Perfuracion

DRILLING
ENGINEERING
Drilling
DRILLING ENGINEERING
CH 2
Contents
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
abstruct
OVERVIEW OF DRILLING PROCESS
DRILLING PERSONNEL
METHODS OF DRILLING WELLS
DRILLING RIG CLASSIFICATION
LAND DRILLING RIGS
OFFSHORE DRILLING RIGS
DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
HOISTING SYSTEM
ROTARY EQUIPMENT SYSTEM
POWER SYSTEM
DRILLING FLUID CIRCULATING SYSTEM
WELL CONTROL SYSTEM
WELL MONITORING SYSTEM
2
4
5
6
9
10
12
DRILLING ENGINEERING DESIGNS FOR WELL#1

DERRICK DESIGN
WELL HEAD DESIGN
KELLY SELECTION
SWIVEL SELECTION
HOISTING SYSTEM SELECTION
MUD PUMP SELECTION
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
BASIC HOLE PATTERN
TYPES OF DIRECTIONAL CURVES
HORIZONTAL DRILLING TECNOLOGY
DRILL STRING DESIGN
CASING AND TUBING DESIGN
CASING STRING DESIGN
DRILLING PROBLEMS
INTELLEGENT WELL COMPLETION
CEMENT AND CEMENT DESIGN
COST OF DRILLING
REFERENCES
HiSTORY OF PETROLEUM:
The Greek Petra (Rock) + Latin oleum (Oil) = Petroleum (Rock Oil)
By 1500 B.C.
Petroleum was being used as a source of light.
Romans used oil as a weapon of war.
HISTORY OF PETROLEUM:
11
17
18
20
22
24
25
27
29
29
29
33
34
35
41
47
53
57
58
60
64
70
76
80
83
91
94
CH 2
The Greek Petra (Rock) + Latin oleum (Oil) = Petroleum (Rock Oil)
By 1500 B.C.
Petroleum was being used as a source of light.
American Indians used crude oil as body paint and for ceremonial fires.
OIL WAS USED BY THE MAN SINCE PREHISTORY
As early as 4000 B.C.
Medicinal purposes.
Water proofing.
Bonding things together.
HISTORY OF DRILLING:
At 600 B.C.
Chinese made the first oil discovery .The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347
CE. These wells had depths of up to about 240 meters (790 ft.) and were drilled using bits
attached to bamboo poles. The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the
10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs.
Oil was being extracted for everyday use from the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian
Sea (Azerbaijan).
The first discoveries of oil were natural seeps along fault lines and cracks in rocks.
The first oil well
The first modern oil well was drilled by a Russian engineer, F. N. Semyenov, in the BibiEibat area of the Absheron Peninsula in 1848.
In 1859 Colonel Edwin L. Drake drilled a commercially successful oil well in
Pennsylvania, USA.
This is often mistakenly referred to as the worlds first oil well. While it wasnt the first,
it was probably the most important to the U.S. oil industry. It produced 2000 BBLs of oil.
CABLE TOOL DRILLING
A cable is connected to the walking beam which moves the bit up and down.
No mud circulation.
Cable tool rigs use a heavy bit hanging from a wire rope to drill.
Drilling action from bit impacting the formation.
It must use a bailer to remove cuttings from hole.
Rotary drilling
The rotary rig is the drilling rig used today.
The drill string is rotated turning the bit which drills the formations.
Drilling mud is pumped down the drill string and back up the annulus to
remove cuttings.
Rotation of the drill string turns the bit.
Drilling mud is circulated to lift cutting out of the hole.
CH 2
CH 2
Oil well drilling

Is the process by which a hole is induced in the Earth's surface or in offshore sites where it
provides a conduit for petroleum to safely reach the surface or used in modification of
subsurface conditions like water injection, stimulationetc.
Oil well drilling is one of the most important branches of petroleum industry. Drilling is widely
used in exploration for oil and natural gas in the early stage of a search for oil. When a
seismograph surveying method is used to discover geological structure favorable for oil
and gas accumulation, it is necessary to drill shallow to make explorations.
There are many indirect methods (geophysical & geochemical) for prospecting of oil and
natural gas, but such methods indicate that certain possibilities exist for oil or gas
accumulation. These methods cannot prove presence of oil in favorable area. They give no
possibility for estimation of deposit that is supposed to be discovered.
After discovering oil of gas, it is necessary to extract them from the deep underground to
make them available for further processing and consumption.
As oil is usually accumulated rather deep strata the most economical method of extracting it
is to drill bore holes that can serve as conduits for oil from the oil trap to the surface.
CH 2
OVERVIEW OF DRILLING PROCESS

