.
ens-slam-abad-binay-roxas-welcoming-pope
153.
feature/2015/01/15/1413200/netizens-welcome-lolo-kiko-philippines
154.
http://www.philstar.com/movies/2015/08/18/1489467/netizen
s-abuzz-over-one-more-chance-sequel-teaser
155.
ens-pope-francis-you-will-be-missed
156.
feature/2015/04/21/1446331/viral-netizens-swoon-over-cute-fastfood-chain-manager
63
157.
netizens-did-jason-dy-win-because-sarah-gs-fanbase
158.
feature/2015/04/29/1449230/netizens-rejoice-mary-jane-spareddeath
159.
http://www.philstar.com/popefrancisinph/news/2015/01/20/14
14897/netizens-say-goodbye-good-looking-papal-swiss-guards
160.
http://cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2015/09/02/Netizens-react-
google-new-logo.html
161.
http://technology.inquirer.net/42018/netizens-firing-squad-
for-celia-veloso
2016
162.
feature/2016/02/22/1555701/pilipinas-debates-2016-duriam-kulubotna-daan-confidently-masikip
163.
http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/02/20/16/its-official-
james-nadine-now-a-couple
164.
news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/01/28/16/dead-mouse-in-coffee-
netizens-react
165.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/121470-
netizens-agriculture-hunger-election-issues
64
166.
http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/120608
-campaign-funding-netizens
167.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/119038-veto-pension-hike-
disappointing-unfair-netizens
168.
http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/121082
-cebu-binay-country-banner-tarp-iec-2016
169.
http://www.philstar.com/radar/2016/03/09/1561147/netizens-
share-photos-solar-eclipse-taken-across-philippines
170.
http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/welcome-home-pia-
netizens-share-the-excitement-of-welcoming-miss-universe-2015
65
Annex B
Name of Online
Media Organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Headline
Write down the

headline of the
article.
Name of reporter
Write down the

name of the
writer/s of the
article. If
unavailable write:
uncredited
Date
Write down the

date the article was
published.
Tweets involved
Write down the

number of general
public tweets
included. (Tweets
from unverified
twitter accounts)
1. Theme of the
article
What was the

theme of the
article?
66
Rappler
Philstar
Inquirer
MB
ABSCBN
GMA
CNN
Interaksyon
mm/dd/yyyy
1. Crime
2. Domestic issues
3. Politics/ elections
4. Business/ corporate/
consumer news
5. Health
6. Environment
7. Entertainment/
sports
8. Accidents/ disaster
9. Defense and foreign
policy
10. Culture/ arts
11. Religion
12. Media and
journalism
13. Science and
technology
14. Other (Pls. specify.)
2. Tone of the
article
What was the tone

of the article?
4. Topic I
Relevance of the
topic
Timeliness
Was the article
published at most
two days after the
issue/event or
within the period of
an ongoing
issue/trend?
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Neutral
1.
2.
YES
NO
1.
2.
YES
NO
Proximity
Did the topic of the
article occur in the
Philippines?
5. Topic II
Did the reporter

include any
67
1. YES
2. NO
Background of
the topic
6. Sources I
Legitimate
human source
background
information or
mention previous
reports about the
topic of the article?
Did the reporter
cite/quote
statements from
legitimate human
sources? (persons
of authority,
celebrities, public
officials, experts)
1.
2.
YES
NO
____________
How many
legitimate human
sources were used
in the article?
7. Source II
Interviews
Did the reporter

include interviews
in the article?
1.
2.
How many people

were interviewed?
____________
Were the persons

interviewed
identified? (to be
classified as
identified the
article must provide
both the first name
last name of the
interviewee)
68
1.
2.
YES
NO
YES
NO
1. YES
2. NO
3. Not applicable
8. Source III
Documents
9. Balance
Overall: were the

interviews reliable?
Aside from the
tweets presented,
were there other
documents used?
(Press releases,
court documents,
statistics, official
websites, other
social media
platforms)
1.
2.
YES
NO
1.
2.
YES
NO
1.
2.
YES
NO
Did the article

contain opposing
viewpoints?
1.
2.
YES
NO
Did the article

contain
complementary
viewpoints?
1.
2.
YES
NO
Did the article

include more than
one viewpoint on
the topic or issue of
the article?
(Viewpoint is
regarded as the
Overall: Is the
article balanced?
10. Structure in
story
0 bad structure: the

logic and the link
(arrangement)
between the
arguments are not
69
0. Bad Structure
explicitly mentioned
in the text.
1 average: the logic
and the links
between the
arguments are
sometimes made,
sometimes not.
1. Average
2. Very Good
2 very good (A): The

links between the
different parts of the
story are clearly
described in most
cases. Logical flow is
well done, strong line
of argumentation.
This coding sheet is patterned after Cudal, Lorzano and Yatcos An Exploratory Test
of Indicators to Quality Journalism: A Content Analysis (2015).
70

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

University of Santo Tomas

Analyzing Online Media: Gauging the Quality of Tweet

UST was acknowledged a Center of Development in journalism by the Commission on

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL FOR DEFENSE

Analyzing Online Media: Gauging the

prepared and submitted by

Bautista, Ioannina; Ladera, Chris; Mendoza, Emiaj

MS. JANICE CAVE

ASST. PROF. JEREMAIAH M. OPINIANO

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

MS. JANICE CAVE

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

2.2 Theoretical framework

2.3 Research Simulacrum

3.3 Data Collection

3.4 Data Analysis

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

news and information (Broersma and Graham, 2013). According to their

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

Because of this, Twitter can now suggest a foundation for co-construction

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

As journalism has become more participatory and collaborative (Abramson,

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

2.2. Theoretical Framework

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

content as presented by the media is somehow an effect of the changing

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

2.3. Research Simulacrum

Figure 1: Research simulacrum

H1: Negative articles are more newsworthy than positive ones

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

3.3. Data collection procedure

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

3.4. Data analysis

Topic Since it is perceived that these articles are significant

Relevance of the topic

Timeliness - Whether the article was produced within

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF ARTS AND LETTERS

Proximity Whether the issue happened inside the

Background of the topic This measures the importance of

Sources The credibility of any journalistic piece is its source. This

Legitimate human source Persons of authority with regards

Interviews An interview provides a solid foundation and

support for a news story.

Documents Similar to interviews, documents offer concrete

basis for any news story.

Balance The presentation of different viewpoints to eliminate bias

Structure in story There are certain specifications in writing

journalistically. Traditional journalism follows conventional structural types