Beruflich Dokumente
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Lecture Notes
Geotechnics II
Construction Pits and Slopes
1.1
Introduction
sloped excavations
condition:
disadvantage:
sloped excavations mainly in case of excavations on free fields and restricted to not so deep
excavations above ground water level. (family home)
Construction pit supporting system
A construction pit supporting system is needed when sloped pits are not possible or not economic.
The supporting system is loaded by earth pressure and additionally by building loads when
existing.
Supporting reactions are anchor loads and/or passive earth presure.
Steife
Verbauwand
(Trgerbohlwand, Spundwand, Bohrpfahlwand)
ggf. Anker
Aushubsohle
Erdauflager
in case of groundwater:
dewatering
dewatering by gravity:
sump pumping
1.2
digging to temporary levels and collecting the water in trenches and a pumping sump.
Conditions:
dewatering by pumping
> 0,30 m
2.1
2.1
In case of slopes without traffic- and/or seepage forces and without any buildings in the vicinity die
following slope angles are stable from experience:
non cohesive soil:
< 45
< 60
In case of neighbouring buildings according to German standards (DIN 4123, 2000) no proof is
necessary if the following distances and excavation depth are kept:
the stability of neighbouring buildings is affected (conditions of sketch above are not
fulfilled)
2.2
2.2
2.2.1
G
h
'
For each sliding plane the mass force of the sliding wedge has the components:
G = G cos
G = G sin
When the shear force of the soil is fully activated, the force in the sliding plane becomes:
T = G tan
limit state equation:
G sin
'
G cos
'
tan
'
sin
'
cos
'
= tan
'
tan
'
Result: slopes with = have a safety of 1,0, steeper slopes need cohesion to ensure stability
(structural strength, capillary cohesion, soil mechanics).
2.3
Example1:
2.2.2
1,25?
', , '
rd. 1/3 h
Seepage occurs in the lower third of the slope. Here the allowable slope inclination is less than the
angle of friction
tan 0 , 5 tan
'
2.2.3
Design values:
stability number N
N=
h
c
(Janbu,1954)
N=
h
c
(Schultze,1970)
c=
tan =
tan
2.4
tan
c
= 3,5 kN / m 2 , tan =
= 0,455 =25
1,4
1,4
h
= 16,8 allowable slope inclination = rd. 56
c
External loads on the slope might be modelled as virtual additional slope height h =
p
.
Example 3:
10
= 0,5 m
20
20 3,5
= 20
1,4
allowable = 47
2.2.4
2.5
design values:
c u =
nd =
cu cu
h
=
, N=
c
2
c
d+h
h
(stability number)
(depth factor)
h = 5 m, d = 2 m
c u = 30 kN / m 2 , = 20 kN / m 3
c u =
N=
c u 30
=
= 15 kN / m 2
c
2
h 20 5
d+h 2+5
=
= 6,7 , n d =
=
= 1,4
c
15
h
5
allowable = rd.22
2.6
2.3
2.3.1
Input data
Geometry of the slope (height and inclination, water table, external loads)
in case of rock: fracture cleavage, closely spaced jointing, bulk modulus, shear parameters
2.3.2
The mass forces acting in the chosen proof-slip-plane are summarized, they must be in equilibrium
when safety of stability is 1,0. (method is recommended for long time existing slopes in cohesive
soils, due to practical experience in this case shrinkage gaps at the surface may be the starting
point of the failure plane.)
lc
slope inclination
hc
Tr
Tc
friction angle of the soil needed for equilibrium: tan = tan '
2c'
tan(45
'
)
2
2.7
S = ( S V ) sin + ( S H ) cos
according to the system sketch above: S = (G + P) sin + W cos
1
1
Tr +
Tc .
2.3.3
R d Sd
FH = 0 )
Sum of the moments of all actions and reactions (G, P, Fs ) related to the centre point 0
2.8
EM
F
angle between the actingt line of F and the bisector of the slip plane
rK
rT
lever of the friction force related to 0, depending to the distrubution of normals stress along
lb
r =
r ; lb = 2 r
ls
sin
rT = r
r
b) normal stress distributed sickle-shaped: rT =
cos
2 2
1
Proof GZ 1C: =
RM rK K + rT T ( a + e ) F
e
=
=
= 1+
EM
a F
a F
a
b) BISHOP's method
Bishops method is based on slip circles too, the actions and reactions are however determined for
lamellas in which the sliding body is subdivided. Bishop's method is also called "Swedisch Method"
(Fellenius) and it is used in DIN 4084. As a simplification, the earth pressures at the sides of the
lamellas are regarded as horizontal. Thus only the equilibrium V =0 und M =0 are regarded.
