Lecture 5 Relations for a Control Volume

Control Volume Integral Relations

As engineers, we typically solve for the forces,
moments, etc. on bodies through a control
volume analysis.
The same control volume analysis is done in fluid
mechanics to calculate forces exerted by fluids
such as lift, drag, etc.

Outline:
The Reynolds Transport Theorem (basis for conservation of
mass, momentum, and energy)
Control volume analysis

A system is an arbitrary quantity of mass of fixed

identity
The surroundings is everything external to this
system
The boundary separates the system from its
surroundings
1

System Equations

System Equations

Lets denote the system of fixed mass, m

Second, Newtons second law states that if the

surroundings exerts a force, F, on the system,
then the mass will begin to accelerate leading to
inertia forces (F=ma):

The law of conservation of mass states that the

mass of the system remains unchanged

Finertia m system a
DV
dm
(and since
0)
Dt
dt
d m V

dt
(note that this is a vector equation so
m

m system constant
dm system

0
dt
(mass may not be created or destroyed in system)

that it holds for each component)

3

System Equations

System Equations

Another way at looking at the momentum equation

(Newtons law), is by looking at the angular momentum
If the surroundings exerts a moment, M, about the
center of the system mass, there will be a rotational
effect:
dH
M inertia
where
dt
H r V m

For an arbitrary mass and moment, H contains

nine terms. For elementary dynamics, we only
consider rigid body rotation about a fixed axis
(say x) so that the angular momentum due to
inertia effects reduces to:
d x
where
dt
x angular velocity of the system
Mx Ix

angular momentum
of the system about
its center of mass

I x mass moment of inertia about the x - axis

(also note that this is a vector equation

that holds for each component)
5

System Equations

System Equations
Finally, we can relate the state variables with an
equation of state:

Finally, the first law of thermodynamics states

that if heat, dQ, is added to the system or work,
dW, is done by the system, the system energy dE
must change:

p p , T and
e e , T

dQ dW dE for closed system

dQ dW
dE

for open system

dt
dt
dt

10 Unknowns:
10 Equations:

And the second law of thermodynamics relates

the entropy change, dS, to the heat added, dQ,
and the absolute temperature, T:

dS

dQ
T

, u, v, w, x , y , z , e, p, T

mass,
3-momentum,
3-angular momentum,
energy,
2-state relations
8

System Equations => Control Volume

Analysis

Control Volume Analysis

Now lets go about writing the basic system

equations in terms of a control volume around
some system of fluid flow

And for incompressible flow (constant density):

Consider Conservation of Mass:

m Q where

Consider a volume of fluid bounded by a surface, S. If

V(x,y,z) is the velocity vector, the amount of flow passing
through (normal) to S in time t is

Q volume flow rate

m S V n S AS t

V dA
n

Which may be integrated over

the entire surface, S, and over
some moment in time
Mass
flow
rate

V n dA
s

From Fluid Mechanics

by F. White

Control Volume Analysis

10

Simple 1-D Fixed Control Volume

Different types of control volumes may be

considered depending on the type of problem:

Consider a fixed control

volume shown between
section a and b at some
time, t

Fixed control volume

Control volume moving with body
Deforming control volume

At time t+dt, a part of the

flow in system 2 has
begun to move out and
some of the flow from
system 1 has begun to
move into system 2

From Fluid Mechanics

by F. White

An example might be flow in a wind tunnel

From Fluid Mechanics
by F. White

11

12

1-D Fixed Control Volume

1-D Fixed Control Volume

Let B be any property of the fluid (energy,

momentum, mass, etc.)

We can see that:

t
t
BCV
B system
2

t t
t t
t t
t t
and BCV
B system
2 B system 2 B system 1
left CV

entered CV

Let = dB/dm be the amount of B per unit of

mass in any small portion of the fluid. The total
amount of B in the control volume is:

BCV

Time t

dV

ol

CV

where dVol is a differential mass of fluid

Time t+t

13

From Fluid Mechanics

by F. White

1-D Fixed Control Volume

1-D Fixed Control Volume

We can subtract the left-side equation from the

right-side equation to obtain a relationship
between the rate of change of BCV to the rate of
change in the amount of B in system 2 at time t:
t t
t t
t t
t
t t
t
BCV
BCV
Bsystem
2 Bsystem 2 Bsystem 2 Bsystem1
left CV

t t
t
Bsystem
2 Bsystem 2

dt
dBsystem 2
dt

The amount of B that has left or entered the CV

over the period of time, t, can be defined using
the definition of B, the cross-sectional area, A, of
the CV, and the velocity of the fluid, V, normal to
A

or

entered CV

B system

t t
t
BCV
BCV

1 t t
t t

Bsystem

2 Bsystem1
dt
dt left CV
entered CV

dBCV
1 t t
t t

Bout of CV Binto
CV
dt
dt

14

leaving or
entering

so

dV

ol

Vol left
or entered
during t

1
B system

dt leaving or
entering

15

and dVol
V n dA dt

plane A

of CV

V n dA

plane A
of CV

This is the
volume that the
fluid traversed
in time dt

16

1-D Fixed Control Volume

dBsystem 2
dt

Reynolds Transport Theorem

dBCV
1 t t
t t

Bout of CV Binto
CV
dt
dt

What are the terms physically?

d B System

Substituting

dt

dBsystem 2
dt
dBsystem
dt

dBCV
V n dA V n dA or
out
in
dt

d
dVol AVn out AVn in

dt CV

Where it is
implied that Vn
is normal to A

Rate of change of B in
system 2 at time t+dt/2
Vanishes if Bsystem is
conserved

ol AV n out AV n in

dV

dt

CV

Time-rate change of Flux of B out of

B in control volume control surface

Flux of B into the

control surface

Reynolds Transport Theorem

17

18

Generalized Reynolds Transport

Theorem

Reynolds Transport Theorem

d B System
dt

ol AV n out AV n in

dV

dt

CV

Reynolds transport
theorem may be
generalized for any
arbitrary flow
pattern passing
through the control
volume

