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THE WAKASA WAN ENERGY

RESEARCH CENTER SEMINOR

Course of Nuclear Plant Safety


November 17, 2014

Shigemitsu Otsuka
Mitsubishi heavy Industries, Ltd.
0

Contents
1. Difference between Thermal and
Nuclear Power Plant
2. Major Reactor Type
3. Features of Nuclear Power Plant
4. PWR Basic System Configuration,
Main component, and General
Arrangement
1

1. Difference between Thermal


and Nuclear Power Plant

Difference between Thermal


and Nuclear Power Plant
Main Steam

Boiler

Feed
Water
Electric Line
Electric Power
Transfer

Thermal Power

Turbine
Radiation Controled Area

Main Steam

Condenser

Feed
Water

Cooling Water
(Sea Water)

Reactor

Nuclear Power

Generator

Feed Water Pump

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2009

Principle of Thermal Power


and Nuclear Power (1/2)
Thermal Power

Motor, Electric Light,


Electric Heat, etc

Oil Tank

Boiler
Chemical
Energy

Generator

Turbine
Turbine
Mechanical
Energy

Thermal
Energy

Electrical
Energy

Light
Energy, etc

Nuclear Power
Reactor
Nuclear
Energy

Generator

Turbine
Thermal
Energy

Turbine
Mechanical
Energy

Electrical
Energy

Light
Energy, etc

Principle of Thermal Power


and Nuclear Power (2/2)
Thermal Power

Coal
Oil

Air

Combustion

Ash

Combustion
Gas

Thermal
Energy

Nuclear Power

Uranium

Neutron

Nuclear
Fission

Fission
Products

Two or
Three
Neutron

Thermal
Energy

(Inside Fuel Rod)

Generation of Thermal Energy by


Nuclear Power Plant
What is nuclear fission?
When a neutron hits an atomic nucleus of uranium, the uranium atom
is divided into two atomic nucleuses. Mass heat generate then.
Nucleus
of U235

2 or 3 neutrons emission
U238

Neutron

Neutron
Nuclear Fission
Heat
First

nuclear fission
is easy

Heat
Second

Chain reaction

Uranium 235
(35)

U238

Uranium 238
(9597)

Neutron
Heat
Third

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2006

Fuel Pellet
nuclear fission
is not easy

Consumption Fuel

<Consumption of various fuel required to operate


a 1,000 MWe power plant per year>
(2 trucks by 10t truck)
(Nuclear)

(about 5 ships by 200k tons tanker)

(about 7 ships by 200k tons tanker)


(about 12 ships by 200k tons cargo boat)

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2012

Steam Condition and Plant


Efficiency
Steam Generator

- Main Steam Temperature

Thermal Power Plant

Nuclear Power Plant

Conventional Type Thermal


Plant
(Super Critical Pressure)
1,000MWe

NPP Plant (PWR)


1,180 MWe

538 / 566

275

(Main Steam)(Reheat Steam)

- Main Steam Pressure

Approx. 32 MPa

Approx. 6 MPa

- Main Steam Flow

Approx. 3,000 t/h

6,500 t/h

Conventional Type
Thermal Plant
(Super Critical Pressure)

PWR Plant

Approx. 42

Approx. 35 %

Plant Efficiency

Combined Cycle Power Plant


Approx. 48 %

Steam Turbine Generator


Thermal Power Plant

Nuclear Power Plant

Because main steam pressure and temperature


are lower and steam is moisture in nuclear power
turbine than in thermal power turbine, we adopts a
low-speed rotational machine using long blades of
low- pressure turbine.

3,000 rpm (50 Hz)


3,600 rpm (60 Hz)

Half speed of Thermal Power Plant


1,500 rpm (50 Hz)
1,800 rpm (60 Hz)

rpm: revolutions per minute

Radiation and its Protection


(1) Radiation from the Sun

(2) Shielding of Radiation


Shielding

The Sun is the Mass of Energy

()-ray

()-ray

()-ray

()-ray
Ultraviolet Ray

()-ray/()-ray
Infrared Ray

Visible Ray

The Light and Heat from The Sun


Brought Live and Earth and
Foster them.

Electric
Magnetic
Wave

Neutron beam

Paper

Thin Metal Plate


such as Aluminum

Thick Metal Plate


such as steal

Water or
Concrete

-ray is stopped by a paper.