The condition
about
bis
H =0
10
is ignored for each single lamella. When the lamella width is chosen as b; =
2.9
R Mi
EMi
MR
additional reacting moment , for example from anchors, supports, structural members etc.
MS
additional acting moments, for example from horizontal surface loads , excess water
pressure etc.
Ri
Gi
ui
p vi
u i
definition of safety:
RMi + MR
i
EMi + ME
i
Ri =
r Ri + MR
i
r ( Gi + Pvi ) sin i + MS
i
1
tan i sin i
Pvi = p vi b i
2.3.4
Combined failure mechanisms are formed by kinetic allowable slip surfaces and non-deformable
slip wedges. For practical purpose it is sufficient to chose a system, in which each single slip
wedge can slide on the subsoil with an outer slip plane and with an inner slip plane relative to an
other slip wedge. each intersection of outer slip planes is starting point for an inner slip plane.
Proof of safety
1. definition of a kinetic allowable failure mechanism (normally 4 slip wedges, the angle
between outer slip planes needs to be smaller than 180)
2. determination of relative and absolute deformations of the single slip wedges (deformation
plan)
3. Definition of the directions of the friction forces Q and the cohesion forces K according to
the direction of deformations
2.10
4. graphical solution: drawing of the polygon of forces of the slip wedges, which gives the
amounts of the unknown friction forces. (the total polygon of forces will normally not be
closed since equilibrium of ultimate limit state is not given)
5. Closing of the total polygon by a fictive force T (for simplification T is chosen in the outer
slip plane of the largest slip wedge)
6. determination of the failure safety of the mechanism at hand by iteration of the shear
tan
c
parameters ( tan =
und c =
, normally r = c = ) until T = 0 is given.
r
c
7. determination of the most unfavourable failure mechanism ( = minimum) by variation of
position and inclination of inner and outer slip planes, provided these are not determined by
geological conditions.
Failure mechanisms for which normal to the slip planes infinity pressure forces are determined or
in non cohesive soils tension forces are determined are physically not possible.
2.3.5
Different approaches are possible for the water pressure. Generally water pressure is related
normal to the slip planes.
The approaches are given for the general case in which the higher water level is behind of the
slope and the lower one in front of the slope. In case of slopes at embankments the lower water
table can be assumed according to the following sketches.
The water table is defined depending to the given situation. We have to distinguish two different
cases:
z = hw 1
x
L
seepage length:
L = R= 0,5 3000 h w k , (according to 0,5 R , Sichardt)
2.11
2. Embankment slope without drainage, approach of DAVIDENKOFF (originally only for soils with
low permeability
In case of more permeable soil the same approach can be used (safe side approach).
Gi
Gi = h i b i
Gi
Gi = h wi b i
G wi
G wi = h wi b i w
Gr
Ui
Ui = u i b i
=G
+G
wi
introduced by u i h wi w . The mass force of the water in front of the slope produces an additional
moment MR = W a .
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Richwien
2.12
The horizontal difference of the water tables causes an additional moment M WS = W a , which
counterbalances the moment of the lamella mass forces.
The mass force of the lamella is introduced by
introduced by u i h wi w .
The seepage force FS is acting parallel to the chord under the angle .