Drilling is achieved by the drill bit, aided by the weight of thick walled pipes called "drill
collars" above that cuts into the rock. There are different types of drill bit; some cause the
rock to disintegrate by compressive failure, while others shear slices off the rock as the bit
turns.
Drilling fluid "mud", is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe and exits at the drill bit.
The principal components of drilling fluid are usually water and clay, but it also typically
contains a complex mixture of fluids, solids and chemicals that must be carefully tailored
to provide the correct physical and chemical characteristics required to safely drill the
well. Particular functions of the drilling mud include cooling the bit, lifting rock cuttings to
the surface, preventing destabilization of the rock in the wellbore walls and overcoming
the pressure of fluids inside the rock so that these fluids do not enter the wellbore. Some
oil wells are drilled with air or foam as the drilling fluid.
The generated rock "cuttings" are swept up by the drilling fluid as it circulates back to
surface outside the drill pipe. The fluid then goes through "shakers" which strain the
cuttings from the good fluid which is returned to the pit. Watching for abnormalities in
the returning cuttings and monitoring pit volume or rate of returning fluid are imperative
to catch "kicks" early. A "kick" is when the formation pressure at the depth of the bit is
more than the hydrostatic head of the mud above, which if not controlled temporarily by
closing the blowout preventers and ultimately by increasing the density of the drilling fluid
would allow formation fluids and mud to come up through the annulus uncontrollably.
CH 2
The pipe or drill string to which the bit is attached is gradually lengthened as the well gets
deeper by screwing in additional 9 m (30 ft.) sections or "joints" of pipe under the Kelly or
top drive at the surface. This process is called making a connection, or "tripping". Joints
can be combined for more efficient tripping when pulling out of the whole by creating
stands of multiple joints. A conventional triple, for example, would pull pipe out of the
whole three joints at a time and stack them in the derrick. Many modern rigs, called
"super singles," trip pipe one at a time, laying it out on racks as they go.
DRILLING PERSONNEL
(Company man)
Ensure drilling operations go ahead as planned, make decisions affecting progress of the well,
and organize supplies of equipment.
(Tool pusher)
He is responsible for all rig floor activities and liaises with the company man to ensure
progress is satisfactory.
(Driller)
He is controlling the rig via the dog house controllers and panels.
(Roughnecks)
Are also called floor men and they handle the drilling operation and equipment on the rig.
(Geologist)
Must be in contact with the company man to expect and record the formations encountered and
monitor the samples collected on the shaker.
(Roustabouts): are responsible for general rig activities like cleaning equipment.
(Mud engineer): Prepares the drilling mud and continuously monitor its properties
during drilling.
(Derrick man): will handle pipes on the monkey board during tripping and in normal
drilling operations he is responsible for the pump operation.
CH 2
1_ Introduction
Oil well drilling is one of the most important branches of petroleum industry.
Drilling is widely used in exploration for oil and natural gas in the early
stage of a search for oil. When a seismograph surveying method is used to
discover geological structure favorable for oil and gas accumulation, it is
necessary to drill shallow to make explorations.
There are many indirect methods of prospecting for oil and natural gas, but
such methods indicate that certain possibilities exist for oil gas
accumulation. These methods cannot prove presence of oil in favorable
area. They give no possibility for estimation of deposit that is supposed to
be discovered.
Drilling a well is the only method to find oil or gas and to prove
communicability (profitability) of the deposit discovered.
Wells are drilled for not only extracting oil but also for the purpose of injecting
water, gas , steam, into the oil bearing strata to maintain formation pressure
,to apply secondary recovery methods etc..
Drilling boreholes is used not only in the petroleum industry. Wells are drilled
for many other purposes like water supply, ores and coals exploration etc.
However, oil and gas well drilling is the most advanced out of all the
drilling industries because it deals with the deepest wells and the most save
underground conditions.
The majority of petroleum is found in the Middle East, where 600 billion bbl
are produced, 260 billion of which are from Saudi Arabia alone.
In the USA and Canada approximately 34,000 wells were drilled during 1995
and 1996, representing almost 60% of all wells drilled worldwide (about
58,000). Yet the United States and Canada, combined, account for only
13% of the worlds petroleum production.
CH 2
Methods of drilling wells

Drilling is the process of making holes in the earth crust. Many methods
can be used for drilling wells.
Drilling methods can be classified in accordance with various principles.
Any methods of drilling involves formation disintegration machine which
can be used for drilling, disintegrate and excavate rock by four basic
mechanism:-
A - By mechanically induced stresses.

B - By thermally induced stresses.
C - By fusion and vaporization.
D - By chemical reactions.
From all the principles mentioned only mechanical drillings widely used for
drilling oil and gas wells. Drilling methods based on other mechanism of
formation disintegration were tested in laboratories and in the field but not
used in the industry.
Industrial methods of mechanical drilling can be further subdivided

according to the character or rock design tools motion.
I. Drilling methods with reciprocating motion of the tool.
II. Drilling methods with rotary motions of the tool.
Mechanical methods of drilling with rotary motion of the working tool are
the most widely used methods in the oil and gas industry.
These methods can be classified in accordance with the position of a
mover that drives the tool:
1-Drilling methods with the mover on the earth surface.
2-Drilling methods with the mover situated near the bottom of the hole.
One of many possible classification of drilling methods is given below:
Now, two drilling methods are widely used:
CH 2
1-
CH 2
Rotary drilling (about 85 % of total footage in the USA and other

countries except the USSR).
2-Turbo-drilling (about 85 % of the total footage in the USSR).