Reynolds transport theorem is the basis of

control volume, integral, and differential forms of
the conservation equations
Conservative
property

Intensive
transport
property

Mass,
B = m = dB/dm = dmdm = 1
Momentum, B = mV, = dB/dm = dmVdm = V
Energy,
B = E = dB/dm = dEdm = e

From Fluid Mechanics

by F. White

d B System
dt

It describes the part of those equations that are

related to transport of fluid

19

d
dVol V n

dt

CV
CS

out dAout V n in dAin

CS

d
dVol V cos out dAout V cos in dAin

dt

CS
CV
CS

Where is the angle

between V and the
normal to the control
volume surface, dA
20

Reynolds Transport Theorem

Flux Terms

A system time-derivative =

rate of change of B
within the control volume
+ flux of B out of the control
volume
- flux of B into the control
volume

Alternate forms of the flux terms can be written

Notice that V cos is the component of V normal
to the area element of the control surface. Then:
Flux Terms

CS

B may be any vector or scalar property of the fluid

dAout Vn dAin
CS

where dm Vn dA
through the surface

The system time-rate derivative is generally equal to

zero for conservation of B if the transport of B is the
only consideration

dm

out

CS

dm in
CS

is the differential mass flux

21

Flux Terms

Steady Control Volume

Another form involves going back to write the fluxes

Flux Terms

If the control volume does not change with time,

the time-derivative may be taken inside of the
integral (unsteady flow within a fixed CV)

V n dA V n dA

out

in

d BSystem

as a closed integral around the surface of the control

volume:
Flux Terms

22

dt

V n dA

dVol V n dA

CV t
CS

and if density and do not vary with time (steady

flow), then:

CS

So that Reynolds transport theorem can be written

d B System

d B System
dt

ol

dV
V n dA
dt

CV
CS

dt
23

V n dA 0

CS

24

Moving Control Volume

Moving Control Volume

Now lets consider the case where the control

volume moves at a constant velocity VS

If the control volume keeps it shape and the

control volume moves with a non-constant
velocity, VS(t), then

V r t V r , t V S t

Essentially, Reynolds transport theorem stays

the same except the velocity terms are replaced
with Relative Velocities

Vr

dt

fluid
control
absolute volume

d B System

ol

dV
V r n dA

dt
CV
CS

fluid
absolute

control
volume

Reynolds transport theorem stays the same but

the relative velocity integral just becomes a little
more complicated

V VS

fluid
relative

d B System

fluid
relative

dt

dV
V r n dA
ol

dt
CV
CS

25

26

Control Volumes with Simple

Inlets and Exits

Deformable Control Volume

If the control volume is both moving and
deforming, then relative velocities must again be
considered but become more complicated

In many cases, we consider

fixed, closed, control volumes
with simple inlets and exits
where the flow can be
considered one-dimensional.

V r t V r , t V S r , t

fluid
relative

fluid
absolute

control
volume

Then the flux terms in the

Reynolds transport theorem
simply reduce to the
summation of inlets (negative)
and outlets (positive)

And the volume integral must allow for the

volume elements to distort with time so that the
time-derivative must be applied after integration:
d B System
dt

ol t

dV
V r n dA

dt
CS
CV

V n dA V
r

27

nri

Ai out

From Fluid Mechanics

by F. White

V n dA
r

2 V r 2 A2

3 3 V r 3 A3
5 5 V r 5 A5

nri

Ai in

1 1 V r1 A1
4 4 V r 4 A4

28

Example

Solution

A fixed control volume has three one-dimensional

boundary sections. The flow within the control
volume is steady. The flow properties at each
section are tabulated below:

In this case, we have a simple, fixed control

volume with simple inlets and exits.
In considering mass, we have B = m and
= dm/dm = 1
Since the flow is steady and the control volume is
fixed,

From Fluid
Mechanics by
F. White

Find the rate of change of mass of the system

which occupies the control volume at this instant

From Fluid
Mechanics by
F. White

d m sys
dt

29

Another Example
A balloon is being filled
through section 1, where the
area is A1, velocity is V1, and
the fluid density is r1.
The average density within
the balloon is b(t).
Find an expression for the
rate of change of system
mass within the balloon at
this instant.

1 V1 A1 2 V2 A2 3 V3 A3

800 kg / m
800 kg / m

8.0 m / s 3.0 m
17.0 m / s 2.0 m

800 kg / m 3 5.0 m / s 2.0 m 2

3
3

0.0

Thus, no
change in the
system mass
A similar
analysis can be
done for
momentum,
energy, etc.
30

Solution
Let the surface of the balloon be considered the
control volume where the radius of the balloon, R,
changes as a function of time, R(t).
On the balloon surface W = 0.0
At the section 1 entrance of the balloon, W = V1
As before, B = m and = dm/dm = 1, but now we
must consider the additional time-rate change of
the volume integral term in Reynolds transport
theorem
d
dm

b dVol 1 V1 A1
dt sys dt CS

From Fluid
Mechanics by
F. White

31

d 4
3
b R 1 V1 A1
dt 3

32

Solution

Homework 3

Conservation of mass leads to:

d 4
dm

b R 3 1 V1 A1 0

dt 3

dt sys

Re-Read Chapter 3 and Understand

Problems 3.5, 3.10, 3.14, 3.22, 3.28,
3.33, 3.39, 3,43, 3.58, 3.73

or

Quizzes on Thursday October 6th and 13th

d
3
b R3
1 V1 A1
dt
4

33

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