Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Shigemitsu Otsuka
Mitsubishi heavy Industries, Ltd.
0
Contents
1. Difference between Thermal and
Nuclear Power Plant
2. Major Reactor Type
3. Features of Nuclear Power Plant
4. PWR Basic System Configuration,
Main component, and General
Arrangement
1
Boiler
Feed
Water
Electric Line
Electric Power
Transfer
Thermal Power
Turbine
Radiation Controled Area
Main Steam
Condenser
Feed
Water
Cooling Water
(Sea Water)
Reactor
Nuclear Power
Generator
Oil Tank
Boiler
Chemical
Energy
Generator
Turbine
Turbine
Mechanical
Energy
Thermal
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Light
Energy, etc
Nuclear Power
Reactor
Nuclear
Energy
Generator
Turbine
Thermal
Energy
Turbine
Mechanical
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Light
Energy, etc
Coal
Oil
Air
Combustion
Ash
Combustion
Gas
Thermal
Energy
Nuclear Power
Uranium
Neutron
Nuclear
Fission
Fission
Products
Two or
Three
Neutron
Thermal
Energy
2 or 3 neutrons emission
U238
Neutron
Neutron
Nuclear Fission
Heat
First
nuclear fission
is easy
Heat
Second
Chain reaction
Uranium 235
(35)
U238
Uranium 238
(9597)
Neutron
Heat
Third
Fuel Pellet
nuclear fission
is not easy
Consumption Fuel
538 / 566
275
Approx. 32 MPa
Approx. 6 MPa
6,500 t/h
Conventional Type
Thermal Plant
(Super Critical Pressure)
PWR Plant
Approx. 42
Approx. 35 %
Plant Efficiency
()-ray
()-ray
()-ray
()-ray
Ultraviolet Ray
()-ray/()-ray
Infrared Ray
Visible Ray
Electric
Magnetic
Wave
Neutron beam
Paper
Water or
Concrete
10
Protection by Time
Protection by Shield
Distance
Radioactive material
Dose
Equivalent
Rate
(mSv/h)
Dose
Equivalent
(mSv)
Dose
Equivalent
Rate
(mSv/h)
Work Hours(h)
Thickness of Concrete(cm)
11
Liquid Waste
Waste Water
Vaporization
Condensation
Solid Waste
Flammable
Nonflammable
Waste Paper,
Clothes etc.
Incineration
Compaction
Solidification
with Cement /
Asphalt
Containing in Drum
The Radioactive Waste Quantity per year from Nuclear Power Plant (1,000MWe) is about 200300 drums.
This Quantity has been decreasing due to the improvement of Radioactive Waste Treatment Technology
Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2009
12
13
14
15
LWR
PWR*
BWR*
Gas-cooled reactor*
Graphitemoderated reactor
Heavy water
reactor
Nuclear Reactor
Coolant
Neutron
Moderator
Nuclear
Fuel
USA, France,
Japan, Russia,
Korea, Chinaetc
Light water
Pressurized water
Light water
Light water
Enriched
uranium
Boiling water
Carbon dioxide
Light water
USA, Japanetc
UKetc
Graphite
Russia
Chernobyl
Boiling water
Heavy water
Major Adoption
country
Heavy
water
Natural
uranium
-NoteCoolant;
Moderator;
The material which lets a fast neutron slow to make it easy to collide with other Uranium-235.
Light water;
Heavy water;
The water which density has a bigger than light water. A compound of heavy hydrogen and oxygen.
16
Nuclear Fuel
Nuclear fuel is a material that can be 'consumed' by
fission to control nuclear energy. Nuclear fuels are the
most dense sources of energy available.
Nuclear fuel must contain at
least one fissile material.
Fissile material existing in
nature is only Uranium-235
(U235).
Examples which are utilized
in actual reactors are
sintered UO2 fuel.
U-235:Uranium which is easy to undergo fission
U-238:Uranium which is hard to undergo fission
U-238
U-235
99.3%
0.7%
Natural
Uranium
Enrichment
U-238
U-235
95 - 97%
3 - 5%
Low
Enrichment
Uranium
17
Nuclear Reactor
Coolant
9.5 mm
Fuel rod
18
Neutron Moderator
A neutron moderator is a material that reduces the speed of
fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons
capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving
Uranium-235.
Typical moderator materials are light water, heavy water,
graphite and so on.
A moderator should have a good ability to slow down the
speed of neutrons without absorbing neutrons. From this
view point, heavy water is better than light water.
