Water Cycle

Simplified diagram to illustrate how water is abstracted from

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the natural cycle and returned to it after usePrepared
and reuse.
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SOURCES OF WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL USE

Surface waters - Rivers, canals and lakes

Surface waters - Sea Water

Ground waters Bore wells

Rain Water

Municipal supply

Water recovered from treatment of industrial

effluents / municipal sewage.

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IMPURITIES IN SURFACE WATERS

Un-dissolved Impurities

Suspended solids

Colloidal particles

Organic matter

Algae

Bacteria including faecal

contamination

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 IMPURITIES IN SURFACE WATERS

Dissolved Impurities

Mineral salts present as Ions

Organic matter (Humic & Fulvic acids)

Detergents, lignosulfonic acids & organophosphates

Pesticides & Herbicides(from agri run off)

Dissolved gases.

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IMPURITIES IN GROUND WATERS

Un-dissolved impurities
Ground waters are generally free from undissolved impurities. In some areas, however,
water is clear when drawn but soon turns turbid
on exposure to air due to presence of iron and/
or manganese.

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 IMPURITIES IN GROUND WATERS

Dissolved impurities

Mineral salts present as ions

Iron, Manganese

Fluoride

Arsenic

Nitrate

Dissolved gases.

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
River, canal and lake waters

Seasonal variations in suspended solids, silt,

colloidal silica, organic matter (Humic and
Fulvic acids) which are high during monsoon

Low dissolved solids

Low in algae

Pollution from industrial/domestic wastes.

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 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sea Water
Same as rivers, canals and lakes, except that it is very high in
total dissolved solids.

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 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Ground waters

Relatively free from suspended solids and

colloidal particles

Low in organic matter

High in dissolved solids

Relatively free from industrial / domestic

pollution.

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 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Ground waters

Waters from some areas like West Bengal may

contain high levels of iron and / or manganese.
These waters are relatively clear when drawn but
turn turbid due to oxidation of iron and / or
manganese

Fluoride is present in some areas like Rajasthan,

Deccan Plateau and Madhya Pradesh

Arsenic is present in West Bengal and Bangladesh.

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 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Water supplied through municipal corporation
These waters are generally drawn from surface
water sources and are clarified, filtered and
chlorinated and are of potable water quality.

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COMPARISON OF SURFACE WATER,

GROUNDWATER AND SEAWATER
Parameter

Surface Water

Groundwater

Sea Water

Temperature

Variable

Constant

Variable

Suspended solids

Low High

Absent

Low - High

Turbidity

Low High

Very low

Low

Organic matter

Low High

Very low

Low High

Dissolved oxygen

Near saturation

Nearly absent

Near saturation

Salinity

Low Medium

Medium High

Very High

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WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Client
Sampling Date
Source
Parameter
Colour
Odour
Taste
Suspended Solids
Turbidity
pH
P Alkalinity
M Alkalinity
Equivalent Mineral Acidity

mg/l
NTU
mg/l CaCO3
mg/l CaCO3
mg/1 CaCO3
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 WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

Chloride
Sulphate
Total Hardness
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Iron
Silica
Total Dissolved Solids
Conductivity
Oxygen Absorbed
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Organic Carbon

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l CaCO3
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
S/cm
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
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Various Ion Exchange Resins

INDION
RESIN

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RESIN FOULING
Resins may be fouled by the following

Iron and heavy metal

Organics
Oil
Polyelectrolyte
Precipitates

CRC/MKS/07-2000

16

 RESIN FOULING
Resin fouled by iron and heavy metal is
treated with 10% w/v hydrochloric acid.
Two bed volumes are suggested.
Overnight soaking in the last bed volume is
recommended.

CRC/MKS/07-2000

17

 RESIN FOULING
Organically fouled anion resins are best treated
with an alkaline brine solution containing
10% w/v sodium chloride and 1% w/v sodium
hydroxide.
Two bed volumes are suggested.
Overnight soaking in the last bed volume is
recommended.