Cable-tool drilling still being used in the USA and about 10 % of the total
footage is drilled with this method.
Drilling with electro drill is under wide field experiment since more than 10
years in the USSR.
Hence rotary drilling is the most important method of making bore holes
in petroleum industry and it is this method that should be mainly
Considered in the course of Oil Well Drilling Technology.
Types of Drilling Rigs
The complexity of the drilling operation determines the level of sophistication

of the various rig components. However, even with the considerable variety
of rig types, the basic components described under with only a few
exceptions are similar and common to each.
Rigs are generally divided into two categories:
1- Onshore.
2- Offshore.
1-Land Rigs:
Before rig equipment is brought in, the land must be cleared and graded, and
access roads must be prepared.
The most common arrangement for a land drilling rig is the cantilever mast
(sometimes called a jack-knife derrick) which is assembled on the ground,
then raised to the vertical position using a power from the draw words
(hoisting system).These structures are made up of prefabricated sections
which are fastened together by large pins.
CH 2
2-OFFSHORE RIGS:
Barge:
The barge is a shallow draft, flat-bottom vessel equipped as an offshore
drilling unit, used primarily in swampy areas. This rig can be found
operating in the swamps of river deltas in Waste Africa or in the coastal
areas of shallow lakes such as Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. It can be towed
to the location and then blasted to rest on the bottom.
Jack-up:
This mobile drilling rig is designed to operate in shallow water, generally
less than 350 ft. deep. Jack-up rigs, are very stable drilling platforms
because they rest on the seabed and are not subjected to the heaving hull
which may be ship-shaped, triangular, rectangular, or irregularly shaped,,
supported on a number of lattice or tubular legs.
Upon reaching its location the legs are lowered by electric or hydraulic jacks
until they rest on the seabed and the deck is level, some 50 feet or more
above the waves. Most jack-up rigs have three; four or five legs are either
vertical or slightly tilted for better stability. In one design, they are fixed to
a large steel mat, which gives it the name of mat-supported jack-up. A
drilling derrick is cantilevered over the side.
CH 2
The chief disadvantages of the jack-up are its vulnerability when being jacked
up or relocated, but as a class, they are cheaper than other mobile rigs.
Nearly half of the world's fleet of offshore rigs in service is the jack-up
type, some of which are large, self-propelled Units.
Fixed Platforms
There are two basic types of fixed platforms are:
A. Piled Steel Platforms :
CH 2
Gravity Structures:
CH 2
Semi- Submersible:
These are floating drilling rigs consisting of hulls or caissons, which

carry a number of vertical stabilizing columns, support a deck with derrick,
and associated drilling equipment.
The most usual hull arrangement consists of a pair of parallel rectangular

pontoons, which may be blunt or rounded and house thrusters for position
keeping or self-propulsion, although some have individual pentanes or
caissons at the fool of each stabilizing column of pair of columns.
The semi-submersible is very stable because its center of gravity is low in

water. It can operate in deeper water than a jack-up rig. Operational depth is
limited principally by the mooring equipment and by riser; handling
problems so most semi submersibles have a limit of about 200 meters.
However, some units have a capability of drilling in 500 meters of water
with the aid of "dynamic positioning". This method of automatic Station
keeping is often computer controlled.
Drill Ships:
These are ships or "floaters" specially constructed or converted for deepwater drilling. Drill ships offer greater mobility than either jack-up or semisubmersible rigs, but are not as stable when drilling, their main advantages
is an ability to drill in almost any depth of water. Many are anchor-moored,
CH 2
but modem ships are fitted with dynamic positioning equipment, which
enables them to keep on-station above the borehole. Having greater storage
capacity than other types of rigs of comparable displacement, drill ships are
often is to drill deeper wells, operate independent of service, and supply
ships. A feature of drill ships with automated station-keeping facilities is
their ability to maneuver accurately with the aid of thrusters fitted with
controllable pitch propeller
Over View for Drilling Rigs
Drilling rig and its elements
CH 2
Drilling rig is a set of mechanisms and

prime movers designed for drilling
wells,
A conventional rig consists of:
a) Hoisting system.
b) Rotary system.
c) Prime movers & transmissions
(power system).
d) Slush pumps.
e) Drilling fluid circulating system.
f) Monitoring system.
g) Control system.
h) Special marine equipment.
A-Hoisting system
1- The derrick or the mast.
2- The draw-works.
3- The crown-block.
4- The traveling block.
5- The wire rope.
6- The hook.
1-The Derrick
Is a tapered tower made of steel which serves to suspend the drill
string or casing strings or place drill pipe stands during housing operations
(round trips) .
CH 2
2-The draw-works
Is the main item of any drilling rig. The power plant of the rig supplies
motive power to the hoisting drum, permitting reeling and unreeling of the
drilling line from the hoisting drum.
3-Crown block
Is mounted on the top of the derrick. it is the stationary block of the
block and tackle system.
4-The traveling block

Is the moving block of the system and suspended from the loops of the
wire rope which passes over all the sheaves of the two blocks one after
another.
CH 2
5-The rotary hook

