SECTION 3.

- Conditions and Warranties

The vendor shall answer for the eviction even though nothing has been said
in the contract on the subject.

Art. 1545. Where the obligation of either party to a contract of sale is

subject to any condition which is not performed, such party may refuse to
proceed with the contract or he may waive performance of the condition. If
the other party has promised that the condition should happen or be
performed, such first mentioned party may also treat the nonperformance
of the condition as a breach of warranty.

The contracting parties, however, may increase, diminish, or suppress this

legal obligation of the vendor. (1475a)

Where the ownership in the thing has not passed, the buyer may treat the
fulfillment by the seller of his obligation to deliver the same as described
and as warranted expressly or by implication in the contract of sale as a
condition of the obligation of the buyer to perform his promise to accept and
pay for the thing. (n)
Art. 1546. Any affirmation of fact or any promise by the seller relating to
the thing is an express warranty if the natural tendency of such affirmation
or promise is to induce the buyer to purchase the same, and if the buyer
purchase the thing relying thereon. No affirmation of the value of the thing,
nor any statement purporting to be a statement of the seller's opinion only,
shall be construed as a warranty, unless the seller made such affirmation or
statement as an expert and it was relied upon by the buyer. (n)
Art. 1547. In a contract of sale, unless a contrary intention appears, there is:
(1) An implied warranty on the part of the seller that he has a right to sell
the thing at the time when the ownership is to pass, and that the buyer shall
from that time have and enjoy the legal and peaceful possession of the thing;
(2) An implied warranty that the thing shall be free from any hidden faults
or defects, or any charge or encumbrance not declared or known to the
buyer.
This Article shall not, however, be held to render liable a sheriff, auctioneer,
mortgagee, pledgee, or other person professing to sell by virtue of authority
in fact or law, for the sale of a thing in which a third person has a legal or
equitable
interest.
(n)
SUBSECTION 1. - Warranty in Case of Eviction
Art. 1548. Eviction shall take place whenever by a final judgment based on a
right prior to the sale or an act imputable to the vendor, the vendee is
deprived of the whole or of a part of the thing purchased.

Art. 1549. The vendee need not appeal from the decision in order that the
vendor may become liable for eviction. (n)
Art. 1550. When adverse possession had been commenced before the sale
but the prescriptive period is completed after the transfer, the vendor shall
not be liable for eviction. (n)
Art. 1551. If the property is sold for nonpayment of taxes due and not made
known to the vendee before the sale, the vendor is liable for eviction. (n)
Art. 1552. The judgment debtor is also responsible for eviction in judicial
sales, unless it is otherwise decreed in the judgment. (n)
Art. 1553. Any stipulation exempting the vendor from the obligation to
answer for eviction shall be void, if he acted in bad faith. (1476)
Art. 1554. If the vendee has renounced the right to warranty in case of
eviction, and eviction should take place, the vendor shall only pay the value
which the thing sold had at the time of the eviction. Should the vendee have
made the waiver with knowledge of the risks of eviction and assumed its
consequences, the vendor shall not be liable. (1477)
Art. 1555. When the warranty has been agreed upon or nothing has been
stipulated on this point, in case eviction occurs, the vendee shall have the
right to demand of the vendor:
(1) The return of the value which the thing sold had at the time of the
eviction, be it greater or less than the price of the sale;
(2) The income or fruits, if he has been ordered to deliver them to the party
who won the suit against him;
(3) The costs of the suit which caused the eviction, and, in a proper case,
those of the suit brought against the vendor for the warranty;
(4) The expenses of the contract, if the vendee has paid them;
(5) The damages and interests, and ornamental expenses, if the sale was
made in bad faith. (1478)