CRC/MKS/07-2000

18

 RESIN FOULING
Oil fouled resins can be cleaned by washing with
5% w/v sodium hydroxide or with dilute solutions
(0.5 - 1% w/v) appropriate surface active agents.
Polyelectrolytes used in the pretreatment of water
can result in irreversible fouling of resins. Carryover of
polyelectrolytes must be avoided by effective control
on their dosages.
Precipitates, such as calcium sulphate, formed due to
use of high concentration of sulphuric acid during
regeneration, can be dissolved with the use of 5% w/v
hydrochloric acid.
CRC/MKS/07-2000

19

RESIN STORAGE
Resin is dispatched moist and must be maintained so
always.
Keep away from sunlight in a sheltered spot.
Cover resin drums in open storage with a wet tarpaulin.
When charged into a process, keep resin under water
always.
During long shut down keep the resin in the exhausted
condition. Resin may be preserved in 10% w/v brine
solution during these shut downs.
If removed, for maintenance of a unit, keep the resin
moist all the while until recharged into the unit.
CRC/MKS/07-2000

20

Water Treatment Methods

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WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

Process

Driving force

Ion Exchange (IX)

Chemical

Electrodialysis (ED)

Electrical

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Pressure

Distillation (MSF)

Thermal

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DEMINERALIZATION
There are two basic processes
Two bed
Mixed bed (MB)
But there are several extensions and combinations
of these basic processes which progressively
improve the quality of water and the efficiency of
the processes.

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...DEMINERALIZATION
The reactions during service of the strong acid cation (SAC)
exchanger are as follows
Ca(HCO3)2(l)

Temporary
hardness
MgCl2(l)
Permanent
hardness
Na2SO4(l)
Sodium
salt

2HR(s)

CaR2(s)

Regenerated
resin

Exhausted
resin

Carbonic
acid

2HR(s)

MgR2(s) +

Regenerated
resin

Exhausted
resin

+ 2HR(s)

2NaR(s)

Regenerated
resin

Exhausted
resin

2 H2CO3(l)

2 HCl (l)
Free
mineral acid

H2SO4(l)
Free
mineral acid

Carbonic acid is unstable and dissociates to carbon dioxide.

H2CO3(l)

H2O(l)

CO2 (g)
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...DEMINERALIZATION
The reactions during service of the strong base
anion (SBA) exchanger are as follows
H2SO4(l)

2ROH(s)

R2SO4(s)

HCl(l)

ROH (s)

RCl (S)

Free
Regenerated
mineral acid resin

Exhausted
resin

CO2(l)

ROH(s)

RHCO3(s)

Regenerated
resin

Exhausted
resin

ROH(s)

RHSiO3(s)

Regenerated
resin

Exhausted
resin

ROH(s)

RCl (s)

Regenerated
resin

Exhausted
resin

Carbon
dioxide
SiO2(l)

Silica
NaCl(l)
Cation
slip

+
+

2H2O(l)
H2O(l)
Demineralised
water

NaOH
P-Alkalinity

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...DEMINERALIZATION
The reaction during regeneration of the strong acid
cation (SAC) exchanger are as follows
CaR2(s)

2HCl (l)

2HR(s)

CaCl2(l)

MgR2(s)

2HCl (l)

2HR(s)

MgCl2(l)

NaR (s)

HCl (l)

HR (s)

NaCl (l)

Exhausted Hydrochloric Acid

resin

Regenerated
resin

Waste
effluent

The reactions during regeneration of the strong base anion

(SBA) exchanger are as follows
R2SO4(s)
RCl (s)
RHCO3(s)
RHSiO3(s)
Exhausted
resin

+
+
+
+

2NaOH(l)
NaOH(l)
NaOH(l)
NaOH(l)
Sodium
hydroxide

2ROH(s) + Na2SO4(l)
ROH(s)
+ NaCl (l)
ROH(s)
+ NaHCO3(l)
ROH(s)
+ NaHSiO3(l)
Regenerated Waste
resin
effluent
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