FS = G w sin = w A w sin
Aw
Gw
aG
sin
MSF = FS a S = G w sin a G
References:
DIN 4123 (2000), Ausschachtungen, Grndungen und Unterfangungen im Bereich bestehender
Gebude (excavations and underpinning in the vicinity of existing buildings)
DIN 4124 (1981), Baugruben und Grben (construction pits and trenches)
2.13
Drken, W., Dehne, E., Grundbau in Beispielen, Teil 1 und Teil 2, 3. Auflage, 2004, Werner Verlag,
Mnchen
DIN E 4084, (2002), Gelnde- und Bschungsbruchberechnung (calculation of embankment
failure)
Bishop, A.W., The use of the slip circle in the analysis of slopes, Proc. Europ. Conf. on Stability of
earth slopes, Stockholm, vol. 1, page 1-14, 1954
Janbu, Application of composit slip surfaces for stability analysis, Proc. Europ. Conf. on Stability of
earth slopes, Stockholm, vol. 3, page 43-49
Frhlich, O.K., Grundzge einer Statik der Erdbschungen, Der Bauingenieur 38, 1963, Heft 10, S.
371-378
3.1
3.1
Excavations and trenches are according to DIN 4121 allowed without support up to a depth of 1,25
m, provided the surface is not steeper than 1:10 (non cohesive soils) or 1:2 (cohesive soils).
In stiff cohesive soils a depth of up to 1,75 m is allowed, when the part of more than 1,25 m above
the excavation bottom is sloped 45 or supported.
3.2
Trench sheeting
3.2.1
3.2
The horizontal trench sheeting is placed downwards following to the excavation. That means, the
soil must stay without support temporary (maximum allowable free depth 1,25 m, depending on the
strength of the soil at hand)
According to DIN 4125 horizontal trench sheeting is allowed without proof of stability under the
following conditions:
horizontal surface
non cohesive soil in which capillary cohesion is proofed or cohesive soil of stiff to semifirm consistency.
The dimensions of the supporting planks with respect to the spacing of the struts can be found
directly in DIN 4124
3.2.2
3.3
Support by planks
The soil needs to be stable so that the planks can be installed following to the excavation. The
excavation is allowed to maximum 0,5 m deeper than the support over a length of maximum 5 m in
stiff cohesive soils. In case of temporary stable non cohesive soils the free depth must be reduced
to less than < 0,25 m on a length of maximum 3 planks.
Hhe
Height
Thickness
Mass
per m 2
wall
Section
modulus
elastic
mm
mm
mm
mm
c m 3 /m
HKD220
220
31
5,5
51,8
32
45
HKD400
400
50
46
85
45
HKD400/6
400
50
55
102
45
System
Width
Profil
Hoesch
Cross Section
Steel
quality
St SP
Krupp
3.4
KD II
330
35
5,5
51
55
37
KD III
375
38
5,5
53
70
37
KD VI
600
80
83
242
37
3.3
Excavation lining
3.3.1
Sheet pile profiles are driven into the soil subsequent before the soil is excavated. At given depth
walings and anchors or struts are installed. All structural members (sheet pile profiles, walings,
anchors) have to be proofed statically.
sheet pile profiles:
Cold formed sheet piles
a)Hoesch
b) Krupp
U-profiles
c) Hoesch (Larssen)
d) Krupp
Z-profiles
e) Hoesch
f) Krupp
H-Profile
g) Peiner-Kastenspundwand
Sezial types
h) Hoesch (Larssen 430)
combined sheet pile walls
3.5
Gurt
Gurt
Steife
Anker
Spundwand
Spundwand
3.6
drilling techniques
a) drilling by rototing tools, drilling
tube as lining, lost tip, external
flushing system
b) superposition drilling drilling
tube as lining and internal
flushing system
c) spiral drill without lining, with
and witout flushing system
d) Drilling with milling cutter and
external flushing
der
3.7
3.3.2
Vertical steel profiles together with horizontal wooden planks form the retaining structure. The
wooden planks are installed subsequently following the excavation works, maximum allowable
depth before the planks are installed is 1,25 m, depending on the type of soil.
1
2
woodenwedges
waling
upper or first strut level
second strut level
concrete as bottom strut
spacing for removing excavated
material
waling
waling
stabilisation waling
stabilisation waling
3.8
3.3.3
Cast in place sheetings are mainly used when the supporting structure becomes part of the latter
building (subway tunnels).
concrete retaining wall:
First a slurry supported trench is digged by special equipment in intermittend lamellas. In
these trenches the reinforcement is placed and the concrete is brought in by the "Contractor"
method, that is by mean of a funnel from which the concrete is brought directly to the
excavation bottom.