Art. 1556. Should the vendee lose, by reason of the eviction, a part of the
thing sold of such importance, in relation to the whole, that he would not
have bought it without said part, he may demand the rescission of the
contract; but with the obligation to return the thing without other
encumbrances that those which it had when he acquired it.
He may exercise this right of action, instead of enforcing the vendor's
liability for eviction.
The same rule shall be observed when two or more things have been jointly
sold for a lump sum, or for a separate price for each of them, if it should
clearly appear that the vendee would not have purchased one without the
other. (1479a)
Art. 1557. The warranty cannot be enforced until a final judgment has been
rendered, whereby the vendee loses the thing acquired or a part thereof.
(1480)
Art. 1558. The vendor shall not be obliged to make good the proper
warranty, unless he is summoned in the suit for eviction at the instance of
the vendee. (1481a)
Art. 1559. The defendant vendee shall ask, within the time fixed in the Rules
of Court for answering the complaint, that the vendor be made a codefendant. (1482a)
Art. 1560. If the immovable sold should be encumbered with any nonapparent burden or servitude, not mentioned in the agreement, of such a
nature that it must be presumed that the vendee would not have acquired it
had he been aware thereof, he may ask for the rescission of the contract,
unless he should prefer the appropriate indemnity. Neither right can be
exercised if the non-apparent burden or servitude is recorded in the
Registry of Property, unless there is an express warranty that the thing is
free from all burdens and encumbrances.
Within one year, to be computed from the execution of the deed, the vendee
may bring the action for rescission, or sue for damages.
One year having elapsed, he may only bring an action for damages within
an equal period, to be counted from the date on which he discovered the
burden
or
servitude.
(1483a)
SUBSECTION 2. - Warranty Against Hidden Defects of or Encumbrances
Upon the Thing Sold

Art. 1561. The vendor shall be responsible for warranty against the hidden
defects which the thing sold may have, should they render it unfit for the use
for which it is intended, or should they diminish its fitness for such use to
such an extent that, had the vendee been aware thereof, he would not have
acquired it or would have given a lower price for it; but said vendor shall
not be answerable for patent defects or those which may be visible, or for
those which are not visible if the vendee is an expert who, by reason of his
trade or profession, should have known them. (1484a)
Art. 1562. In a sale of goods, there is an implied warranty or condition as to
the quality or fitness of the goods, as follows:
(1) Where the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller
the particular purpose for which the goods are acquired, and it appears that
the buyer relies on the seller's skill or judgment (whether he be the grower
or manufacturer or not), there is an implied warranty that the goods shall
be reasonably fit for such purpose;
(2) Where the goods are brought by description from a seller who deals in
goods of that description (whether he be the grower or manufacturer or
not), there is an implied warranty that the goods shall be of merchantable
quality. (n)
Art. 1563. In the case of contract of sale of a specified article under its
patent or other trade name, there is no warranty as to its fitness for any
particular purpose, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. (n)
Art. 1564. An implied warranty or condition as to the quality or fitness for a
particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade. (n)
Art. 1565. In the case of a contract of sale by sample, if the seller is a dealer
in goods of that kind, there is an implied warranty that the goods shall be
free from any defect rendering them unmerchantable which would not be
apparent on reasonable examination of the sample. (n)
Art. 1566. The vendor is responsible to the vendee for any hidden faults or
defects in the thing sold, even though he was not aware thereof.
This provision shall not apply if the contrary has been stipulated, and the
vendor was not aware of the hidden faults or defects in the thing sold. (1485)
Art. 1567. In the cases of Articles 1561, 1562, 1564, 1565 and 1566, the
vendee may elect between withdrawing from the contract and demanding a
proportionate reduction of the price, with damages in either case. (1486a)

Art. 1568. If the thing sold should be lost in consequence of the hidden
faults, and the vendor was aware of them, he shall bear the loss, and shall be
obliged to return the price and refund the expenses of the contract, with
damages. If he was not aware of them, he shall only return the price and
interest thereon, and reimburse the expenses of the contract which the
vendee might have paid. (1487a)

Art. 1576. If the hidden defect of animals, even in case a professional

inspection has been made, should be of such a nature that expert knowledge
is not sufficient to discover it, the defect shall be considered as redhibitory.