Is suspended beneath the traveling block from its bail. The function of
the hook is to suspend the swivel, an elevator, while drilling, or making
round trips.
One of the ends of the wire rope is attached to the drilling rig substructure.
This end is called the dead line. The other end of the wire rope is fixed to
the hoisting drum of the draw-works. This end is called the working line or
the drilling line.
CH 2
A. Rotary system
Is intended for transmitting the rotary to the drill string to which lower
end a drilling bit is attached.
Two mechanisms constitute the rotary system of a drilling rig:
1- The rotary table or the top drive system (TDS).
2- The swivel.
3- Kelly.
4- Drill pipe and
5-Drill collars.
6- Bits.
CH 2
1-The Rotary Table

Is situated in the center of the derrick floor, its function is to rotate the
drill string in the process of drilling and serve as a support for the drill
string while round trips are being made.
2-Top drive
Power swivel or power-sub installed just below a conventional
swivel can be used to replace the Kelly, Kelly bushing & rotary table
Drilling rotation is achieved through hydraulic motor incorporate in
the power swivel or power sub.
CH 2
CH 2
3-The Swivel
Is probably the most ingenious
element of the drilling rig . While
drilling is in progress, the swivel is
suspended
from
the
hook
and
suspends the whole weight of the

drill string. It permits free rotation of
the drill string and serves as the
passageway for the drilling fluid
from the hose lo the drill string,
which is rotated.
4-The Kelly
Is the first section of pipe below the
swivel .The outside section of the
Kelly is squared or hexagonal.
5-Drill pipe
Is the major portion of drill string, it
is specified by its outer diameter,
weight per foot, steel grade& range
length.
6-Drill collar
Is the lower section of drill string . It is a heavy thick wall steel
tubular.
7-Bit.
Is used to disintegrate the rock, Types are (PDC bit& rock bit)
c) Slush (or Mud) pumps:Usually a drilling rig is provided with two slush pumps. Their function is
to circulate drilling fluid in the process of drilling.
CH 2
D) Prime movers and transmissions:

Are necessary to provide motive power for all the mechanics of the rig,
the hoisting system, the rotary system and the mud pumps
E) Drilling fluid circulating system:

Consists of mud pits and tanks, an auxiliary pump and mechanisms for mixing,
chemical treatment and solids controls of the drilling fluid (a mud hopper, a
shaker, a hydro cyclone etc.)
CH 2
F) Well control system:

Is used to prevent the uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the
wellbore when the bit penetrate a permeable formation which is pressurized
formation.
CH 2
Type of BOP's
1-Annular preventer
Stop the flow from the well using airing of a synthetic rubber
that contract in the fluid passage in annulus.
2-Ram preventer.
Have two packing element on opposite sides that close by
moving toward to each other (pipe ram, blind ram & shear ram)
CH 2
CH 2
G) Well monitoring system:

Use devices to display:
- Penetration Rate,
- pump rate,
- Depth,
- pump pressure,
- Hook load,
- mud salinity,
- Rotary torque,
- mud density,
- Gas content,
- pit level
- Mud temperature,
- rotary speed.
Select the suitable rig type and its components

A- For rig type:
Because the well is off shore at a depth 16 m, so jack up drilling rig is the
most suitable rig used for this well.
B- Rig components:
After design the well trajectory, drill string, casing string and cement
program we can select the suitable rig components
Determination of the derrick load:

Derrick must be designed to carry safely all loads which ever be used while
drilling, these loads are either:
a)
Vertical loads:
A-1 Dead load of derrick itself.
A-2 Dead load of the load supported by the C/B.
A-3 Live and impact load
b)
Horizontal loads:
B-1 Hz. component of pipe set back.
B-2 Wind load.
Wind load
Note :-
Lw = 0.004 V2, lb / ft2 and V = 50 mph.
Use maximum dead load capacity of a derrick equal to the heaviest
casing column, an additional length (from 25 50 % of casing) is added for

friction.
1- Selection of derrick :-
CH 2
CH 2
0.85648855
weight of 9 5/8'' =
Weght of 7'' =
176415.229
161448.092
Max, derrick load=
238160.559
Ib
max
A Complete Well Planning Approach N. J. Adams,

Prameter
Derr. Size No.
Hight
Base square
Casing capacity
Pipe size
Totale length
Pipe weight
Wind load
Wind load
Values
18 A
136
30
300000
5
8900
22.5
510
5100
ft
ft
Ibs
in
ft
Ib/ft
ft^2
Ib
Note for wind load

Wind load = 0.004 * (50)2 * 510 ft2 (for rig class 8A) = 5100, lb
2- Selection of the wellhead:

The safest procedure for designing preventer pressure ratings is to ensure
that the preventer can withstand the worst pressure condition possible. This
condition occur when all drilling fluids have been evacuated from the
annulus and only low density from fluids such as gas remain, so
a- Maximum formation pressure = 3079.44 psi.
b- Determine minimum hydrostatic pressure assume only
Gas density = 1 ppg
Phmin = 0.052 * 1 * 6707.6
=338 psi.
Also, the operators experience should dictate that 80 % design factor would
CH 2
be unexpected eventualities.
Working pressure = resultant pressure * 0.8
= (Pfmax. Phmin) * 0.8
= 2193.152 psi
Using the API designations at 3000 psi working pressure.
2.1 For flanges two types:
Type
Nominal size, in
Selected
6B
2 1/16 11
- - -
6 BX
13 5/8 21.25
13 5/8
2.2 For bolt:

Size
13.625
OD
26.5
D of raised face
18
Total thickness
4.94
large D of hob
18.94
Small D of hob
16.69
2.2.1 for bolts :-
CH 2
Bolt circle diameter
23.25 in
Number of bolt
16
Diameter of bolt
1.625 in
Length
12.5 in
Ring joint
160
2.3 Selection of BOP:

Fluid volume
Mode
N. Size
Working
pressure
To open To close
Type U
10
Ratio
3000
3.2 gal.
3.36 gal.
To open To close
Width bonnets closed locking rams

(screwed)
112.125 in
Width bonnets open locking rams

(unscrewed)
171.5 in
Single BOP
Double BOP
2.4 Selection of Hydric ram type:
Height between flanges
33.81
Weight, lb.
7700
55.88
Weight, lb.
14800
CH 2
Use MPL instead of manual lock,
Working
pressure
Mode N. Size
MPL
13 5/8
8000
Fluid volume
Ratio
To open
To close
To open
4.9gal.
5.9 gal.
5.2
Width bonnets closed locking rams

(screwed)
116 in
Width bonnets open locking rams

(unscrewed)
52.25 in
Single BOP
Double BOP
To close
2.1
36.25
Weight, lb.
8850
58 1/8
Weight, lb
16700
2.5 Selection of Nl Shaffer BOP (instead of conventional BOP:

Fluid volume
Mode
N. Size
Ram size
To open
SL Poslock &
manual lock
13 3/8
Ratio
14
2.6 Selection of KooMEY Ram Type:
To close
10.5 gal. 11gal
To open
10.85
To close
10.02
CH 2
Fluid volume
Mode
N. Size
To open
PB PRC (Power ram

change)
Ratio
13 5/8
4.78gal.
To close
To open To close
5.25gal. 7.69
2.5
3- Kelly and Swivel selection:

Find the maximum d/s weight:
Find the maximum d/s weight:
D/S max. = Wb max. + Wd/p max. + Wd/c max. Where,
Wb, Bit weight (assume: 100 lbs)
Fc, factor to compensate fraction (1.35)
170170.68
D/S=
Kelly selection:
Square 2.5
Lower pin connection (size & style)
NC 26 C 2 3/8 IF
Inside diameter
1.25
Outside diameter
2.5
Minimum recommend casing O. D.
6 5/8 inch
Internal pressure @ yield stress.
153.1
Tensile yield.
185000 dyne
Kelly weight = 687.961019 Ib
Swivel selection:
CH 2
Maximum swivel rated dead load capacity = D/s + Kelly weight

= 3030 Ib
Use Rotary Drilling Handbook page 147,
Depth capacity
5000 ft
Main bearing diameter
16.5 in
Fluid passage diameter
3 in
Hook clearance
22 in
Net approximate weight
3030 lb
Finally,
a- For total hook load during drilling,
Max. Weight = drill string wt. + kelly + swivel wt. = 173888.641 Ib = 78.861 ton.
b- For total hook load during casing,

H. L = wt. of heaviest casing or drill pipe over the total
depth
114250.5Ib
Hook specification
Related Load
Weight
6
100
5310
51.8142ton.
CH 2
4- Hoisting system selection:

Assume we select N = 6,
Note, N is the number of lines strung over the block system.
Plain bearing
K = 1.09
Friction factor = 0.692
Roller bearing
K = 1.04
Friction factor = 0.692
4.1 For maximum traveling block load:

Maximum traveling block load = hook load + hook weight = 179198.681 Ib
1.2 Data for maximum hook load from Rotary Drilling Handbook,
API working load strength
100 tons
No. of sheaves
6 ton.
Sheave diameter
36 inch
Approximate weight
81.26922 ton.
Line size
1 1/8
inch,
1 1/8
inch
Overall length
69.5 inch
Overall weight with no hook
5470 Ib
Thickness
20.75 inch
Clevis width
8 1/2
inch
Length with hook
204,314
Weight with hook
179198.641 lbs
Hook length
101 1/2 inch
Hook width
33
inch
inch
CH 2
4.2 For Hoisting cable design:

Total hook load T.H.L = T/B load + T/B weight itself
= 179358.641 Ib = 81.341787 ton.
From Drilling equipment and machinery (Dr. M. S. Farahat), and Adams
book,
1- Consider the maximum tension in the line in pounds, which expected for the
drilling operation
TF.L = (total load supported by hoisting cable) / (N * E)
The first line tension = 26626.8767 Ib
2- Multiply this tension by 5 as safety factor to obtain the safe ultimate strength
of the required cable = 133134.383Ib
From tables (Adams), select the cable which has the closest ultimate
strength and has the suitable diameter for hoisting sheaves.
Select 6 * 37 classification wire rope, bright (UN coated) or DrawnGalvanized wire independent wire rope core.
Nominal
Approximate mass, lb / ft
diameter, in
1.25
2.89
Nominal strength
Improved plow steel
138800
Extra improved plow

steel
15988
Deadline load is given by: DL = (total load supported by hoisting cable *

k^n)/ne
Where k: block and tackle efficiency = .9615
DL = 19449.77292 Id
4.3 For Crown block design:

Total crown block load T.H.L = T.B. load + T.B. weight + F.L. tension + D.L. tension
CH 2
API working load strength
100 tons
No. of sheaves
Sheave diameter
54 inch
4580
Approximate weight
lbs
Length I beam
90 inch
Diameter of sand line sheaves
24 inch
Drilling line
1.25 inch
Length shaft, width block
34.25 inch
Cut line
1 1/2 inch
Diameter of cutline sheaves
15 inch
4.4 For Draw - work design:

4.1 For D/W H.P input
=Brake H.P. /EB
= Wm * Vmin / (33000 * EB )
Where,
33000 = (ft. lb / min) / h.p

EB = Average efficiency factor for block and tackle system
Vmin = Minimum expected velocity of the hook, assumed
Wm = the total hook load, lb
D/W H.P = 969.401369 hp
Nominal depth rating
10000
size break rims
54
Drum length
35
Drum dia
26
size line
1 1/8
weight
35000
Ib
4.5 ton miles calculations,

Drilling line is maintained in good conditions by following a schedule Slip-and
Cut program ,slipping the d/line involves losing the dead line anchor and
placing a few feet of new line in service from the storage reel
Ton-mile:
Is the parameter adopted to evaluate the amount of the line service?
Max. Ton mile during tripping:
Ton- miles during round trip =
T =
D * ( Ls + D ) * Wp
D (M + 1 / 2 * C )
+
10 . 560 .000
2 . 640 . 000
= 133.765126 Ton-miles
Where,
T./B.,Hook, Link
A) M is the weight of T. /B. assembly includes
=12,000+3,395+ (say 1000 lb)
10780 Ib
B) C =Ld/c*(Wd/c-Wd/p)*B.F.)
=630*(160-19.5)*.797= 31601.858 Ib
Ton mile during casing,
D*M
D * ( Lca + D ) * Wca
= 1/ 2 *
+
10,560,000
2,640,000
= 1/2*((6237.2 * (42 + 6237.2) * 47/10,560,000) + (6237.2* 16, 5600 /

2,640,000)) =Ton-miles
CH 2
CH 2
From Drilling Hand Book, Select the following specifications.
Nominal Depth
16,000 ft
Drum diameter (D)

Drum length (B)
32 ,in
Drum Height
25 ,in
Approximate Shaft Diameter
1.2 ,ft
Length of skid (A)
25 ,in
Drop
2.625 ,in
Total length of the rope for wrapping N layers

L=N*l*n
57 ,in
CH 2
For the derrick efficiency factor

It depends on the anchoring position.
D.E.F.
C. / B.load = ( N + 2) * T
4 * max .equavelantlegload
A-For position no.1
( N + 2) * T
N *T
T
4*(
+ )
4
2
= (N + 2) / (N + 2) = 100 %
D.E.F. =
B- For position no.2
( N + 2)
( N + 4)
= (8 + 2) / (8 + 4) = 83.33 %
C- Position no.3
D-position no.4
( N + 2) * T
N *T T T
(
+ + )
4
2 2
= 83.33 % , note same as position 2
=
( N + 2) * T
N *T T
(
+ +T)
4
2
= (N + 2) / (N + 6)
= 71.4 %
CH 2
5- Selection of mud pump:

OD
ID
Length
OD
ID
Length
Hole
5 inch
4.276 inch
5859ft
6.25 inch
2.8125 inch
588 ft
8.5
ud Viscosity
11.5
9.4
YP ( yield point)
14.5
Plastic viscosity
13 cp
D/p
D/c
For fast drilling in soft formation,
V=180 ft/min
Q: flow rate, ppg can be calculated as following,

Q = Annular area * Velocity =
(8 . 5 ) 2 ( 5 ) 2
*
144
= 425 gpm
For pressure loss,
Pt = Ps + Pp + Pc + Pp*+ Pc* + Pb
Where
Pt : total pressure loss, psi
PS: total pressure loss in surface connection, psi
Pp : total pressure loss in D/p, psi
Pc
: total pressure loss in D/c, psi
Pb
: total pressure loss in bit, psi
Pp*: total pressure loss in outside D/p, psi

Pc*: total pressure loss in annulus outside D/c,
psi
ft
gal .
* 180
* 7 .48
min
cu . ft
CH 2
A- Ps : total pressure loss in surface connection:

PS =22.1304 psi
B- Pp: total pressure loss in d/p:
Using the following calculation
Calculate the critical velocity
Vc =
1.08 p + 1.08 p 2 + 9.3 m d 2 Y .P
12
md
Where,
Vs.
: critical velocity
ft / sec.
: mud viscosity
= 10 c.p
: m density
= 7.4226 ppg
: inside diameter d/p(ID) = 3.826
Y.P
: yield point
Vc =
1.08 * 12 + 1.08 (12 ^ 2 + 9.3 * 7.9968 * 4.28 ^ 2 * 20 )^ 0.5

7.9968 * 4.28
=12
= 4 7/17 ft/min.
Calculate the actual velocity
V =
q
2.45d 2
Where,
V : Actual velocity (average velocity), ft/sec.

