LTE Basics Physical Layer

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
2

Pulse shaping and Spectrum

Two characteristics are important for a Signal:

The time domain

The frequency domain

Fourier
Transform

It helps recognize how long the

symbol lasts on air

To understand the required

spectrum in terms of bandwidth

The rectangular Pulse

Rectangular pulse
(Time domain)

Sinc-shaped spectrum
(Frequency domain)

Fourier
Transform
Advantages:

Simple to implement: no complex filter

system required
The pulse has a clearly defined
duration: major advantage in case of
multi-path propagation environments for
handling of inter-symbol interference.

Disadvantage:
it allocates a quite huge spectrum.
However the spectral power density has
null points exactly at multiples of the
frequency.

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
5

Multi-Carrier Modulation

One solution is to use multiple carriers in parallel (Subcarriers).

This allows to increase the bit rate, but keeping the advantages of smaller
carriers with simple inter-symbol interference handling via cyclic prefix and/or
cyclic suffix.

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiCarrier (1/2)

In OFDM:
Overlapping carriers increases
special efficiency compared to
conventional FDM
Orthogonality between carriers
mitigates interference
Carrier spacing si the inverse of the
modulation rate
Simple rectangular pulse during
modulation period
Parallel transmission of payload
across multiple subcarriers
7

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiCarrier (2/2)

Thus OFDM simply places the next carrier exactly in the first null point of the
previous one.
Between OFDM carriers using the same symbol duration Ts, no guard bands on
frequency domain are required.

fs

f/fs

Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM

carriers

Orthogonal Subcarriers:
it means that at the subcarriers
center frequencies, there is no
Adjacent Carrier Interefence (ACI)

f0

f1

f2

f3

f4

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)

9

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
10

OFDM Advantages/Disadvantages
Key OFDM Advantages
Increase Spectrum Efficiency
Carrier orthogonality allows tight packing
Robustness to Multipath Fading
Cyclic Prefix and choice of Ts (The symbol length)
Scalable Bandwidth Allocation
Narrow carrier bandwidth increases flexibility

Disadvantages
High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
Instantaneous power can vary dramatically within an
OFDM symbol
Lower PA efficiency or
Increased costs
Sensitive to frequency and Timing Errors
Transmitter and Receiver need to remain synchronized
Guard Band Requirement
Slow roll due to rectangular pulse

11

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
12

Radio channel Effect

13

OFDM Limitation

14

Leakage effect due to Frequency Drift: ICI

Two effects begin to work:

1.-Subcarrier 2 has no longer its
power density maximum here - so
we loose some signal energy.

2.-The rest of subcarriers (0, 1, 3

and 4) have no longer a null point
here. So we get some noise from
the other subcarrier.

ICI

I3
I1
I4
I0
ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference

f0

f1

f2

f3

f4

15

Channel fading

+
Fading effect

16

Multipath Effect (1/4)

Signals follow several propagation paths:

Line of sight (LOS)
Non-line of sight (NLOS)

Multiple copies of the signal arrives at the

receiver with different intensities, phase
offset, and delays.
Multiple versions of the same signal may
constructively and destructively interfere
with each other.
17

Multipath Effect (2/4)

Multipath cause the following :

Difficult to extract the original information when delay spread in greater
than symbol time- inter-symbol interference (ISI).
ISI limits performance: increase the bit error rate (BER) and reduces the
achievable data rate.
18

Multipath Effect (3/4)

In OFDM, multipath causes loss of orthogonality

Delayed paths cause overlap between symbols

Cyclic Prefix (CP) insertion helps maintain orthogonality

Insert the CP by copying and pasting the tail of the
modulation symbol
19

Multipath Effect (4/4)

Cyclic Prefix
Mitigates inter-symbol Interference (ISI)
Reduces efficiency
Useable time per symbol is TU/(TU+TCP)
Selection of cyclic Prefix governed by delay spread
20

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
21

Different Multi-Access techniques

22

OFDM Multiple Access

Up to here we have only discussed simple point-to-point or broadcast
OFDM.
Now we have to analyze how to handle access of multiple users
simultaneously to the system, each one using OFDM.
OFDM can be combined with several different methods to handle multiuser systems:

Plain OFDM
Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA

23

Plain OFDM
Plain OFDM
time
...