-ray is stopped by a few millimeters thickness of
aluminum.
-ray and stopped by a thick steel.
Neutron beam requires a concrete to be shielded

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2009

10

Basics of Radiation Protection


Protection by Distance

Protection by Time

[Dose Equivalent Rate]


= Inversely Protection to [Distance]2

Protection by Shield

[Dose Equivalent]= [Dose Equivalent


Rate at the Workplace][Work Hours]

Distance
Radioactive material

Dose
Equivalent
Rate
(mSv/h)

Dose
Equivalent
(mSv)

Dose
Equivalent
Rate
(mSv/h)

Distance from The


Radioactive Materialm

Work Hours(h)

Thickness of Concrete(cm)

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2009

11

Radioactive Waste from


Nuclear Power Plant
Low-level Radioactive Waste from Generation to Temporary Storage

Liquid Waste

Waste Water

Vaporization
Condensation

Solid Waste
Flammable
Nonflammable

Waste Paper,
Clothes etc.

Incineration

Waste Metals etc.

Compaction

Solidification
with Cement /
Asphalt
Containing in Drum

Surface Storage in NPP Site

The Radioactive Waste Quantity per year from Nuclear Power Plant (1,000MWe) is about 200300 drums.
This Quantity has been decreasing due to the improvement of Radioactive Waste Treatment Technology
Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2009

12

The Amount of CO2 Discharge


from Various Power Sources

(Example) Coal : Digging / Cleaning


Transportation
Power Generation
Ash Disposal

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2012

13

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2012

14

2. Major Reactor Type

15

Reactor Type of Commercial Base NPP


Reactor type

LWR

PWR*
BWR*

Gas-cooled reactor*
Graphitemoderated reactor
Heavy water
reactor

Nuclear Reactor
Coolant

Neutron
Moderator

Nuclear
Fuel

USA, France,
Japan, Russia,
Korea, Chinaetc

Light water
Pressurized water

Light water

Light water

Enriched
uranium

Boiling water

Carbon dioxide
Light water

USA, Japanetc
UKetc

Graphite

Russia
Chernobyl

Boiling water

Heavy water

Major Adoption
country

Heavy
water

Natural
uranium

Canada, India, .etc

-NoteCoolant;

The material which carries thermal energy generated by nuclear fission.

Moderator;

The material which lets a fast neutron slow to make it easy to collide with other Uranium-235.

Light water;

Normal water. A compound of hydrogen and oxygen.

Heavy water;

The water which density has a bigger than light water. A compound of heavy hydrogen and oxygen.

* ; The nuclear reactor which was built in Japan

16

Nuclear Fuel
Nuclear fuel is a material that can be 'consumed' by
fission to control nuclear energy. Nuclear fuels are the
most dense sources of energy available.
Nuclear fuel must contain at
least one fissile material.
Fissile material existing in
nature is only Uranium-235
(U235).
Examples which are utilized
in actual reactors are
sintered UO2 fuel.
U-235:Uranium which is easy to undergo fission
U-238:Uranium which is hard to undergo fission

U-238

U-235

99.3%

0.7%

Natural
Uranium
Enrichment
U-238

U-235

95 - 97%

3 - 5%

Low
Enrichment
Uranium

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2009

17

Nuclear Reactor Coolant


A nuclear reactor coolant is a coolant in a nuclear reactor
used to remove heat from the nuclear reactor core and
transfer it to electrical generators. Frequently, a chain of
two coolant loops are used because the primary coolant
loop takes on short-term radioactivity from the reactor.
Typical coolant materials are
light water, heavy water,
carbon dioxide, helium,
sodium and so on.
Merits of liquid metal coolants
are high heat conductivity.

Nuclear Reactor
Coolant
9.5 mm

Cross section diagram

Fuel rod

18

Neutron Moderator
A neutron moderator is a material that reduces the speed of
fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons
capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving
Uranium-235.
Typical moderator materials are light water, heavy water,
graphite and so on.
A moderator should have a good ability to slow down the
speed of neutrons without absorbing neutrons. From this
view point, heavy water is better than light water.