Art. 1569. If the thing sold had any hidden fault at the time of the sale, and
should thereafter be lost by a fortuitous event or through the fault of the
vendee, the latter may demand of the vendor the price which he paid, less
the value which the thing had when it was lost.

Art. 1577. The redhibitory action, based on the faults or defects of animals,
must be brought within forty days from the date of their delivery to the
vendee.

But if the veterinarian, through ignorance or bad faith should fail to

discover or disclose it, he shall be liable for damages. (1495)

If the vendor acted in bad faith, he shall pay damages to the vendee. (1488a)

This action can only be exercised with respect to faults and defects which
are determined by law or by local customs. (1496a)

Art. 1570. The preceding articles of this Subsection shall be applicable to

judicial sales, except that the judgment debtor shall not be liable for
damages. (1489a)

Art. 1578. If the animal should die within three days after its purchase, the
vendor shall be liable if the disease which cause the death existed at the time
of the contract. (1497a)

Art. 1571. Actions arising from the provisions of the preceding ten articles
shall be barred after six months, from the delivery of the thing sold. (1490)

Art. 1579. If the sale be rescinded, the animal shall be returned in the
condition in which it was sold and delivered, the vendee being answerable
for any injury due to his negligence, and not arising from the redhibitory
fault or defect. (1498)

Art. 1572. If two or more animals are sold together, whether for a lump sum
or for a separate price for each of them, the redhibitory defect of one shall
only give rise to its redhibition, and not that of the others; unless it should
appear that the vendee would not have purchased the sound animal or
animals without the defective one.

Art. 1580. In the sale of animals with redhibitory defects, the vendee shall
also enjoy the right mentioned in article 1567; but he must make use thereof
within the same period which has been fixed for the exercise of the
redhibitory action. (1499)

The latter case shall be presumed when a team, yoke pair, or set is bought,
even if a separate price has been fixed for each one of the animals
composing the same. (1491)

Art. 1581. The form of sale of large cattle shall be governed by special laws.
(n)

Art. 1573. The provisions of the preceding article with respect to the sale of
animals shall in like manner be applicable to the sale of other things. (1492)

CHAPTER 5

Art. 1574. There is no warranty against hidden defects of animals sold at

fairs or at public auctions, or of livestock sold as condemned. (1493a)

OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDEE

Art. 1575. The sale of animals suffering from contagious diseases shall be
void.

Art. 1582. The vendee is bound to accept delivery and to pay the price of the
thing sold at the time and place stipulated in the contract.

A contract of sale of animals shall also be void if the use or service for which
they are acquired has been stated in the contract, and they are found to be
unfit therefor. (1494a)

If the time and place should not have been stipulated, the payment must be
made at the time and place of the delivery of the thing sold. (1500a)
Art. 1583. Unless otherwise agreed, the buyer of goods is not bound to
accept delivery thereof by installments.

Where there is a contract of sale of goods to be delivered by stated

installments, which are to be separately paid for, and the seller makes
defective deliveries in respect of one or more instalments, or the buyer
neglects or refuses without just cause to take delivery of or pay for one more
instalments, it depends in each case on the terms of the contract and the
circumstances of the case, whether the breach of contract is so material as to
justify the injured party in refusing to proceed further and suing for
damages for breach of the entire contract, or whether the breach is
severable, giving rise to a claim for compensation but not to a right to treat
the whole contract as broken. (n)

Art. 1587. Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are delivered to the buyer,
and he refuses to accept them, having the right so to do, he is not bound to
return them to the seller, but it is sufficient if he notifies the seller that he
refuses to accept them. If he voluntarily constitutes himself a depositary
thereof, he shall be liable as such. (n)

Art. 1584. Where goods are delivered to the buyer, which he has not
previously examined, he is not deemed to have accepted them unless and
until he has had a reasonable opportunity of examining them for the
purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract if
there is no stipulation to the contrary.

Art. 1589. The vendee shall owe interest for the period between the delivery
of the thing and the payment of the price, in the following three cases:

Unless otherwise agreed, when the seller tenders delivery of goods to the
buyer, he is bound, on request, to afford the buyer a reasonable opportunity
of examining the goods for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in
conformity with the contract.

