9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 1 / 12

Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin

insulating layer.
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
will be present on the lower plate.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 2 / 12

Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin

insulating layer.
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
will be present on the lower plate.

There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates
proportional to q .
d
v = A
q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is
the permittivity of the insulating layer (0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 2 / 12

Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin

insulating layer.
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
will be present on the lower plate.

There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates
proportional to q .
d
v = A
q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is
the permittivity of the insulating layer (0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).
The quantity C = A
d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F),
hence q = Cv .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 2 / 12

Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin

insulating layer.
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
will be present on the lower plate.

There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates
proportional to q .
d
v = A
q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is
the permittivity of the insulating layer (0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).
The quantity C = A
d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F),
hence q = Cv .
The current, i, is the rate of charge on the plate, hence the
dq

capacitor equation: i = dt = C dv
dt .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 2 / 12

Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

Capacitor symbol represents the two separated

plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
the material used as the insulator.

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 3 / 12

Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor symbol represents the two separated

plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
the material used as the insulator.
Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 3 / 12

Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor symbol represents the two separated

plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
the material used as the insulator.
Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 3 / 12

Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor symbol represents the two separated

plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
the material used as the insulator.
Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.
Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil
separated by paper soaked in conducting
electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer
on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 3 / 12

Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor symbol represents the two separated

plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
the material used as the insulator.
Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.
Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil
separated by paper soaked in conducting
electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer
on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised: the foil with the oxide layer must
always be at a positive voltage relative to the other (else explosion).
Negative terminal indicated by a curved plate in symbol

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 3 / 12

Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor symbol represents the two separated

plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
the material used as the insulator.
Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.
Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil
separated by paper soaked in conducting
electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer
on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised: the foil with the oxide layer must
always be at a positive voltage relative to the other (else explosion).
Negative terminal indicated by a curved plate in symbol or -.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 3 / 12

Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often

around a steel or ferrite core.

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 4 / 12

Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often

around a steel or ferrite core.

N A

The magnetic flux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of

turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil
(around the toroid).

is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its
permeability. For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, for
steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 4 / 12

Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often

around a steel or ferrite core.

N A

The magnetic flux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of

turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil
(around the toroid).

is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its
permeability. For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, for
steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.
From Faradays law: v = N d
dt =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

N 2 A di
l
dt

di
= L dt
.

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 4 / 12

Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often

around a steel or ferrite core.

N A

The magnetic flux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of

turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil
(around the toroid).

is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its
permeability. For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, for
steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.
From Faradays law: v = N d
dt =

N 2 A di
l
dt

We measure the inductance, L =

N 2 A
,
l

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

di
= L dt
.

in Henrys (H).

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 4 / 12

Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship

between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 5 / 12

Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship

between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Resistor: v = Ri

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 5 / 12

Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship

between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Resistor: v = Ri

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
Inductor: v = L dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 5 / 12

Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship

between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Resistor: v = Ri

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
Inductor: v = L dt

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 5 / 12

Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship

between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Resistor: v = Ri

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
Inductor: v = L dt

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt

Notes: (1) There are no minus signs anywhere whatever you were taught at
school.
(2) We use lower case, v , for time-varying voltages.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 5 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

v = v1 + v2

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

d(i1 +i2 )
dt

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

d(i1 +i2 )
di1
=
dt
dt

di2
dt

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
dt

=
=

d(i1 +i2 )
di1
di2
=
+
dt
dt
dt

v
1
1
v
L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
dt

=
=

v=

d(i1 +i2 )
di1
di2
=
+
dt
dt
dt

v
1
1
v
L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1
di
1 dt
1
L +L
1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
dt

=
=

v=

d(i1 +i2 )
di1
di2
=
+
dt
dt
dt

v
1
1
v
L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1
di
1 dt
1
L +L
1

Same as a single inductor of value

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

1
L1

1
+ L1

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
dt

=
=

v=

d(i1 +i2 )
di1
di2
=
+
dt
dt
dt

v
1
1
v
L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1
di
1 dt
1
L +L
1

Same as a single inductor of value

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

1
L1

1
+ L1

L1 L2
L1 +L2

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

di
di
+ L2 dt
v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
di
= (L1 + L2 ) dt

Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

di
dt

=
=

v=

d(i1 +i2 )
di1
di2
=
+
dt
dt
dt

v
1
1
v
L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1
di
1 dt
1
L +L
1

Same as a single inductor of value

1
L1

1
+ L1

L1 L2
L1 +L2

Inductors combine just like resistors.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 6 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

i = i1 + i2

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

dv
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

d(v1 +v2 )
dt

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

dv
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

d(v1 +v2 )
dv1
=
dt
dt

dv2
dt

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

dv
dt

d(v1 +v2 )
dv1
=
dt
dt

i
C1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

i
C2

=i

1
C1

dv2
dt

1
C2

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

dv
dt

=
i=

d(v1 +v2 )
dv1
=
dt
dt

i
C1
1
C1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

i
C2

=i

1
C1

dv2
dt

1
C2

1
dv
1 dt
+C
2

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

dv
dt

=
i=

d(v1 +v2 )
dv1
=
dt
dt

i
C1
1
C1

i
C2

=i

1
C1

dv2
dt

1
C2

1
dv
1 dt
+C
2

Same as a single capacitor of value

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

1
C1

1
+ C1

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

dv
dt

=
i=

d(v1 +v2 )
dv1
=
dt
dt

i
C1
1
C1

i
C2

=i

1
C1

dv2
dt

1
C2

1
dv
1 dt
+C
2

Same as a single capacitor of value

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

1
C1

1
+ C1

C1 C2
C1 +C2

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

dv
i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv
dt + C2 dt

= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2

dv
dt

=
i=

d(v1 +v2 )
dv1
=
dt
dt

i
C1
1
C1

i
C2

=i

1
C1

dv2
dt

1
C2

1
dv
1 dt
+C
2

Same as a single capacitor of value

1
C1

1
+ C1

C1 C2
C1 +C2

Capacitors combine just like conductances (i.e. parallel capacitors add).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di
Inductor: v = L dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

= v = .