19

Heat Cycle of Major Reactor


Reactor
Type

Heat Cycle
Direct heat cycle
R
V

Coolant
Radioactivation

Radioactivation

Light water

BWR

TG

Ex. 282, 67kg/cm2 *

Indirect heat cycle

(Reactor coolant)

(Secondary coolant)

Radioactivation
Radioactivation

Light water

Light water

Ex. 300, 157kg/cm2

Ex. 275, 60kg/cm2 *

GCR

Carbon dioxide gas

Light water

Ex. 380, 15kg/cm2

Ex. 355, 45kg/cm2 *

HWR

Heavy water

Light water

Ex. 300, 100kg/cm2

Ex. 260, 45kg/cm2 *

PWR
SG

R
V

Reactor coolant

TG
Secondary coolant

Indirect double heat cycle

Radioactivation

Radioactivation

IHX

R
V
Reactor
coolant

SG

Secondary
coolant

TG
Third
coolant

FBR

Reactor
coolant

Secondary
coolant

Third
coolant

Sodium

Sodium

Light water

Ex. 530, 1.4kg/cm2

Ex. 505,5.6kg/cm2

Ex. 483, 127kg/cm2 *

*: Steam condition at turbine inlet

20

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)


The steam is generated by heat of the reactor core (cooling by
boiling water and steam, and moderating by the water) and is
directly introduced to the turbine.
The steam generator is not necessary to generate steam, but the
steam to drive the turbine is slightly radioactive.

Date Source : Handbook for Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineers, the 7th Revision, 2008,
Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan

21

Reactor Vessel of BWR


Vent Nozzle

Control rods are inserted


from the bottom of the
reactor vessel In a BWR.
The shape of the control
rod is cruciform and
inserted at the outside gap
of fuel assemblies.
There are steam separator
and steam dryer above the
core.

Steam to a turbine

Steam dryer
Steam separator

Nozzles for
emergency core
cooling water

Jet pump
Fuel assemblies

Feed water from a condenser

Core shroud

Control rods
(cruciform)

Control rod drives


Source : Handbook for Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineers, the 7th Revision
2008, Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan

22

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)


Since the turbine is driven by the clean steam generated in the
secondary side of the steam generator, the turbine and related
equipments are free from radioactive contamination.
Relatively slow reactivity fluctuation by the fuel burn up is controlled
by adjusting the concentration of boron in the primary coolant. In
this operation, distortion of the power distribution is very small and
the operation is easy, because of all control rods are withdrawn
fully.

Date Source : Handbook for Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineers, the 7th Revision, 2008,
Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan

23

Gas-cooled Reactor (GCR)


- Calder Hall Type -

The fuel is a metal rod of natural uranium coated with alloy and is
inserted into the multiple hole dug in the moderator (Graphite).
The reactor core is large. Carbon dioxide gas is used as the
primary coolant, so that large heat exchanger is required.
As the reactor core is the structure of piled blocks, the special
consideration is required to meet a seismic requirement.

Date Source : Handbook for Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineers, the 7th Revision, 2008,
Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan

24

Heavy Water Reactor (HWR)


HWR uses a natural uranium as the fuel mainly and heavy water
as the moderator and the coolant. The CANDU reactor was
developed in Canada.
Heavy water has the highest moderation ratio. One of other
features is that it has horizontal coolant flow channels and that
fuel elements are also loaded horizontally in the core.

Date Source : CANDU Owners Group Home Page,


http://www.candu.org/candu_reactors.html

25

Fuel Bundle and Calandria of CANDU Reactor


In Candu reactors, fuel pellets are inserted into fuel rods and
grouped together in bundles which are loaded into fuel
channels in the reactor core.
fuel bundles are loaded horizontally in the core

Date Source : Cameco Home Page, http://www.cameco.com

26

Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)


Fissions are made in a fast reactor with fast neutrons which have
high energy without slowing down. Sodium is used as a coolant
because it has a large thermal conductivity and it is liquid under an
ordinary pressure. Temperature of steam from steam generators is
higher than that of light water reactors.
The feature of fast reactor is that it can be design to breed fissile
materials more than to be burnt in a core.

Date Source : Graphical Flip-chart Nuclear & Energy Related Topics 2012

27

Reactor Type in the World


PWR is the largest nuclear plant technology base in the world.
HWR Others
5.3% 4.8%

Total:528,899
567,686MWe
MWe
Total:

[included under planning]

BWR
18.8%

PWR
71.1%
Note 1 : HWR is Candu type, Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor
Note 2 : PWR including Russian type PWR (VVER)
Data Source : World Nuclear Power Plants 2011, Japan Atomic Industrial Forum

28

Nuclear Power Plants in Japan

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2013

29

Reactor Type in Japan


50%

2 Maker

50%

1 Maker
[ as of April, 2012]

Reactor Type

BWR

PWR

Maker

Hitachi-GE
Toshiba

MHI

Electric Power
Company

Number of Units
(in operation)

Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc.