(3) Should he be in default, from the time of judicial or extrajudicial

demand for the payment of the price. (1501a)

Where goods are delivered to a carrier by the seller, in accordance with an

order from or agreement with the buyer, upon the terms that the goods shall
not be delivered by the carrier to the buyer until he has paid the price,
whether such terms are indicated by marking the goods with the words
"collect on delivery," or otherwise, the buyer is not entitled to examine the
goods before the payment of the price, in the absence of agreement or usage
of trade permitting such examination. (n)
Art. 1585. The buyer is deemed to have accepted the goods when he
intimates to the seller that he has accepted them, or when the goods have
been delivered to him, and he does any act in relation to them which is
inconsistent with the ownership of the seller, or when, after the lapse of a
reasonable time, he retains the goods without intimating to the seller that he
has rejected them. (n)
Art. 1586. In the absence of express or implied agreement of the parties,
acceptance of the goods by the buyer shall not discharge the seller from
liability in damages or other legal remedy for breach of any promise or
warranty in the contract of sale. But, if, after acceptance of the goods, the
buyer fails to give notice to the seller of the breach in any promise of
warranty within a reasonable time after the buyer knows, or ought to know
of such breach, the seller shall not be liable therefor. (n)

Art. 1588. If there is no stipulation as specified in the first paragraph of

article 1523, when the buyer's refusal to accept the goods is without just
cause, the title thereto passes to him from the moment they are placed at his
disposal. (n)

(1) Should it have been so stipulated;

(2) Should the thing sold and delivered produce fruits or income;

Art. 1590. Should the vendee be disturbed in the possession or ownership of

the thing acquired, or should he have reasonable grounds to fear such
disturbance, by a vindicatory action or a foreclosure of mortgage, he may
suspend the payment of the price until the vendor has caused the
disturbance or danger to cease, unless the latter gives security for the return
of the price in a proper case, or it has been stipulated that, notwithstanding
any such contingency, the vendee shall be bound to make the payment. A
mere act of trespass shall not authorize the suspension of the payment of the
price. (1502a)
Art. 1591. Should the vendor have reasonable grounds to fear the loss of
immovable property sold and its price, he may immediately sue for the
rescission of the sale.
Should such ground not exist, the provisions of Article 1191 shall be
observed. (1503)
Art. 1592. In the sale of immovable property, even though it may have been
stipulated that upon failure to pay the price at the time agreed upon the
rescission of the contract shall of right take place, the vendee may pay, even
after the expiration of the period, as long as no demand for rescission of the
contract has been made upon him either judicially or by a notarial act. After
the demand, the court may not grant him a new term. (1504a)

Art. 1593. With respect to movable property, the rescission of the sale shall
of right take place in the interest of the vendor, if the vendee, upon the
expiration of the period fixed for the delivery of the thing, should not have
appeared to receive it, or, having appeared, he should not have tendered the
price at the same time, unless a longer period has been stipulated for its
payment.
(1505)
CHAPTER 6
ACTIONS FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT OF SALE OF GOODS
Art. 1594. Actions for breach of the contract of sale of goods shall be
governed particularly by the provisions of this Chapter, and as to matters
not specifically provided for herein, by other applicable provisions of this
Title. (n)
Art. 1595. Where, under a contract of sale, the ownership of the goods has
passed to the buyer and he wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for the
goods according to the terms of the contract of sale, the seller may maintain
an action against him for the price of the goods.
Where, under a contract of sale, the price is payable on a certain day,
irrespective of delivery or of transfer of title and the buyer wrongfully
neglects or refuses to pay such price, the seller may maintain an action for
the price although the ownership in the goods has not passed. But it shall be
a defense to such an action that the seller at any time before the judgment in
such action has manifested an inability to perform the contract of sale on his
part or an intention not to perform it.
Although the ownership in the goods has not passed, if they cannot readily
be resold for a reasonable price, and if the provisions of article 1596, fourth
paragraph, are not applicable, the seller may offer to deliver the goods to
the buyer, and, if the buyer refuses to receive them, may notify the buyer
that the goods are thereafter held by the seller as bailee for the buyer.
Thereafter the seller may treat the goods as the buyer's and may maintain
an action for the price. (n)
Art. 1596. Where the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to accept and pay
for the goods, the seller may maintain an action against him for damages for
nonacceptance.