19
Heat Cycle
Direct heat cycle
R
V
Coolant
Radioactivation
Radioactivation
Light water
BWR
TG
(Reactor coolant)
(Secondary coolant)
Radioactivation
Radioactivation
Light water
Light water
GCR
Light water
HWR
Heavy water
Light water
PWR
SG
R
V
Reactor coolant
TG
Secondary coolant
Radioactivation
Radioactivation
IHX
R
V
Reactor
coolant
SG
Secondary
coolant
TG
Third
coolant
FBR
Reactor
coolant
Secondary
coolant
Third
coolant
Sodium
Sodium
Light water
Ex. 505,5.6kg/cm2
20
Date Source : Handbook for Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineers, the 7th Revision, 2008,
Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan
21
Steam to a turbine
Steam dryer
Steam separator
Nozzles for
emergency core
cooling water
Jet pump
Fuel assemblies
Core shroud
Control rods
(cruciform)
22
Date Source : Handbook for Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineers, the 7th Revision, 2008,
Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan
23
The fuel is a metal rod of natural uranium coated with alloy and is
inserted into the multiple hole dug in the moderator (Graphite).
The reactor core is large. Carbon dioxide gas is used as the
primary coolant, so that large heat exchanger is required.
As the reactor core is the structure of piled blocks, the special
consideration is required to meet a seismic requirement.
Date Source : Handbook for Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineers, the 7th Revision, 2008,
Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan
24
25
26
Date Source : Graphical Flip-chart Nuclear & Energy Related Topics 2012
27
Total:528,899
567,686MWe
MWe
Total:
BWR
18.8%
PWR
71.1%
Note 1 : HWR is Candu type, Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor
Note 2 : PWR including Russian type PWR (VVER)
Data Source : World Nuclear Power Plants 2011, Japan Atomic Industrial Forum
28
29
2 Maker
50%
1 Maker
[ as of April, 2012]
Reactor Type
BWR
PWR
Maker
Hitachi-GE
Toshiba
MHI
Electric Power
Company
Number of Units
(in operation)
24 units
11 units
3 units
4 units
2 units
2 units
2 units
11 units
6 units
3 units
3 units
1 units
24 units
30
PWR Construction
Experiences
in Japan in Japan
PWR
Construction
Experiences
Mitsubishi has constructed all PWR Plants in Japan (24 Plants)
The 24th PWR plant entered commercial operation in Dec. 2009
4 4 4 4
OHI
2 2 3
2 2 3
MIHAMA
TOMARI
4 4 4
TSURUGA
3 3 3 3
TAKAHAMA
TOKYO
TAKASAGO
KOBE
2 2 4 4
GENKAI
YOKOHAMA
2 2 3
IKATA
3 3
SENDAI
Number of Loops
In Operation
Under Licensing
(APWR)
31
Output of
Electric
Power
Reactor
Vessel
Number of Fuel
Assembly
Steam Generator
Typical
Plant
2 Loop
300600 MWe
Class
I.D. 3.4 m
240 ton
Standard
Tomari 1 & 2
(CO : 1989/6 & 1991/4 )
Standard
Ikata 3
(CO : 1995/2)
Tomari 3
(CO : 2009/12)
3 Loop
I.D. 4.0 m
330 ton
4 Loop
1200 MWe
Class
I.D. 4.4 m
410 ton
Standard
Ohi 3 & 4
(CO : 1991/12 & 1993/2)
4 Loop
(APWR)
1500 MWe
Class
I.D. 5.2 m
590 ton
Tsuruga 3 & 4
and Sendai 3
(CO : 2017)
4 Loop
(US/EUAPWR)
1700 MWe
Class
I.D. 5.2 m
580 ton
Planned
CO : Commercial Operation
32
33
Pressurizer
Control Rod
Steam
Generator
Feed Water
(No Radioactive)
Turbine Generator
Condenser
Fuel
Reactor
Vessel
Cooling Water
(Sea Water)
Circulating Water
Pump
Feed Water
Pump
Reactor
Coolant
Pump
Control
Rod
Water
Turbine Generator
Recirculation
Pump
Suppression
Pool
Feed Water
Pump
Condenser
Cooling Water
(Sea Water)
Circulating
Water Pump
34
Control
Rod
Steam
Generato
r
Turbine Generator
Feed
Water
(NonRadioactive)
Fuel
Reactor
Vessel
Condense
r
(Radioactive
)
Reacto
r
Coolan
t Pump
Transforme
r
Cooling
Water
(Sea
Water)
Feed Water Pump
Primary System
Secondary System
Indirect Cycle
35
Turbine Island
Fuel Storage
Pit
Turbine Generator
Reactor
36
Features of PWR
Simple design concept
The Basic design concept of PWR plants is simple and
safety: Pressurized water is used as reactor coolant
isolated from secondary system (water-steam cycle:
radiation-free) by steam generators in an indirect cycle
system.