Chubu Electric Power Co., inc
Tohoku Electric Power Co., inc.
Chugoku Electric Power Co., inc.
Hokuriku Electric Power Co., inc.
Japan Atomic Power Co., inc.

24 units

11 units
3 units
4 units
2 units
2 units
2 units

Kansai Electric Power Co., inc.


Kyushu Electric Power Co., inc.
Shikoku Electric Power Co., inc.
Hokkaido Electric Power Co., inc.
Japan Atomic Power Co., inc.

11 units
6 units
3 units
3 units
1 units

24 units

30

PWR Construction
Experiences
in Japan in Japan
PWR
Construction
Experiences
Mitsubishi has constructed all PWR Plants in Japan (24 Plants)
The 24th PWR plant entered commercial operation in Dec. 2009
4 4 4 4

OHI

2 2 3

2 2 3

MIHAMA

TOMARI

4 4 4

TSURUGA
3 3 3 3

TAKAHAMA

TOKYO
TAKASAGO
KOBE

2 2 4 4

GENKAI

YOKOHAMA

2 2 3

IKATA

3 3

SENDAI

Number of Loops

In Operation
Under Licensing
(APWR)

31

Line-up of Japanese PWR Plant


Mitsubishi has the Latest Reference Plant on each Power Output Class
Number
of Loop

Output of
Electric
Power

Reactor
Vessel

Number of Fuel
Assembly

Steam Generator

Typical
Plant

2 Loop

300600 MWe
Class

I.D. 3.4 m
240 ton

12ft 1414 Fuel


121
Assemblies

Standard

Tomari 1 & 2
(CO : 1989/6 & 1991/4 )

Standard

Ikata 3
(CO : 1995/2)
Tomari 3
(CO : 2009/12)

3 Loop

900 1000 MWe


Class

I.D. 4.0 m
330 ton

12ft 1717 Fuel


157
Assemblies

4 Loop

1200 MWe
Class

I.D. 4.4 m
410 ton

12ft 1717 Fuel


193
Assemblies

Standard

Ohi 3 & 4
(CO : 1991/12 & 1993/2)

4 Loop
(APWR)

1500 MWe
Class

I.D. 5.2 m
590 ton

12ft 1717 Fuel


257
Assemblies

Larger Capacity than


standard but same
concept

Tsuruga 3 & 4
and Sendai 3
(CO : 2017)

4 Loop
(US/EUAPWR)

1700 MWe
Class

I.D. 5.2 m
580 ton

14ft 1717 Fuel


257
Assemblies

Larger Capacity than


1500MWe but same
concept

Planned

I.D. : Inside Diameter

CO : Commercial Operation

32

3. Features of Nuclear Power Plant


PWR : Pressurized Water Reactor

33

Major Reactor Types in the World


PWRPressurized Water Reactor
Containment
Vessel

Pressurizer

Control Rod

Steam
Generator

Main Steam (No Radioactive)

Feed Water
(No Radioactive)

Turbine Generator

Condenser
Fuel
Reactor
Vessel

Cooling Water
(Sea Water)
Circulating Water
Pump
Feed Water
Pump

Reactor
Coolant
Pump

Single phase flow (No void)


Indirect steam supply system
(Steam generator; SG)
Turbine system is not needed
radioactive control

BWRBoiling Water Reactor


Containment
Vessel
Reactor
Pressure
Vessel

Main Steam (Radioactive)


Feed Water
(Radioactive)

Control
Rod

Water

Turbine Generator

Recirculation
Pump

Suppression
Pool
Feed Water
Pump

Condenser
Cooling Water
(Sea Water)

Circulating
Water Pump

Two phase flow (Liquid / Voids)


Direct steam supply system
Turbine system is needed
radioactive control

34

Basic Configuration of PWR

PWRPressurized Water Reactor


Emergency Self-shutdown by Control Rod (thanks to Gravity)
Containment Vessel
Pressurizer

Control
Rod

Steam
Generato
r

Non-Radiation Control Area


Transmission
Grid

Main Steam (Non-Radioactive)

Turbine Generator
Feed
Water
(NonRadioactive)
Fuel
Reactor
Vessel

Condense
r

(Radioactive
)
Reacto
r
Coolan
t Pump

Transforme
r

Cooling
Water
(Sea
Water)
Feed Water Pump

Primary System
Secondary System
Indirect Cycle

35

Perspective of Nuclear Power Plant


PWR : Pressurized Water Reactor
Nuclear Island
Steam Generator
Containment Vessel
approx. 60 m

Turbine Island

Fuel Storage
Pit

Turbine Generator

Reactor

36

Features of PWR
Simple design concept
The Basic design concept of PWR plants is simple and
safety: Pressurized water is used as reactor coolant
isolated from secondary system (water-steam cycle:
radiation-free) by steam generators in an indirect cycle
system.