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt

= v = .

This never happens so ...

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt

= v = .

This never happens so ...

The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
For the voltage to change abruptly
dv
dt

= i = .

This never happens so ...

The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt

= v = .

This never happens so ...

The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously.
Informal version: An inductor tries to keep its current constant.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt .

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

idt =

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

C dv
dt dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

idt =

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

v(t )

[v]v(t12 )

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

v(t )

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

[v]v(t12 ) =

C
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

(v(t2 ) v(t1 ))

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

v(t )

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

[v]v(t12 ) =

C
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

(v(t2 ) v(t1 ))

(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average

current exactly equals zero.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

v(t )

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

[v]v(t12 ) =

C
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

(v(t2 ) v(t1 ))

(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average

current exactly equals zero.
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

v(t )

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

[v]v(t12 ) =

C
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

(v(t2 ) v(t1 ))

(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average

current exactly equals zero.
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .
The average current through a capacitor is zero

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

v(t )

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

[v]v(t12 ) =

C
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

(v(t2 ) v(t1 ))

(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average

current exactly equals zero.
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .
The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

v(t )

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

[v]v(t12 ) =

C
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

(v(t2 ) v(t1 ))

(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average

current exactly equals zero.
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .
The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
t2 t1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

R t2
t1

idt =

C
t2 t1

1
t2 t1

R t2
t1

v(t )

C
C dv
dt
=
dt
t2 t1

[v]v(t12 ) =

C
t2 t1

R v(t2 )
v(t1 )

dv

(v(t2 ) v(t1 ))

(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average

current exactly equals zero.
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .
The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this.
Average can either be over an exact number of periods of a repetitive
waveform or else the long-term average (provided v and i remain
bounded).
v is bounded means |v| always stays less than a predefined maximum
value.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A buck converter converts a high

voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
of the time. a is the duty cycle and
is 13 in this example.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A buck converter converts a high

voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
of the time. a is the duty cycle and
is 13 in this example.
When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A buck converter converts a high

voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
of the time. a is the duty cycle and
is 13 in this example.
When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A buck converter converts a high

voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
of the time. a is the duty cycle and
is 13 in this example.
When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A buck converter converts a high

voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
of the time. a is the duty cycle and
is 13 in this example.
When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .
The average current through R is aV
R so, since the average current through

C must be zero, the average current iL must also be

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

aV
R

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

A buck converter converts a high

voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
of the time. a is the duty cycle and
is 13 in this example.
When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .
The average current through R is aV
R so, since the average current through

C must be zero, the average current iL must also be

aV
R

C dy
dt = iL iR if C is large, then the variations in y will be very small.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors

[Do not memorize this circuit]

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

A buck converter converts a high

voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

The switch, S , closes for a fraction a

of the time. a is the duty cycle and
is 13 in this example.
When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .
The average current through R is aV
R so, since the average current through

C must be zero, the average current iL must also be

aV
R

C dy
dt = iL iR if C is large, then the variations in y will be very small.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

R t2

t=t1

v dv
dt dt

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

R t2

v dv dt=
t=t1 dt

R v(t2 )

v=v(t1 )

vdv

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C
=C

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

R t2

v dv dt=
t=t1 dt

R v(t2 )

v=v(t1 )

vdv


2 v(t2 )
2 v v(t1 )

1

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C
=C

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

R t2

v dv dt=
t=t1 dt


1
2 v(t2 )
=
v
2
2C
v(t1 )

1

R v(t2 )

v=v(t1 )
2

vdv
2

v (t2 ) v (t1 )

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C
=C

R t2

v dv dt=
t=t1 dt


1
2 v(t2 )
=
v
2
2C
v(t1 )

1

R v(t2 )

v=v(t1 )
2

vdv
2

v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C
=C

R t2

v dv dt=
t=t1 dt


1
2 v(t2 )
=
v
2
2C
v(t1 )

1

R v(t2 )

v=v(t1 )
2

vdv
2

v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.
The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C
=C

R t2

v dv dt=
t=t1 dt


1
2 v(t2 )
=
v
2
2C
v(t1 )

1

R v(t2 )

v=v(t1 )
2

vdv
2

v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.
The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 21 Li2 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Power and Energy

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

R t2

So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.

1
For a capacitor i = C dv
dt , so

W =C
=C

R t2

v dv dt=
t=t1 dt


1
2 v(t2 )
=
v
2
2C
v(t1 )

1

R v(t2 )

v=v(t1 )
2

vdv
2

v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.
The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 21 Li2 .
If v and i remain bounded, then the average power absorbed by a
capacitor or inductor is always zero.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value

Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value
average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value
average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value
average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero
Inductor:
di
v = L dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value
average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero
Inductor:
di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value
average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero
Inductor:
di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)
average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value
average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero
Inductor:
di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)
average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors

Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

Capacitor:
i = C dv
dt
parallel capacitors add in value
average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero
Inductor:
di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)
average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero
For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 7.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150)

Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12