The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturally

resulting in the ordinary course of events from the buyer's breach of
contract.
Where there is an available market for the goods in question, the measure of
damages is, in the absence of special circumstances showing proximate
damage of a different amount, the difference between the contract price and
the market or current price at the time or times when the goods ought to
have been accepted, or, if no time was fixed for acceptance, then at the time
of the refusal to accept.
If, while labor or expense of material amount is necessary on the part of the
seller to enable him to fulfill his obligations under the contract of sale, the
buyer repudiates the contract or notifies the seller to proceed no further
therewith, the buyer shall be liable to the seller for labor performed or
expenses made before receiving notice of the buyer's repudiation or
countermand. The profit the seller would have made if the contract or the
sale had been fully performed shall be considered in awarding the damages.
(n)
Art. 1597. Where the goods have not been delivered to the buyer, and the
buyer has repudiated the contract of sale, or has manifested his inability to
perform his obligations thereunder, or has committed a breach thereof, the
seller may totally rescind the contract of sale by giving notice of his election
so to do to the buyer. (n)
Art. 1598. Where the seller has broken a contract to deliver specific or
ascertained goods, a court may, on the application of the buyer, direct that
the contract shall be performed specifically, without giving the seller the
option of retaining the goods on payment of damages. The judgment or
decree may be unconditional, or upon such terms and conditions as to
damages, payment of the price and otherwise, as the court may deem just.
(n)
Art. 1599. Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller, the buyer may,
at his election:
(1) Accept or keep the goods and set up against the seller, the breach of
warranty by way of recoupment in diminution or extinction of the price;
(2) Accept or keep the goods and maintain an action against the seller for
damages for the breach of warranty;
(3) Refuse to accept the goods, and maintain an action against the seller for
damages for the breach of warranty;

(4) Rescind the contract of sale and refuse to receive the goods or if the
goods have already been received, return them or offer to return them to the
seller and recover the price or any part thereof which has been paid.
When the buyer has claimed and been granted a remedy in anyone of these
ways, no other remedy can thereafter be granted, without prejudice to the
provisions of the second paragraph of Article 1191.
Where the goods have been delivered to the buyer, he cannot rescind the sale
if he knew of the breach of warranty when he accepted the goods without
protest, or if he fails to notify the seller within a reasonable time of the
election to rescind, or if he fails to return or to offer to return the goods to
the seller in substantially as good condition as they were in at the time the
ownership was transferred to the buyer. But if deterioration or injury of the
goods is due to the breach of warranty, such deterioration or injury shall
not prevent the buyer from returning or offering to return the goods to the
seller and rescinding the sale.

Where the buyer is entitled to rescind the sale and elects to do so, he shall
cease to be liable for the price upon returning or offering to return the
goods. If the price or any part thereof has already been paid, the seller shall
be liable to repay so much thereof as has been paid, concurrently with the
return of the goods, or immediately after an offer to return the goods in
exchange for repayment of the price.
Where the buyer is entitled to rescind the sale and elects to do so, if the
seller refuses to accept an offer of the buyer to return the goods, the buyer
shall thereafter be deemed to hold the goods as bailee for the seller, but
subject to a lien to secure payment of any portion of the price which has
been paid, and with the remedies for the enforcement of such lien allowed to
an unpaid seller by Article 1526.
(5) In the case of breach of warranty of quality, such loss, in the absence of
special circumstances showing proximate damage of a greater amount, is the
difference between the value of the goods at the time of delivery to the buyer
and the value they would have had if they had answered to the warranty. (n)