+ no built-in multiple-access mechanism

...

...

subcarrier

Suitable for broadcast systems without an

uplink feedback channels (i.e DVB-T/H)

...
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

...
...
...

common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)

...
...
24

Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM

Time Division Multiple
Access on OFDM
time
...

+ Simple to implement
No flexibility on bit rate services
higher layer signaling and the resulting delay
and signaling overhead for highly variable
traffic (e.g. web traffic)

1
.
.
.

subcarrier

1 2 3 1 2 ...
1 2 3 1 2 ...
2
.
.
.

3 1 2 ...
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
...

1 2 3 1 2 ...
1 UE 1

2 UE 2

3 UE 3

common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)

1 2 3 1 2 ...
1 2 3 1 2 ...

OFDMA is registered trademark of Runcom Technologies Ltd.

25

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDMA

handling of high and low bit rate users simultaneously

+ Resource blocks (RB) or scheduling blocks (SB)

mechanism to run highly variable traffic
efficiently
+ Set of multiple subcarriers over some time

More built-in multiple-access mechanism

1 UE 1

2 UE 2

3 UE 3

common info

subcarrier

+ Flexible resources allocation mechanism lead to Easy

Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
...
1 1 1 2 2 ...
1 1 1 2 2 ...
1 1 1 2 2 ...
. . . . .
. . . . .
1. 1. 1. . . ...
...
1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
Resource Block (RB)
26

Different Methods for OFDM Multiple Access

time
...

Time Division Multiple

Access on OFDM
time
...

Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA

1 2 3 1 2 ...
1 2 3 1 2 ...

...

...

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

...

...

subcarrier

subcarrier

...

1
.
.
.

2
.
.
.

3 1 2 ...
. . .
. . .
. . .
...

...

...

...

1 2 3 1 2 ...

...

1 2 3 1 2 ...

...

1 2 3 1 2 ...

OFDMA is registered trademark of Runcom Technologies Ltd.

time
1 1 1 2 2 ...
1 1 1 2 2 ...
subcarrier

Plain OFDM

1 1 1 2 2 ...
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . ...
1 1 1
...
1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
Resource Block (RB)
27

LTE/EUTRAN Air Interface

In LTE, the DL air interface is based in

OFDMA

LTE uses a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (fs)

with 66.67 s as Symbol

A single cell of EUTRAN uses at least 72

subcarriers and maximum 1320
subcarriers.
15 kHz

f0 f1 f2 f3 f4

Carrier
Bandwidth
(MHz)

Number of
Sub-Carriers

1.4
3
5
10
15
20

72
198
330
660
990
1320

(1320 Subcarriers)

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
29

Resources allocation methods

The assignment of subcarriers can be:

Localized:
Use consecutive subcarriers
Simpler to implement
LTE uses localized SC-FDMA
for data and control channels

Distributed:
Distribute subcarriers across
frequency bands
Increases frequency diversity
Also increases complexity
30

Subcarriers Assignment Methods

Localized OFDMA/SC-FDMA

Interleaved (Distributed) OFDMA/SC-FDMA

time

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2

Channel conditions for

each subcarrier will be
relatively equal due to
proximity on Spectrum
Simplify channel
estimation and thus
receiver complexity
Small measurements need
for channel scheduling

subcarrier

subcarrier

time

1
2
3

1
2
3

1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1
2 2
3 3

1 1 1
2 2 2
4 4 4

4..7 dB

lower Pick to
Average Power Ratio PAPR
than localized version
Channel scheduling need
information about each
individual subcarrier
Throughput performance is
usually not so high as in the
localized case.

31

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
32

Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

The transmitted power is the sum of

the powers of all the subcarriers

More subcarriers, cause higher peak

to average power ratio (PAPR)

The higher the peaks, the greater

the power range levels over which
the transmitter is required to work.

High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

(PAPR) in transmitted signal: this
results in requirements for expensive
non-linear power amplifiers, with low
power conversion efficiency
(especially on UE side).