q : flow rate , gpm
d : inside diameter of D/p ,inch.
V=
347
2.45 * (4.28)^ 2
= 9 18/35 ft/min
While, V >Vc
Then, turbulent flow.
Re =
=
2970 mV d
p
2970 * 7.9968 * 7.73 * 4.28

12
= 53238.308
Then, from chart Gatlin Page (96)
Fe=0.0051
So,
Pp
f m L V
=
25 . 8 d
=
0.0054 * 7.9968 * 8451 * (7.73)^ 2

25.8 * 4.28
= 186.82659 psi
CH 2
CH 2
C- Pc: total pressure loss in d/c:

Pressure loss inside D/c (Pc):
Calculate the critical velocity
Vc =
1.08 p + 1.08 p 2 + 9.3 m d 2 Y .P
md
Where,
d : inside diameter D/c
1.08 *12 + 1.08(12^ 2 + 9.3 * 7.9968 * 2^ 2 * 20)^0.5

7.9968 * 2
= 6.2155175 ft/sec.
V =
q
2.45d 2
Where, d: inside diameter of D/c
V=
, inch
347
2.45 * (2^ 2)
= 5.2477234 ft/sec.
While,
V > Vc
Then, turbulent flow.
Re =
Where,
2970mV d
p
d : inside diameter of D/c , inch
=
2970 * 7.9968 * 35.4 * 2.

12
= 53238.308
Then, from chart Gatlin Page (96)
12
CH 2
Fe=0.0051
f m L V 2
Pc =
25.8d
Where,
L: length of D/c, ft
d: inside diameter of D/c ,inch
=
0.0048 * 7.9968 * 546 * 35.4^ 2

25.8 * 2
= 99.054144psi
D- Pd/p*: total pressure loss in annulus outside d/p:

Calculate the critical velocity,
Vc =
1.08 p + 1.08 p 2 + 9.3 m d 2 Y .P
12
md
Where,
d: diameter = 8.5 5
= 3.5 inch
Vc =
1.08 *12 + 1.08(12^ 2 + 9.3 * 7.9968 * 3.5^ 2 * 20)^0.5

27.99
=4.8042261
ft/sec
V =
q
2.45d
347
2.45 * (8.5^2 5^2)
= 4.471 ft/sec
Then, laminar flow.
Pd/p* =
7905
12 * 2.998
*[20+
]
300 * 3.5
5 * 3.5
= 166 psi
E- Pc*: total pressure loss in annulus outside D/c:
CH 2
Using Eqn,
Vc =
1.08 p + 1.08 p 2 + 9.3 m d 2 Y .P
12
md
1.08 *12 + 1.08 * 12 2 + 9.3 * 7.9968 * 2.5 2 * 20

7.9968 * 2.5
= 4.6031002ft/sec
V =
q
2 . 45 * d
347
=Ft/sec
3 .9
2 . 45 * ( 8 . 5 * 8 . 5 6 * 6 )
While V < VC flow laminar

Pd/c* =
546
12 * 2.998
*(20+
)=
300 * 2.5
5 * 3.5
329.2151
psi
F- Pb: total pressure loss in bit:

Assume a cone bit has 3 nozzles 9/16, in
Use the Eqn.
Pb =
q2*m
4
7430 * c 2 * D equ
.
Bit nozzle coeff. = 0.95

2
9
Deq. = 3 * = 0.974, in
16
Pb =
382^ 2 * 7.4226
7430 * 0.95^ 2 * 0.974^ 2
= 1.5988161 psi
P = 16.50 + 389.77 + 269 + 29 + 95.2 + 179.5 = 979, psi

Design Methodology
During the preliminary design phase, well planners and casing designers
gather and interpret well data, determine the casing shoe depths and the
number of strings required, select hole and casing sizes, determine the
CH 2
appropriate mud weight, and if applicable, consider additional aspects of

directional design. The quality of the gathered data will have a significant
impact on the choice of casing sizes and shoe depths and whether the casing
design objective is successfully met.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The Preliminary design established casing and drill bit sizes, casing
setting depths and, consequently, the number of different casing strings.
The casing program (well plan) can be established based on the preliminary
design. The well plan consists of three major steps. First, the mud program
is prepared; next, the casing sizes and corresponding drill bit sizes are
determined; and finally, the setting depths of individual casing strings are
found.
1- MUD PROGRAM
Mud weight is the most critical mud program parameter However; a complete
mud program is designed based on:
1) Pore pressure, formation strength, and lithology.
2) Hole cleaning and cuttings transport capabilities.
3) Potential formation damage and stability problem.
4) The operators formation evaluation requirements, as well as environmental
regulatory requirements.
2- HOLE AND DIAMETERS
Hole and casing diameters must be sized to provide adequate clearance
for
production equipment,
and facilities
evaluation
requirements
3- CASING SHOE DEPTHS AND NUMBER OF STRINGS
and
drilling
Once the drill bit and the casing sizes are selected, the setting depth of
individual casing strings must be determined.
In conventional rotary drilling operations, the setting depths are primarily
determined according to the mud weight and the fracture gradient as be in
the graphical method.
4- TOP OF CEMENT (TOC) DEPTHS
Top of cement (TOC) depths in each casing string should be selected in
the preliminary design phase because this selection will influence the axial
load distributions and external pressure profiles used during the detailed
design phase.
5- DIRECTIONAL PLAN
For casing design purpose, a directional plan consists of determining the
well path from the surface to geological targets. The directional plan will
influence all aspects of casing design, including1) Mud weight and mud chemistry selection for hole stability.
2) Shoe seat selection
3) Casing axial load profiles
4) Casing wear
5) Bending stresses and buckling
It is based on the following factors:
-geological targets
-surface location
-interference from other wells
Average penetration rate R