Safety;
Gravity fall of control rod from the upper part of reactor
core ensures the safety of reactor self-shutdown.
37
Features of PWR
Operability and Maintainability;
Radiation-free turbine system provides higher
operability and maintainability.
The plant generates an extremely low quantity of
radiation wastes.
Simple and removable core internals, not welded to
reactor vessel, enables in-service inspection.
12m
1000MW Class
4m
38
Features of PWR
Load Follow Capability;
PWR has steam generators which act as buffer enable to
reduce the impact to reactor core without reactor trip.
(Steam Generator acts as a Buffer)
Effect of Steam Generators in case of Load Changes
2
1
-2
Steam Generator
Disturbances
Turbine Generator
-5
0
-1
Act as buffer
Reactor
Disturbances Mitigated
Without trip
39
Quality Control
40
Cladding
tube
Reactor
vessel
Containment
vessel
41
Shutdown
Control Rods
Containment
Containment Vessel
Cooling
Emergency Core
Cooling System (ECCS)
Reference from the website of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in Japan
42
Reactor coolant
temperature
Containment vessel
Steam
generator
C Pressurizer pressure
Detection of
Abnormal state
Pressurizer
Reactor coolant
pump speed
Steam generator
water level
Steam
Water
Stop signal
Reactor
coolant
system
G Pressurizer water
level
H Seismic acceleration
Core
Reactor
coolant
pump
Reactor
Reactor shutdown
43
Loss of Reactor
Coolant
Automatic
Startup of
ECCS Pump
Accumulator
Safety injection
pump
Automatic
Injection from
Accumulator
Residual heat
removal pump
Reactor
coolant system
Residual heat
removal heat
exchanger
Pit
Reactor
Core Cooling
44
Reactor Containment
Reactor Coolant Pipe
Break
Vent stack
Outer shield
Containment vessel
Pressure increase
inside CV
Annulus clean up
system
Refueling water
storage pit
Containment
spray header
CV Spray Pump
startup
Decrease in pressure
and temperature
inside CV
Annulus Area
To keep negative
pressure at
Annulus Area
Treatment of
released
radioactive gas
Pipe
break
Containment
Spray Pump
Containment Spray
Heat Exchanger
Pit
Reactor
Fan Filter
Integrity of CV is
maintained.
45
46
47
48
Reactor Vessel
Operating Pressure
Operating
Temperature
49
Steam
Generator
2 Loop
3 Loop
4 Loop
300600 MWe
121 Fuel Assemblies
8001000 MWe
157 Fuel Assemblies
12001700 MWe
193/257 Fuel Assemblies
50
Reactor Vessel
Height
Thickness
Inner diameter
Weight
approx. 12.6 m
197
approx. 4.0 m
approx. 330 ton
(3 Loop)
Maximum operating
Pressure
17. 2 MPa
Maximum operating
Temperature
343
Inlet nozzle
Outlet nozzle
Fuel assembly
In-core nuclear
instrumentation
51
52
Flow
direction
Neutron Shield
Lower Support Plate
Radial Support
In-core Neutron Detector Guide Tubes
53
Nuclear Fuel
Type
1717
157
Top nozzle
Fuel Rod
4m
Control rod
guide thimble
Cladding tubes
(Zirconium alloy)
9.5
Fuel pellet
Bottom nozzle
Fuel Rod
Fuel assembly
54
55
Fuel Assembly
56
Upper
Internals
Fuel
Assembly
Control
Rod Drive
Mechanism
(CRDM)
Reactor
Vessel
Head
Ultrasonic test of
reactor vessel welding
line is easy
Reactor
Vessel
Reactor
Vessel
57
Spent Fuel
Pit Crane
Polar
Crane
Containment
Vessel
Fuel Handling
Area of
Reactor Bldg.