33

Power Amplifier Back-off

Output Power

Output Power

BackOff

Input Power

BackOff

Input Power

34

SC-FDMA (solution)
High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is significant
problem for the Uplink:
Large variations of power on a per carrier basis with
OFDM

OFDMA

SC-FDMA

Required characteristics of a UE transmitter

are:
Low complexity
Limited transmit Power
Low Cost
These characteristics can be achieved by using Single
Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
Also Known as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFTSOFDM)
This mechanism can reduce the PAPR of 6..9 dB compared to
normal OFDMA.
SC-FDMA is one option in WiMAX (802.16d) and it is
the method selected for EUTRAN in the uplink direction.
35

SC-FDMA characteristics
SC-FDMA uses DFT precoding of user data
Individual bits mapped across multiple frequencies
DFT size (M) defines number of subcarriers allocated to user data
Time domain signal more resembles a single carrier
PAPR reduced

36

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (1/2)

OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers
SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
In the example:
o OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols ( 01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted
per OFDMA symbol, one on each subcarrier
o SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol
using all subcarriers per modulation symbol. The duration of each
modulation symbol is 1/6th of the modulation symbol in OFDMA

OFDMA

SC-FDMA
37

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (2/2)

38

Summary: OFDMA/ SC-OFDMA

OFDMA Downlink / SC-FDMA Uplink

Channel Bandwidths: 1.4, 3,5,10,15 and 20 MHz

Subcarrier Bandwidth: 15 kHz

7.5kHz also supported for Broadcast/Multicast

Two cyclic Prefix choices:

Normal and Extended

Data Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

39

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
40

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

The practical implementation of an OFDM system is based on digital

technology and more specifically on the use of the Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) and the inverse operation (IDFT) to switch between time and frequency
domain representations
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a method for calculating the Discrete
Fourier Transform (DFT) and it is and fundamental element in OFDM

T
t
T
t

FFT

1/T

FFT
0

FFT = Fast Fourier Transform

IFFT = Inverse FFT
41

FFT Application in OFDMA

FFT & IFFT are blocks included in an OFDMA system:

FFT in the Receiver
IFFT in the Transmitter

42

OFDM Transmitter

43

OFDM Receiver

Bit Mapping

Derotator

s1

s1

Bit Mapping

AGC
Automatic
Gain Control

.
.
.

sN-1
timee
adjust

signal autocorreation

FFT

reference
(pilot)

Frequency And Timing Sync

.
.
.

.
.
.

sN-1

Bit Mapping

channel
response

Channel
Estimation

B10 ,B11,
B20 ,B21,

.
.
.

Bit Distribution

s0

Channel Correction

s0

phase correction

LNA gain

Time Domain

signal strength

Demodulator

RF

Low Noise Amp.

+ Bandpass

Frequency Domain

Soft Bit
Coded
Data

BN-1 0

QPSK
Im
11

01
sk

d11
Re
d10

00

10

44

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
45

LTE FDD and TDD Modes

t
t
Bandwidth
up to 20MHz

Uplink

Bandwidth
up to 20MHz

Bandwidth
up to 20MHz

Guard
Period

Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

f
f
Duplex Frequency

46

FDD vs TDD
FDD Mode

TDD Mode
Reciprocity of UL and DL
Better L1 performance for Low Ue velocities

Faster scheduling possible

Reduced L1 signaling

No interference problem

Easy open loop algorithms possible

Easy coexistence with neighbor

operators

No cell synchronization necessary

Support of Asymmetric UL and DL traffic

Less restrictions for pico and micro cells
But very strong restrictions for macro cells

Deployment in unpaired bands possible

But coexistence issues with other systems and
other operators

47

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
48

LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes

FDD mode (1/2)

49

LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes

FDD mode (2/2)

50

LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes

TDD mode (1/2)

The DwPTS/GP/UpPTS are in special S subframe

There are 7 different configurations for the duration of DwPTS/GP/UpPTS
51

LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes

TDD mode (2/2)

LTE-TD can coexist with TD-SCDMA

52

OFDMA Resource Block for LTE/EUTRAN

F
EUTRAN combines OFDM symbols in so called

Subcarriers

The scheduler always allocates minimum of 2

consecutive RB for one user
1 ms This is the transmission time interval (TTI)
in LTE

Resource Block

A single resource block is always 12

consecutive subcarriers during one slot ( 0.5 ms)

Bandwidth
180kHz

resource blocks (RB)

Subcarrier
Bandwidth
15kHz

A single cell must have at least 6 resource blocks

(72 subcarriers) and up to 110 are possible (1320
subcarriers)
T
Slot

Slot

Subframe 1ms

OFDMA resource Grid for LTE/EUTRAN.