3.9
3.10
freezing of soil
A volume of soil is frozen, thus forming stable blocks. Expensive especially in case of long lasting
actions.
References
4.1
4.1
In the subsoil at each point vertical and horizontal stresses are in equilibrium, the horizontal stress
is related to the vertical one by the coefficient of earth pressure at rest Ko. Due to the excavating of
soil the vertical stress is reduced and thus the equilibrium state of the subsoil goes lost. As
consequence any support structure is loaded by earth pressure. Magnitude, localisation and
direction of the earth pressure is controlled by the interaction of retaining structure and soil.
stress in the subsoil:
= z
=Kz
with: K = f
( , , , )
n
' ta
'
1 /3
'
Mohr's stress circle is the geometric localisation of equivalent stress states, that means
each point on the circle represents a pair of vertical and horizontal stress components
which have the same mean stress. Mohr's circles which tangent the limit state condition
are failure stress states.
Starting from a given vertical stress we can find two failure horizontal stresses. We define:
o
Both of the limit states are initiated by the deformation of the retaining wall relative to the soil. In
case of active earth pressure the wall gives way, in the soil the strength is fully activated. In case of
passive earth pressure the wall is pushed towards the wall, the passive earth pressure is fully
activated when the shear strength in the soil is fully activated.
4.2
sp
p
A linear distribution of earth pressure (classical earth pressure) is resulting from the kinetic
deformations above. In case of other (and more realistic) deformation pattern the earth pressure
distribution will be different from linear distribution. Nevertheless, starting point of any earth
pressure analysis is the classical distribution, then altered by earth pressure transformation based
on experience.
E
Ep
E0
Ea
s
sa = 2 h / 1000
sp = h / 10 h / 20
4.3
Based on experiences a give away of 2/1000 of the wall height h is needed to transform earth
pressure at rest to the active earth pressure. On the other hand a deformation towards the soil of
1/10 to 1/20 of the wall height is needed to activate the full amount of passive earth pressure.
4.2
assumptions:
plane failure lines
soil without cohesion
wall is stiff and rotates round its toe
direction of the earth pressure force is controlled by the friction between wall and soil. (angle of
earth pressure .
The method is contradictory since
M = 0
M = 0
the
RANKINEFALL:
Vertical wall, horizontal surface, earth pressure horizontal
E a = G tan( a )
G=
4.4
h2
2 tan a
Ea =
h 2 tan( a )
2
tan a
dE a
Ea =
h2
h 2
tan 2 45 =
Ka
2
2
2
h 2 tan p +
2
tan p
K p = tan 2 45 +
2
dE p
dh
= 45
= h K p = ep
4.3
4.5
Convention for positive and negative angles (inclination of the wall), (inclination of surface),
and (direction of earth pressure)
The angles a and p depend on the relative displacement between wall and soil and from the
roughness of the wall. Generally all combinations are possible. As a first approach the following
values related to the friction angle of the soil are recommenden in R 4, EAU (and analogue in EB4,
EAB).
a = +
1
2
, p =
3
3
4.4
V = 0!
In case of = 0 , = 0 , and = 0 the coefficients of earth pressure (active and passive) can be
taken from tables with respect to the angle of earth pressure . For simplification only the
horizontal components are used in the static calculations, therefore only earth pressure
components for the horizontal component are used.
4.6
In case of 0 , 0 ,and 0 the coefficients of earth pressure (active and passive) can be
determined by the following relations
cos 2 (+ )
K ah =
cos 1 +
sin(+ ) sin( )
cos ( ) cos ( + )
cos 2 ( )
K ph =
sin( ) sin(+ )
cos 1
cos ( ) cos ( + )
4.5
2 ch
= 2 ch K a
tan a
Ea =
h2
K a 2 ch K a
2
4.7
h
2
+ 2 c h
e p = h K p + 2 c K p
horizontal components:
eah = h K ah 2 c K ah
eph = h K ph + 2 c K ph
4.6
4.8
0,00
Sand SE
/' = 17/9,5 kN/m
k ' = 32,5
- 3,00
Ton TM
/' = 20/10,5 kN/m
k ' = 17,5
c ' = 15kN/m
k
- 6,00
Kies GW
/' = 21/13,5 kN/m
k ' = 35,0
GW
- 9,00
- 14,00
GW
a = + 1/3 '
p = 1/3 '
4.7
4.7.1
4.9
K aho
K ah K aho
a = k a
y = k h
4.10
slope > :
y =
tan
y
tan
4.7.2
4.7.3
Surface loads
4.11
4.12
sin( a )
cos a = p s
cos ( a a )
The traiangular distribution is an overestimation. The ordinate of the additional earth pressure
becomes:
e ahp = 2
E ahp
c a
4.13
4.7.4
Foundation loads
4.14
4.7.5
a = h
K ph
K ph0 K ph
4.7.6
4.15
Earth pressure is not a conservative action, that means that earth pressure is affected by the
deflection of the supporting structure. Therefore earth pressure is not distributed linear over depth
in most practical cases. This is the reason why earth pressure in design of structures has to be
transformed.
