Irrigation

Outlets
Presen
ted by:

Haseeb-uz-zaman
2006-
CE-28
Definition:
 An outlet is a hydraulic structure conveying irrigation water from a
state owned channel, distributary or a minor to a privately owned
water course.

 It is basically the last hydraulic structure at the end of irrigation

system. In Pakistan it is known as Mogha and in U.S.A it is known as
TURN OUT.
Design requirements of an outlet:
 It should be strong enough and safe against tempering. And if it occurs then
it should be easily detectable. So that such farmer is imposed with penalty
(tawan).

 Outlet must draw its fare share of silt from parent channel.

 They should be cheap in installation and also in maintenance.

 Type of outlet should be such that they can work with low working
heads.

Types of outlets:
Various types of canal outlets have been evolved from time to time but none
has been accepted as universally suitable. It is very difficult to achieve a
perfect design fulfilling all needs at once.

Generally there are three types of outlets

  1) Non Modular Outlet.

 2) Semi Modular Outlet.

 3) Modular/Rigid Outlets.

1) Non Modular Outlets:

 In this type the discharge depends upon the difference of head in the
distribution channel (canal) and the water course.

 The discharge through such outlets varies in wide limits due to the
fluctuation in the water levels in the water course and distributary
channel. The water level in the water course varies greatly depending
upon

a) Either high or low areas are being irrigated.

b) Extent of silt deposition.

This type of outlet has numerous short backs. One serious defect in this
method is that the farmer can easily cheat by lowering the water level
in the water course and can get illegally more discharge.

I. Types of Non modular outlets:

a) Pipe or barrel type b) Scratchley type
Plan and different cross sectional views of NON
MODULAR OUTLET :
section xx
In order to increase the silt conductivity the u/s end of the pipe is depressed
making the pipe to slope upward.

Semi-modular outlet:
 These are outlets In which discharge only depends upon the water
level in the distributary channel and is independent of the water level
in the water course. This is done by various methods.

 By elevating the d/s end of the pipe above the water level of the water
course. And in flume type we done it by introducing a hydraulic jump
(its study is above our scope).

 Generally these are of two types.

A. Orifice type.

B. Weir type.

Modular Outlets:
 The outlets In which the discharge is not depending upon any water
level. The discharge is independent of the levels in the distributary as
well as the water course. It can be fixed for any designed value.

Limitations:
Modules cannot absorb the fluctuations of water supplies in the parent canal.
Therefore the parent canal can either flooded or becomes dry in the tail
reach. Hence modules must be limited to canals in which supply varies
within predetermined limits. Modular Outlets located above control points
where water levels can be maintained.

………………………………
………………
Characteristics of
outlets:
  The design of an outlet is assessed by its performance. Where as the
performance of the outlet depends upon its characteristics.

• If water is available in plenty then we will go for the rigid module. For
those canals where there is always a fluctuation in water availability,
we go for semi modular outlet.

 Semi modular outlets are mostly used in PUNJAB.

Following are the characteristics of outlet

Flexibility:
Definition:
It is defined as the ratio of the rate of change of discharge in
outlet to the rate of change of discharge in the parental channel.

F= (dq/q) /(dQ/Q)

F= flexibility.

q= discharge in outlet.

Q= discharge in parental channel.

“The capacity of an outlet to vary its discharge with a change in the

discharge of the distributary is indicated by flexibility.”

In general the discharge in the channel can be expressed in terms of depth D

as Q=C.(D)^n
Q=discharge in a channel

C=constant

n=constants varies with shape of channel

Similarly discharge through an outlet may be expressed as

q=C1.(H)^m
q=discharge in the outlet. C1=constant.
 H=head over the crest of the outlet. m=constant depends
upon shape of channel
By dividing eq(6) by eq(3)………….we get

F= (m/n)*(dH/dD)*(D/H).
Obviously any change in depth of water in the channel will cause an equal
change in depth of water in the outlet.

Therefore

dH= dD

F=(m/n)* (D/H) ………………. (7)

Now in case of trapezoidal channel value of n=5/3.

And for open flume type of outlet the value of m=3/2.

Put the values in eq 7 F=0.9* (D/H).

For orifice type flume m=1/2. so F=0.3* (D/H).

Types of outlet w.r.t flexibility:

 If F= 1 then the outlet is PROPORTIONAL OUTLET.

 If F> 1 then the outlet is HYPER PROPORTIONAL.

 If F< 1 then the outlet is SUB PROPORTIONAL.

 For rigid module F= zero.

D/H is called setting of outlet.

Sensitivity of the outlet:

Definition:

It is the ratio of the rate of change of discharge of an outlet to

the rate of change in the level of distributary water surface, i.e. normal depth
of channel.

 Let G be the gauge reading which indicates the water level in the
channel and is set such that the zero of the gauge corresponds to zero
discharge in the outlet i.e (q=0 èG=0).

S=(dq/q)/(dG/G)……………….(8)
We know that F=(dq/q) / (dQ/Q)

and from eq(3) dQ/Q=n.(dD/D)

so F=(dq/q)*(n.(dD/D))………..(9)

since dD=dG

by solving eq 8 and 9 simultaneously we get

S=nF

for channel with side slopes 0.5 : 1 n=5/3. Therefore

S=(5/3).F

Minimum Modular head:

 The necessary minimum difference of water level or pressure
between supply and delivery sides to enable a module or semi module
to work as designed.

 It is the minimum working head(working head is the difference

between the water level of water course and the water level of the
distributary channel) required for normal functioning of outlet.

Normally it is 20% of the head.

Safe against tempering:

 Types of outlet are designed such that they are safe against tempering
usually done by the farmers or some times by animals.

Silt drawing capacity of the outlet:

 It is vital that the outlets draw their fair share of silt. This avoid silting
and scouring and consequently remolding of distributary.

 In the distribution system the absorption losses are generally taken as

10% and therefore the silt conducting power of outlets should be
around 110% as compared to 100% of the distributary, to enable them
to draw their proportional share.

Silt drawing capacity=100%+(component lost due to seepage)

=100%+10%
=110%