Channel Estimation
Channel estimation based on reference symbols (Pilot Symbols).
Reference symbols helps the UE to keep the synchronization with the

network over the air interface, both in term of time and frequency
synchronization.
In WCDMA common pilot channel (CPICH) was used for this (together
with reference symbols on DCH).

54

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
55

3GPP Spectrum allocation

56

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
57

OFDM and modulation techniques

Each tone can be modulated with:

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)

QPSK ( Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

16-QAM or 64-QAM ( Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

Thus, each tone can carry 2 to 6 coded bits for each symbol time

58

OFDM modulation: BPSK

BPSK module one bit per

symbol time. The starting
point, or phase, is
defined by the standard.

59

OFDM modulation: QPSK

QPSK module two bits per

symbol time. The starting
point, or phase, is defined
by the standard.
(only two of the four possible pahse are
shown here)

60

OFDM modulation: 16-QAM

16- QAM modulate 4 bits

per symbol time. Starting
phase and amplitude are a
function of the data bits.
(only two of the 16 possibe phases are
shown here)

61

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
62

MIMO (for Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs)

It is a key technology to increase a channels capacity by using
multiple transmitter and receiver antennas.
The very basic ideas behind MIMO have been established already
1970 but have not been used in radio communication until 1990.
MIMO is currently used in 802.11n, 802.16d/e to increase the
channel capacity.
Many MIMO schemes standardized in 3GPP:
HSDPA Rel 7
LTE Rel 8 (2x2 and 4x4 MIMO configurations)
More advanced schemes being studied for Rel9 and Rel 10
Also used in 802.11, Wimax and other non-3GPP technologies
The ability to dynamically adapt to changing channel conditions
is a key focus of LTE Rel 8

TX

RX
Tx

MIMO
Channel

Rx
63

MIMO characteristics

Transmission of several independent data streams in parallel over

uncorrelated antennas (i.e. separated by >= 10 )

Increased data rate

The radio channel consists of NTx x NRx (ideally uncorrelated paths

Theoretical maximum rate increase factor= Min (NTx, NRx) (in a rich
scattering environment; no gain in a line-of-sight environment)

Multiple codeword (MCW): each stream/ antenna has its own FEC coding

64

MIMO implementation types (1/2)

MIMO gains depends on how the data pipes are used.
Data stream on only the strongest pipe- Beamforming
Use all the power on the strongest pipe( i.e., the most efficient pipe)
Increased coverage and signal SNR
Different data streams on different pipes Spatial Multiplexing
Increased spectral efficiency (increased overall throughput)
Power is divided among the data streams
Same data on all the pipes - Diversity Gain
Increased coverage and link quality
Different data on different pipes for different users- SDMA
Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDMA) is also referred to as co-channel
interference reduction
Increased system capacity
65

MIMO implementation types (2/2)

Radio channel

eNodeB

MISO (Multiple In Single Out)

Beam forming
Transmit diversity

Radio channel

eNodeB

SIMO (Single In Multiple Out)

Receive diversity

Radio channel

eNodeB

MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out)

All above + Spatial multiplexing (MIMO)
66

MIMO application in Radio channel (1/2)

When channel conditions are not good:
Concentrate all the power to the strongest pipe
Precoding is determined based on the channel info feedback
Increased coverage and signal SNR

67

MIMO application in Radio channel (2/2)

When channel conditions are good:
Transmit parallel data streams on parallel pipes
Different precoding is used with respect to different data pipes
Total transmission power is shared among the pipes
Increase total data throughput while keeping the same total power and total
bandwidth

68

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
69

Downlink Peak Bit Rate

2x2 MIMO (2 antennas for TX, 2 Antennas for RX)

64QAM
Control overhead 7.1%
Reference symbol overhead 7.7%

70

Uplink Peak Bit Rate

Single stream transmission with 16QAM assumed

Reference symbol overhead 14.3%
One resource block for Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

71

Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
72

LTE UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz
64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1

Qualcomm first chipset has 50 Mbps downlink and 25 Mbps uplink

73

Summary

74