Safety;
Gravity fall of control rod from the upper part of reactor
core ensures the safety of reactor self-shutdown.

37

Features of PWR
Operability and Maintainability;
Radiation-free turbine system provides higher
operability and maintainability.
The plant generates an extremely low quantity of
radiation wastes.
Simple and removable core internals, not welded to
reactor vessel, enables in-service inspection.

12m

1000MW Class

Ultrasonic test of reactor vessel


welding line is easy

Small and Light Weight Reactor


Aapprox.330 ton
Number of Fuel Assembly
157
Number of Control Rod Cluster 48

4m

38

Features of PWR
Load Follow Capability;
PWR has steam generators which act as buffer enable to
reduce the impact to reactor core without reactor trip.
(Steam Generator acts as a Buffer)
Effect of Steam Generators in case of Load Changes

2
1

Sudden load changes

-2

Steam Generator
Disturbances

Turbine Generator

-5

0
-1

Act as buffer

Reactor
Disturbances Mitigated

Without trip

39

Basic Safety Concept of


Nuclear Power Plant
Human Ability

Quality Control

Education and training of


operators and maintenance
workers

Strict quality control,


rigorous checks and
inspections

Defense in Depth Design

40

Basic Concept of Radioactive Material


Confinement on Nuclear Power Plant
Basic concept of radioactive material confinement is multi-barriers.
Fuel pellet

Cladding
tube

Reactor
vessel

Containment
vessel

41

Basic Safety Concept of


Nuclear Power Plant

- Prevention of accident spreading -

Shutdown
Control Rods

Containment
Containment Vessel

Cooling
Emergency Core
Cooling System (ECCS)
Reference from the website of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in Japan

42

Emergency Reactor Shutdown System


Occurrence of
unanticipated
Transient

Malfunction detection points


A

Ex-core neutron flux

Reactor coolant
temperature

Containment vessel

Steam
generator

C Pressurizer pressure

Detection of
Abnormal state

All control rod


clusters drop into
the core by gravity

Pressurizer

D Reactor coolant flow


rate
E

Reactor coolant
pump speed

Steam generator
water level

Steam

Water

Stop signal

Reactor
coolant
system

G Pressurizer water
level

H Seismic acceleration

Core

Reactor
coolant
pump

Reactor

Reactor shutdown

43

Emergency Core Cooling System


Reactor
Coolant Pipe
Break
Refueling water
storage pit
Water level of
refueling water
storage pit

Loss of Reactor
Coolant

Automatic
Startup of
ECCS Pump

Accumulator

Safety injection
pump

Automatic
Injection from
Accumulator

Residual heat
removal pump

Reactor
coolant system

Residual heat
removal heat
exchanger

Pit

Reactor

Core Cooling

44

Reactor Containment
Reactor Coolant Pipe
Break

Vent stack

CV: Containment Vessel

Outer shield

Containment vessel

Pressure increase
inside CV

Annulus clean up
system

Refueling water
storage pit
Containment
spray header

CV Spray Pump
startup

Decrease in pressure
and temperature
inside CV

Annulus Area

To keep negative
pressure at
Annulus Area
Treatment of
released
radioactive gas

Pipe
break

Containment
Spray Pump

Containment Spray
Heat Exchanger

Pit

Reactor
Fan Filter

Integrity of CV is
maintained.

Containment spray system

45

Controls in a Nuclear Power Plant by Area

Source : Graphical flip-chart of nuclear & energy related topics, 2013

46

4. PWR Basic System


Configuration,
Main Component,
and General Arrangement

47

NSSS Flow Diagram of


Mitsubishi PWR

48

Reactor Coolant System of PWR


Pressurizer
Steam Generator

Reactor Vessel (RV)


Consists of a core
Steam Generator (SG)
transfers the thermal energy
generated in reactor vessel to
secondary water
Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP)
circulates the reactor coolant
Main Coolant Piping (MCP)
Pressurizer
control the system pressure

Reactor Vessel

Reactor Coolant Pump

Reactor Coolant Piping

900MWe Class : 3 Loop

Operating Pressure
Operating
Temperature

approx. 15.5 MPa


approx. 300

49

Loop Configuration of PWRs


Core Design Concept was Standardized at an Early Stage a lot
of operating experiences are reflected and PWR has been
improved
Power Output has been increased by increasing the number
of Standard Loop Configuration
Pressurizer

