SKMM 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

PROJECT PROPORSAL

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC AT PISTON HEAD

(Mathematical Model)

MOHAMMED JEFFRI BIN JAMALUDDIN (B14KM0029)

MOHAMAD ADZARIAT BIN ARSHAD (B14KM0025)
MOHAMAD ALIF FITRI BIN MOHD NAZERI (B14KM0026)
MASRUR BIN AB SATAR @ MD NOH (B14KM0024)

SEKSYEN 5

Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

APRIL 2016

LECTURER: PROFESSOR DR. MOHD NASIR TAMIN

Single Groove Piston

Stress Field

Case 1 (0.5 mm groove)

Case 3 (0.25 mm groove)

The figure above shows stress field distribution in the structure of the pneumatic piston. The
analysis is involving determining the stress field, stress concentration factor and the
deflection using one groove in the structure with different diameter. The figure is shown by
creating a cut in x-y view to display the stress concentration field that is happening in the
internal structure of the piston. Using Von Misses theory option in the ABACUS, the stress
concentration and the displacement values is generated. When making analysis on the cross
section, we assume that the critical force are the same around the cylinder groove.

Stress Concentration Factor

In x-axis
0.5 mm

0.25 mm

The graph above shows a displacement graph when the piston head is going through
deformation. The displacement of the deformation is taken using the x-axis. When the
pressure is applied to the piston head, the displacement of x-axis are in positive direction,
where the piston groove will be pushed in wards, in which y-axis and z-axis will give
negative displacement, due to compression resulting an increase to the displacement in x-axis
direction. From the graph, maximum deflection, about -86.5x10-6 mm for 0.5 radius groove
and -0.0909x10-3 mm for 0.25 groove acting on the surface of the cylinder. However,
following the path into the internal part of the piston heads groove, the value of the
deflection is increasing linearly. The deeper the path goes into the inner structure of the piston
head, the higher the displacement that occur due to the compression. We assume that the
situation continues on until the material of the piston head become yielded due to the
pressure.

In y-axis
0.5 mm

0.25 mm

The graph above shows a displacement graph when the piston head is going through
deformation. The displacement of the deformation is taken using the y-axis. When the
pressure is applied to the piston head, the displacement are in positive direction, where the
piston groove will be pushed in wards, in which y-axis and z-axis will give negative
displacement, due to compression. The graph from z-axis of point of view is not constructed
because we assume that the value of negative displacement is constant around the groove of
the cylinder. From the graph, maximum deflection, about -12.9x10 -6 mm for 0.5mm groove
and -31.6x10-6 mm for 0.25mm groove. However, following the path into the internal part of
the piston heads groove, the value of the deflection is decreasing linearly. The deeper the
path goes into the inner structure of the piston head, the lower the displacement that occur
due to the compression. The situation continues until there is no longer displacement occur
where the stress effect is no longer effective. The zero displacement according to the path that
we have selected are in about 2.6 mm depth for 0.5 mm groove and for the groove 0.25mm,
the depth for zero displacement is 2.8 mm into the inner structure.

Stress Magnitude

0.5 mm

0.25 mm

The above graph shows a relationship between the stress and the displacement along the
created path. On the surface of the piston heads groove, the highest stress magnitude can be
seen which is about 1.5Mpa and 1.7Mpa respectively to 0.5mm and 0.25mm diameter
groove. When the pressure is applied to the specimen, the structure of specimen goes through
some deformation. This deformation happen because the pressure applied to the piston head
is transmitted to the groove in form of stress. This stress accumulated in the surface will
concentrated to some point which is critical due to their shape, in this case a groove.
However, due to the stress transmission is happening around the surface, the effect decreases
when going into depth of the internal structure. From the graph, we founded that the stress
become zero in about 2.6mm depth for 0.5mm groove and for the groove 0.25mm, the depth
for zero displacement is 2.8mm into the inner structure.

