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Engineering
Lecture 2
Battery: Glossary and Terminology
Lecture
3
Instructor: Gholam-Abbas Nazri
2016
IC Engine
Battery
Transmission
Hybrid Powertrain
Major Components
Control Strategy
Thermal
management
Motor and
Power
Electronics
Micro - Engine is off at traffic light. This action eliminates or mitigates the
idling losses by turning the engine on and off.
Mild - Recharge during the deceleration as well like Honda Civic
Full or strong Like Toyota Prius
Plug-in It can be recharged by plugging it to electric outlet, like GM Volt &
recent Bold
Energy Storage
System
Battery
I
C
E
Transmission
Startor/
Alternator
Startor/
Alternator
Fuel
Reservoir
Micro Hybrid
Startor/
Alternator
I
C
E
Transmission
E Motor
I
C
E
Energy
Storage
System
Fuel
Reservoir
Full Hybrid
Transmission
E Motor
Fuel
Reservoir
Mild Hybrid
ICE
Battery
Serial
architecture
Glossary
and
Definition
Categories of Batteries
There are three types of chemical battery as such:
Chemical
Batteries
Chemical energy Electric Energy
Primary Batteries
(Non-Rechargeable)
Secondary
Batteries
(Rechargeable)
Batteries
Other
Batteries
Physical Energy
Batteries
Physical Energy
-- Electric Energy
1. Zinc-carbon batteries
2. Alkaline manganese
batteries
3. Lithium metal batteries
4. Others
1. Lead-acid batteries
2. Ni-Cd Alkaline
batteries
3. Ni-MH batteries
4. Lithium ion batteries
5. Others
Reserve batteries
Fuel cell
Solar cell, Nuclear
Energy
Lead-acid (Pb-acid)
Nickel-cadmium (NiCd)
Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH)
Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
Lithium-polymer (Li-poly)
Sodium-sulfur
Zinc/AgO
Zinc-carbon batteries are the least expensive primary batteries and thus a popular choice by
manufacturers when devices are sold with batteries included. High-power alkaline ZnMnO2
batteries
with superior discharge performance have been constructed using MnO2
nanowires/nanotubes and
electrolytic zinc powder as the cathode and anode active materials,
Ag-Zn is an aqueous alkaline system with very high specific power and energy (119Wh/kg),
but
operates over a small temperature range (5C to 40C) and is quite expensive due to the use
of silver.
They are still used in selected applications, such as launch vehicles (rockets) and torpedoes.
Typically
used in small button or coil cells, used for watches, calculators, etc.
Zinc/HgO
The first U.S. spacecraft, Explorer 1, which was first to detect the Van Allen Radiation Belt,
used a Zinc - Mercury Oxide (Zn-HgO) Battery. The mission lasted for 3.8 Months and the
battery made up approximately 40% of the payload weight. These cells have high volumetric
energy density, a very flat discharge profile, and good shelf life, but they are expensive, and
exhibit reduced performance below 0C.
Zinc/Air
Lead acid
Argonne Pack
Cell
Module
Pack
A battery can either posses high power or high energy, but not both.
Therefore, manufacturers will rank batteries by using these categories.
Another class is high durability which enables the battery to operate with a longer
life at the expense of power, energy or both
active layers >105 microns thick
The power (rate of energy delivery) depends on having sufficient mass and
electrical transport throughout the electrodes. In theory, higher power can
be achieved with:
smaller particles
higher surface area
larger fraction of porosity (i.e. more electrolyte)
thinner electrodes
Resistance (Internal)
Resistance (Internal)
While dependent on the SOC, this refers to the
internal resistance which is normally different for
charging and discharging.
As the resistance increases, the efficiency of the
battery decreases and thermal stability is reduced
while the charging energy is converted to heat.
Open-Circuit Voltage:
The measured voltage of
the cell or battery without
a load
Current and voltage profiles during constant current constant voltage charge
Voltage Charge
Current - mA
Voltage - V
Current
Voltage
Time, Minutes
Pb/acid
Zn/MnO2
alkaline
Zn/AgO
Ni/Cd
Ni/Metal
Hydride
Li/MnO2
Li
ion/LiCoO2
Cell
Voltage
2.0
1.4 1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
3.0
3.7
Cycle Life
This refers to the number of discharge/charge
cycles of the battery before performance failure.
Example:
70%
50%
4000
Urban
FUDS Federal
Urban Driving
Cycle
Highway
FHDS Federal Highway
Driving Cycle
Range
200 to 600
miles/tank
Tank Capacity
10 to 20
gallons
Fuel Economy *
10 to 60
miles/gallon
Fill up time
5 to 15
minutes
Gasoline Cost
1.5 to 5
$/gallon
Vehicle Cost
10,000 to 40,000
Acceleration, 0 to 60mph
12 to 6
seconds
Vehicle Weight
2000 to 4000
lb
-30 to 50
deg C