Steam
Generator

Reactor Coolant Pump Reactor Vessel

2 Loop

3 Loop

4 Loop

300600 MWe
121 Fuel Assemblies

8001000 MWe
157 Fuel Assemblies

12001700 MWe
193/257 Fuel Assemblies

50

Reactor Vessel
Height
Thickness
Inner diameter
Weight

approx. 12.6 m
197
approx. 4.0 m
approx. 330 ton
(3 Loop)

Maximum operating
Pressure

17. 2 MPa

Maximum operating
Temperature

343

Control rod drive


mechanism (CRDM)

Inlet nozzle
Outlet nozzle
Fuel assembly

In-core nuclear
instrumentation

51

Concept of Reactor Internals Design


Serve to position the fuel assemblies and guide or
position the control rods
Absorb control rod dynamic loads, fuel assembly loads,
and transmit these loads to the reactor vessel
Support instrumentation within the reactor vessel
Provide protection for the reactor vessel against
excessive irradiation exposure from the reactor core

52

RV and Reactor Internals


Control Rod Drive Mechanisms
Upper Support Plate
Control Rod Guide Tube
Upper Support Column
Coolant Water Inlet Nozzle
Upper Core Plate
Coolant Water Outlet Nozzle
Fuel Assemblies
Core Barrel

Flow
direction

Neutron Shield
Lower Support Plate
Radial Support
In-core Neutron Detector Guide Tubes

53

Nuclear Fuel
Type

1717

Number of loaded fuel


assembly per core
(3 Loop)

157

Top nozzle

Fuel Rod
4m

Control rod
guide thimble

Cladding tubes
(Zirconium alloy)
9.5

Fuel pellet
Bottom nozzle
Fuel Rod

Fuel assembly

54

Standard 17x17 Fuel Assembly


Fuel Assy Array :
17x17
Overall Assy Length : 4.1 m
Overall Assy Width : 214 mm
Top Nozzle
Grids : No. of Grids :
9
Fuel Rods
Active Length :
3.65 m
No. of Rods :
264
Fuel Pellets :
UO2 or UO2/Gd2O3, MOX
Cladding Material : Zry-4
Thimble Tube
No. of Control Rod Guide Thimble : 24
No. of Instrumentation Thimble :1
Bottom Nozzle

55

Fuel Assembly

Inside Reactor Vessel

56

Reactor Internals Assemble Procedure


Since the reactor Internals are mounted on the reactor vessel
without being welded to it, they can be removed from reactor
vessel for inspection.
Lower
Internals

Upper
Internals
Fuel
Assembly

Control
Rod Drive
Mechanism
(CRDM)

Reactor
Vessel
Head

Ultrasonic test of
reactor vessel welding
line is easy

Reactor
Vessel

Reactor
Vessel

57

Procedures of Fuel Handling


The spent fuel assemblies are removed from the
reactor core and transferred to the spent fuel pit
through the fuel transfer tube filled with borated
water, using refueling crane, fuel transfer
machine and spent fuel pit crane.

Fuel Handling Area Containment


Vessel
of Reactor Bldg.

Spent Fuel
Pit Crane

Polar
Crane

Containment
Vessel
Fuel Handling
Area of
Reactor Bldg.

Inside
Containment
Vessel

Refueling
Crane

Remove the reactor vessel head


Take out the upper core barrel
Unload spent fuel from the core with
refueling crane
Transfer spent fuel by fuel transfer machine
Store spent fuel in the spent fuel pit

Reactor
Cavity

Fuel
Assembly
Fuel Transfer Tube

Cask Pit

Spent Fuel Pit

Fuel
Assembly

Fuel Transfer Machine

Refueling Canal

Source : Overview of Light Water Nuclear Power Station, January 2010,


Nuclear Safety Research Association Japan

Reactor Vessel

58

Steam Generator
Steam (To turbine)
Moisture
separator

Shell outer diameter


(Upper)

approx. 4.5 m

(Lower)

approx. 3.4 m

Total height

approx. 20 m

Number of tubes per SG


Outer diameter/
wall diameter
Heat transfer area per SG
Weight

5,830
Approx.19 /
Approx.1
approx. 6,500 m2
approx. 330 ton

Steam
separator
Feedwater inlet
nozzle
Anti vibration bar
Heat transfer
tube
Tube plate
Channel head