Stress Concentration Factor

Stress concentration factor,

K=

Kt

is calculated using the formula:

max
nom

Where

max

is the maximum stress that can be applied to the structure

while

nom

is an average stress that is applied on the structure that is

calculated using the formula below.

nom=

P
A

However, for this analysis we did not use a point load force instead we use the pressure. The
pressure is already acting on the whole surface of the structure so we can assume that nom
is an average stress. Furthermore, to proceed in the analysis we use a ratio of surface area to
determine the magnitude of the pressure that acting at the cross section in the groove. The
calculation for both cases is shown below:
0.01 2

2
0.0095 =902.500 x 10 3 Pa

1 x 106
nominal =

groove ,0.5
0.01 2

0.00975 2=950.625 x 10 3 Pa

1 x 10 6
nominal =

groove, 0.25

After that, we calculate

Kt

for both cases by using the

software.
K t , 0.5=

max
1.579 x 106
=
=1.7496
nom 902.500 x 103

6
max
1.671 x 10
K t , 0.25=
=
=1.7578
nom 950.625 x 103

max

generated by the ABACUS

Dual-Groove Piston

Stress Field

Case 2 (0.5 mm groove)

Figure 1

Case 4 (0.25 mm groove)

Figure 2

Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the stress field distribution along the groove. In this case we
use same radius but build 2 groove to find which the higher stress between the two grooves.
The figure is shown by creating a cut in x-y view to display the stress concentration field that
is happening in the internal structure of the piston. Using Von Misses theory option in the
ABACUS, the stress concentration and the displacement values is generated. When making

analysis on the cross section, we can see the right groove subjected to the highest stress then
the left groove. So, we choose only 1 groove to do the simulation.

Stress Concentration Factor

In x-axis
0.5 mm

Figure 3

0.25 mm

Figure 4

The graph in Figure 3 and Figure 4 shows a displacement graph when the piston head is
going through deformation. The displacement of the deformation is taken using the x-axis.
When the pressure is applied to the piston head, the displacement of x-axis are in positive
direction, where the piston groove will be pushed in wards, in which y-axis and z-axis will
give negative displacement, due to compression resulting an increase to the displacement in

x-axis direction. From the graph, maximum deflection, about

mm radius groove and

0.1206 10 mm

1.2988 10 mm

for 0.5

for 0.25 mm groove acting on the surface of the

cylinder. However, following the path into the internal part of the piston heads groove, the
value of the deflection is increasing linearly. The deeper the path goes into the inner structure
of the piston head, the higher the displacement that occur due to the compression. We assume
that the situation continues on until the material of the piston head become yielded due to the
pressure.
In y-axis
0.5 mm

Figure 5

0.25 mm

Figure 6

Both graph above shows a displacement graph when the piston head is going through
deformation. The displacement of the deformation is taken using the y-axis. When the

pressure is applied to the piston head, the displacement are in positive direction, where the
piston groove will be pushed in wards, in which y-axis and z-axis will give negative
displacement, due to compression. The graph from z-axis of point of view is not constructed
because we assume that the value of negative displacement is constant around the groove of
3
the cylinder. From the graph, maximum deflection, about 0.17 10 mm for 0.5 mm
groove and

49.5 10 mm

for 0.25 mm groove. The deeper the path goes into the inner

structure of the piston head, the lower the displacement that occur due to the compression.
The situation continues until there is no longer displacement occur where the stress effect is
no longer effective. The zero displacement according to the path that we have selected are the
inner diameter of the groove which is 19 mm for both 0.5 mm groove and 0.25 mm groove.

Stress Magnitude

0.5 mm

Figure 7

0.25 mm

Figure 8

The above graph shows a relationship between the stress and the displacement along the
created path. On the surface of the piston heads groove, the highest stress magnitude can be
seen which is about 1.526 MPa and 1.590 MPa respectively to 0.5 mm and 0.25 mm diameter
groove. When the pressure is applied to the specimen, the structure of specimen goes through
some deformation. This deformation happen because the pressure applied to the piston head
is transmitted to the groove in form of stress. This stress accumulated in the surface will
concentrated to some point which is critical due to their shape, in this case a groove.
However, due to the stress transmission is happening around the surface, the effect decreases
when going into depth of the internal structure. The higher the stress, the longer distance of
the path from centre.

Stress Concentration Factor

2

0.01

2
0.0095 =902.500 x 10 3 Pa

1 x 106
nominal =

groove ,0.5
0.01 2

2
0.00975 =950.625 x 10 3 Pa

1 x 10 6
nominal =

groove, 0.25

Then, we calculate

Kt

for both cases by using the

software.
K t , 0.5=

max
1.526 106
=
=1.6909
nom 902.500 103

max
1.590 10 6
K t , 0.25=
=
=1.6726
nom 950.625 103

max

generated by the ABACUS