4.16
(recommendations for earth pressure distribution depending to the wall defections, according to
DIN 4085:2002)
4.17
Additionally earth pressure depends on the strength of the soil. The relations are complicated and
only known qualitatively.
active and passive earth pressure depending on the strength (density) of the soil
4.7.7
In case of excavation walls due to the construction process a special earth pressure distribution is
developing. The reasons are:
There is no possibility for a free deflection of the wall, since the struts are installed before
the deflections can occur.
The wall is already deflected when the struts are installed. This deflection can not be
reversed by prestressing of the struts.
In most cases the embedment depth beneath of the excavation bottom is very small. thus
the wall deforms to the direction of the excavation.
The profiles used are relatively weak. Therefore the deflections in between of the struts are
relatively large.
Therefore special earth pressure distributions are used in calculation of the walls.
4.7.8
4.18
In case of soil with high cohesion and small surface loads in the upper part of the soil the resulting
earth pressure might be negative. The consequence would be to design the wall without earth
pressure in these upper parts. The cohesion however is depending on the soil state and might go
lost by drying or wetting. Therefore in such cases according to the German rules
(E DIN 4085:2002-12, EB4 of EAB 1994) a minimum earth pressure has to be regarded for an
fictive friction angle of Ers,k=40 und cErs,k=0. The design then has to be performed for the most
unfavourable case.
a) stratification
soil parameters
pressure
*
= k agh ( = 40) .
The coefficient of minimal design earth pressure is: k agh
In case of p v k aph c K ach 0 , until a depth of z* beneath of the wall top the minimal design
earth pressure is representative. ( K ach =
4.7.9
4.19
5,5
2,1
2,3
2,5
2,8
3,1
3,3
4.20
Definition scetch
4.8
The passive earth pressure is in many cases the only support of the structure. Therefore the
relations between wall deflections and passive earth pressure are of paramount importance for the
safety of the structure. The approach of the classical earth pressure theory (plane slip planes) is in
case of passive earth pressure only valid for ===0. For more general conditions the approach
with plane slip planes will result in unrealistic large passive earth pressure and must be
abandoned.
This is the reason why in E DIN 4085:2002-12 the method of Pregl is used which is based on the
method of the characteristics.
4.9
4.9.1
4.21
4.9.2
4.22
Active and passive earth pressure under the ground water level
4.9.3
4.23
4.9.4
4.24
4.9.5
4.25
4.10
4.26
4.27
active earth pressure, passive earth pressure and water pressure in case of seepage around a
construction pit wall.
The pressure difference is determined by:
w = hv w = n h w = n
4.28
hw
w
n1
with:
w :
hv :
potential difference
w :
n:
h =
h w
: differece of water level between two potential lines in the flow net
n1
h w
n1
e phw = w K ph
In recommendation E 114 of EAU a practical approach is presented, in which the bulk density on
the active side is enlarged and on the passive side is reduced.
active side:
passive side:
0,7 h w
hw + hw d
0,7 h w
d + hw d
with:
h w :
hw :
seepage length at the side behind of the wall dowm to the toe [m]
d:
4.29
with
w
i=
hr
t
mit
4.30
hr:
difference of potential height at the wall toe related to the water level in the
pit [m]
hr
h
1+ 3
h
+1
t
h :
t:
References:
EAU 2004, Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures Harbours and
Waterways, 8th English edition of the 10th German edition, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 2006