Reactor coolant inlet nozzle

Reactor coolant outlet nozzle

59

Reactor Coolant Pump

Improved Hydraulic
performance
Advanced Seal-Improved Seal
Characteristic and Durability

60

Turbine Generator
Low-pressure turbine

Exciter

Reheat stop valve


Intercept valve

High-pressure
turbine

Generator

Moisture separator
reheater

Steam chest
(main stop valves and governing valves)

Turbine Cylinders

LP Turbine Last Blade

54 Inch

Moisture Separator Reheater

(1200 MWe Class)

61

Advanced Control Room


Improved Man-Machine Interface
Enhanced Operability & Maintainability

Advanced Control Room


Large Display
Panel
Compact
Operator Console

Full Digital I&C


-Optical-multiplexed signal
transmission (Reduction of cables)
-Easier operation & maintenance
enhanced by self-diagnosis and
automatic test systems

Easy Operation
- Improved monitoring
- Operable information
performance
- Integrated display for
control

62

Containment Vessel

SCV
(Steel Containment Vessel

PCCV
(Pre-stressed Concrete Containment Vessel)

63

Primary System
Systems in the primary island
Reactor Coolant System (RCS)
Main Steam and Feed Water System (MSFWS)
Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS)
Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS)
Residual Heat Removal System (RHRS)
Containment Spray System (CSS)
Auxiliary Feed Water System (AFWS)
Component Cooling Water System (CCWS)
Sea Water System (SWS)
Waste Disposal System (WDS)
64

Major systems in Primary Systems


PWR Plant
Primary
System
Heat Transfer
Systems

Safety
Systems

Water
Treatment
Systems

Support
Systems

Major systems

Functions

Reactor Coolant System

Heat transfer from core to SG

Steam Generators and Main Steam

Heat transfer from SG to turbine

Emergency Core Cooling System

Core cooling at accident

Residual Heat Removal System

Removal of core decay heat

Containment Spray System

Depressurization of containment
pressure at accident

Auxiliary Feed Water System

Feed water to SG at accident

Chemical and Volume Control System

Purification of reactor coolant

Waste Disposal System

Treatment of solid, liquid and


gaseous wastes

Component Cooling Water System

Supply cooling water

Sea Water System

Supply seawater for CCWS Hxs etc.

65

Major Systems in a Primary System


Containment
Spray System

Steam Generator &


Feed water
Reactor Coolant
System

Emergency
Core Cooling
System
Residual Heat
Removal
System

Auxiliary Feed
water System

Chemical &
Volume Control
System

66

Reactor Coolant System (RCS)


Primary
Makeup Water

Pressurizer
Relief Tank

Pressurizer
Safety Valve

SIS : Safety Injection System


Acc : Accumulator
RHRS : Residual Heat Removal System
CVCS : Chemical and Volume Control System

Reactor Coolant
Drain Tank

Auxiliary Spray

Pressurizer
Relief valve

Pressurizer

SG

Pressurizer
Spray Valve

SG

RCP

RCP
RHRS
SIS
CVCS (Excess Letdown Line)

SIS

SG

SG

RCP

Acc, SIS

Acc, SIS

Reactor
Vessel

CVCS (Charging Line)

RCP

RHRS
SIS
CVCS (Letdown Line)

SIS

Acc, SIS

Acc, SIS

CVCS (Charging Line)

67

Main Steam and Feed Water System


(MSFWS)
Reactor Building
Atmosphere

Atmosphere

Main Steam
Relief Valve
Pzr

Turbine Building

Main Steam
Isolation Valve

SG
Moisture Separator Heater

RCP

Main Steam
Safety Valve

SG

Main Steam
Check Valve

HP Turbine

LP Turbine

RCP
SG

RV

Turbine Bypass Valve

Main Feed Water


Isolation Valve

Feed Water
Control Valve

AFWS

Condenser
Condensate Pu

RCP
SG

Circulating
Water Pump

Deaerator

LP Feedwater
Heater

HP Feedwater
Heater

Grand Steam
Condenser

RCP
CV

Feedwater
Pump

Feedwater
Booster Pump

C ondensate
Booster Pump

C ondensate
Demineralizer

68

Major systems in Secondary Systems


PWR Plant
Secondary
System
Heat Transfer
Systems

Energy
Conversion
System

Major systems

Functions

Main Steam Line

Heat transfer from SG to turbine

Main Feed Water System

Water supply to SG

High Pressure & Low Pressure Turbine

Conversion from the mechanical


to electric energy

Main Electric Generator


Steam
Condensation
System
Water
Treatment
Systems

Support
Systems

Circulation Water System

Condensation of exhausted steam

Condensate Water Demineralizer System


Deaerator

Conversion from the thermal


to mechanical energy

Purification of feed water

Extraction of solved air from feed water

Component Cooling Water System

Supply cooling water to components

Secondary Sea Water System

Supply seawater for CCWS Hxs etc.