Inside
Containment
Vessel
Refueling
Crane
Reactor
Cavity
Fuel
Assembly
Fuel Transfer Tube
Cask Pit
Fuel
Assembly
Refueling Canal
Reactor Vessel
58
Steam Generator
Steam (To turbine)
Moisture
separator
approx. 4.5 m
(Lower)
approx. 3.4 m
Total height
approx. 20 m
5,830
Approx.19 /
Approx.1
approx. 6,500 m2
approx. 330 ton
Steam
separator
Feedwater inlet
nozzle
Anti vibration bar
Heat transfer
tube
Tube plate
Channel head
59
Improved Hydraulic
performance
Advanced Seal-Improved Seal
Characteristic and Durability
60
Turbine Generator
Low-pressure turbine
Exciter
High-pressure
turbine
Generator
Moisture separator
reheater
Steam chest
(main stop valves and governing valves)
Turbine Cylinders
54 Inch
61
Easy Operation
- Improved monitoring
- Operable information
performance
- Integrated display for
control
62
Containment Vessel
SCV
(Steel Containment Vessel
PCCV
(Pre-stressed Concrete Containment Vessel)
63
Primary System
Systems in the primary island
Reactor Coolant System (RCS)
Main Steam and Feed Water System (MSFWS)
Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS)
Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS)
Residual Heat Removal System (RHRS)
Containment Spray System (CSS)
Auxiliary Feed Water System (AFWS)
Component Cooling Water System (CCWS)
Sea Water System (SWS)
Waste Disposal System (WDS)
64
Safety
Systems
Water
Treatment
Systems
Support
Systems
Major systems
Functions
Depressurization of containment
pressure at accident
65
Emergency
Core Cooling
System
Residual Heat
Removal
System
Auxiliary Feed
water System
Chemical &
Volume Control
System
66
Pressurizer
Relief Tank
Pressurizer
Safety Valve
Reactor Coolant
Drain Tank
Auxiliary Spray
Pressurizer
Relief valve
Pressurizer
SG
Pressurizer
Spray Valve
SG
RCP
RCP
RHRS
SIS
CVCS (Excess Letdown Line)
SIS
SG
SG
RCP
Acc, SIS
Acc, SIS
Reactor
Vessel
RCP
RHRS
SIS
CVCS (Letdown Line)
SIS
Acc, SIS
Acc, SIS
67
Atmosphere
Main Steam
Relief Valve
Pzr
Turbine Building
Main Steam
Isolation Valve
SG
Moisture Separator Heater
RCP
Main Steam
Safety Valve
SG
Main Steam
Check Valve
HP Turbine
LP Turbine
RCP
SG
RV
Feed Water
Control Valve
AFWS
Condenser
Condensate Pu
RCP
SG
Circulating
Water Pump
Deaerator
LP Feedwater
Heater
HP Feedwater
Heater
Grand Steam
Condenser
RCP
CV
Feedwater
Pump
Feedwater
Booster Pump
C ondensate
Booster Pump
C ondensate
Demineralizer
68
Energy
Conversion
System
Major systems
Functions
Water supply to SG
Support
Systems
69
Moisture Separator
and Reheater
Main Stop
and
Governing Valve
Main Steam
Isolation Valve
High
Pressure
Turbine
Main Feedwater
Control Valve
Reactor Side
High Pressure
Feedwater Heater
Low
Pressure
Turbine
Main Electric
Generator
Reheat Stop
and
Intercept Valve
Generator
Exciter
Power Line
Turbine
Low Pressure
By-pass Valve Feedwater Heater
Transformer
Condenser
Circulating
Water Pump
Circulation
Water System
Low Pressure
Feedwater Heater
Intake Pit
Deaerator
Deaerator
Turbine Driven
Feedwater Pump
Feedwater
Booster Pump
Discharge
Storage Tank
Motor Driven
Feedwater
Feedwater Pump Booster Pump
Condensate Pump
Condensate
Booster Pump
Condensate
Demineraizer
Grand Steam
Condenser
Condensate Water
Demineralizer System
70
RCS, C/V
MSS, FWS, AFWS
New and Spent Fuel
Handling System
RHRS, SIS, CSS, CVCS
WLS, WGS, WSS
CCWS, SWS
Electrical System, I&C,
MCR
Turbine, Generator,
Transformer
71
AFWS
SGBDS
RCS
F/W
Generator
Turbine
Transmission
Lines
M/S
SF
P
Electrical
Block
Transformer
Switch Yard
F/H Block
SFPCS
ECCS
Block
D/G
Circulating Water
CVCS
Block
WDS
Block
HVAC Block
CCW
Block
Sea Water
Chiller
Uni
C
72
Building Arrangement
Case of 3-Loop Plant
Power Block Building
Access Control Area
AC/B
A/B
EL/B
EL/B
Transformer
Side
R/B
T/B
DG/B
73
Material Management
Manufacturing by CAM
Inspection of Welding
Inspection (on-site)
Construction Management
Integrated Database
74
Manufacturing
Major Components (RV, SG, RCP, Internal, CRDM,
PZR,Turbine etc) are in our hands.
Works and Machines have been updated/enlarged
and are prepared for the global deployment.
Super-large
combined machine
tool Super Miller
Reactor vessel
High-Accuracy,
High-Quality
Processing in
Upright Installation
Position
75
Construction
Reduction of on-site work
volume and construction period
40m-dia.
upper
containment
Brilliant Successes
Tools for efficient construction like
Super-large-capacity cranes
On-site welding of
Containment and Formation
Ability for comprehensive coordination
of civil & installation work
77