69

Major systems in a Secondary System


High Pressure & Low
Pressure Turbine

Main Steam Line


Main Steam Main Steam
Relief Valve Safety Valve
Steam
Generator

Moisture Separator
and Reheater
Main Stop
and
Governing Valve

Main Steam
Isolation Valve

High
Pressure
Turbine

Main Feedwater
Control Valve
Reactor Side

High Pressure
Feedwater Heater

Low
Pressure
Turbine

Main Electric
Generator

Reheat Stop
and
Intercept Valve
Generator

Exciter
Power Line

Turbine
Low Pressure
By-pass Valve Feedwater Heater

Transformer

Condenser

Circulating
Water Pump

Circulation
Water System

Low Pressure
Feedwater Heater
Intake Pit

Deaerator

Deaerator

Turbine Driven
Feedwater Pump
Feedwater
Booster Pump

Discharge

Storage Tank

Motor Driven
Feedwater
Feedwater Pump Booster Pump

Condensate Pump

Condensate
Booster Pump

Main Feed Water System

Condensate
Demineraizer

Grand Steam
Condenser

Condensate Water
Demineralizer System

70

General Arrangement of Nuclear Island


General Arrangement of Main Systems
Layout Concept Considering the Functions and
Interfaces of Plant Systems
Reactor Facility Block
M/S and F/W Block
Fuel Handling Block
ECCS Block
Waste Disposal Block
Component Cooling Block
Electrical Block
Turbine Generator Block

RCS, C/V
MSS, FWS, AFWS
New and Spent Fuel
Handling System
RHRS, SIS, CSS, CVCS
WLS, WGS, WSS
CCWS, SWS
Electrical System, I&C,
MCR
Turbine, Generator,
Transformer
71

Main System Blocks and Interfaces


MS&FW Block
Turbine Block

Reactor Facility Block

AFWS
SGBDS

RCS

F/W

Generator

Turbine

Transmission
Lines

M/S
SF
P

Electrical
Block

Transformer

Switch Yard

F/H Block

SFPCS

ECCS
Block

D/G

Circulating Water

CVCS
Block

WDS
Block

HVAC Block
CCW
Block

Sea Water

Chiller
Uni
C

Non Access Control Area

Access control Area

72

Building Arrangement
Case of 3-Loop Plant
Power Block Building
Access Control Area

AC/B

A/B
EL/B
EL/B

Transformer

Side

R/B

T/B

DG/B

Reactor Building (R/B)


C/V, F/H, MS/FW
Auxiliary Building (A/B)
MCR, ECCS, CVCS, RHR,
Electrical System,
Waste Disposal System
Diesel Generator Building (DG/B)
Diesel Generator
Turbine Building (T/B)
Turbine, Generator,
Access Control Building (AC/B)
Access Control Room
Electrical Building (EL/B)
Electrical System for Turbine

73

Manufacturing and Construction


3D CAD Systems
Integrated database is also
used for manufacturing and
construction.

Material Management

Manufacturing by CAM

Inspection of Welding
Inspection (on-site)

Construction Management

Integrated Database

74

Manufacturing
Major Components (RV, SG, RCP, Internal, CRDM,
PZR,Turbine etc) are in our hands.
Works and Machines have been updated/enlarged
and are prepared for the global deployment.
Super-large
combined machine
tool Super Miller
Reactor vessel

High-Accuracy,
High-Quality
Processing in
Upright Installation
Position

75

Construction
Reduction of on-site work
volume and construction period
40m-dia.
upper
containment

Rational designs like


Internal Structures Using SC (-Left)
(Steel Plate Reinforced Concrete)
Large Prefabricated Blocks (-Right)

Brilliant Successes
Tools for efficient construction like
Super-large-capacity cranes
On-site welding of
Containment and Formation
Ability for comprehensive coordination
of civil & installation work

(1st Concrete to Fuel Loading)


2 loop : 34.5 months
3 loop : 37.5 months
4 loop : 40.0 months
76

For the Sustainable Future


of Asian countries

77

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