Each formation is drilled by using one bit or more. The average
penetration rate can be calculated from the following equation:R = RI *HI / HI
RI is the penetration rate in the I-the formation.
CH 2
CH 2
The Trip time per trip vs. depth

T
T t = 2 s
Ls
D
*
60
Where,
Tt : Tripe time , hrs
Ts: Time for pull one stand, 4 min.
Ls: Length of stand, 93 ft.
D: Drilled footage by one bit.
HI is the meters drilled in the I-the formation.
Depth vs. Rotating Time

For every depth interval, the bit rotating time is determined, then:
j
Tcj = ti
i =1
Where,
Tcj
: cumulative rotating time at depth, hrs
Ti
: Rotating time in i-the interval, hrs
Vertical control and directional drilling

Controlled directional drilling is the science of directing a wellbore along
a predetermined course to a target located in a given distance from the
vertical. Regardless of whether it is used to hold a wellbore as close as
possible to the vertical, or to deliberately deviate from the vertical, the
principles of application are the same.
Vertical control
No hole is drilled exactly vertically from top to bottom. It is desirable on
most wells, however, to drill as near to vertical as possible to ensure that

vertical depth is close to measured depth and restrict the hole problems that
can occur with deviated holes.
It is generally accepted that a straight or vertical hole is one that:
Stays within the boundary of n "cone," as specified by the client (usually about
3)
Does not change direction rapidly (no more than 3 degrees per 100 ft of hole)
and hence form a "dogleg".
In order for the driller, to be sure he is maintaining a vertical hole within the
limits set out in the drilling contract, periodic measurements must be taken
by the drilling crew. If any deviation has occurred, it must be recorded and
compared with the amount of deviation.
Permissible in that part of the hole. In straight-hole compass headings of hole
direction are not necessary. Deviation surveys are usually included in the
Remarks Column of Exlog's Mud Log.
Measuring inclination
The drift survey instrument can be
(1) Run into and pulled out of the drill pipe on a "sand line.
(2) Dropped into the pipe and retrieved with an overshot Assembly.
(3) Dropped into the pipe and recovered by removing the drill string, (tripping)
from the hole.
The record of the inclination angle is made when a pendulum-balanced stylus
inside the instrument punches a paper disc. Concentric circles printed on
the discs are marked
To show the angle of inclination from the vertical. In this example the hole
inclination is 4.
Preventing, and correcting Deviation

Where deviation is expected, it can be inhibited by use of a stiff bottom
hole assembly (a bottom hole assembly with stabilizers). This will align the
CH 2
bit with the hole already drilled and resist any change in direction.
To straighten a crooked hole, the pendulum is often utilized By removing any
stabilizers placed just above the bit and retaining an upper stabilizer, and by
using lightweight on bit, the drill collar below exert a pendulum effect to
straighten the hole.
Directional drilling
The most common applications of directional drilling are illustrated in
and discussed briefly below:
Multiple wells from artificial structures.

Today's most common application of directional techniques is an
offshore drilling where an optimum number of wells can be drilled from a
single platform. This operation greatly simplifies production techniques a
governing factor in the economic feasibility of the offshore industry.
Fault drilling.
Another application is in fault control where the wellbore deflected across
or parallel to the fault for better production. This eliminates the hazard of
drilling a vertical well through a steeply inclined fault plane, which could
slip and shear the casing.
Inaccessible locations.
The same basic techniques are applied when an inaccessible location in a
producing zone dictates remote rig location, as in production located under
riverbeds, mountains, cities, etc.
Sidetracking and straightening.

This is used as a remedial operation, either to sidetrack an obstruction by
decimating the wellbore around and away from the obstruction, or to bring
the wellbore back to vertical by straightening out cooked holes.
Salt dome drilling.
CH 2
Directional drilling programs are also used to overcome the problems of

salt dome drilling, to reach the producing formations, which often lie
underneath the overhanging cap of the dome.
Relief wells.
Directional drilling was first applied to this type of well so that mud and
water could be pumped in to kill a wild and cratered well.
CH 2
Basic hole patterns:

A carefully conceived directional drilling program on geological
information, knowledge of mud and casing program, target etc., is used to
select a hole Pattern suitable for the operation.
Type I
Is planned so that the initial deflection is obtained at a shallow depth
Approximately 1000 ft), and the angle is maintained as a "locked in," straight
approach to the target. This pattern is mainly used for moderate drilling in
areas where the producing formation is located in a single zone location and
where no intermediate casing is required. It is also used to drill deeper wells
requiring a larger internal displacement.
Type II
Called the "S" curve pattern, is also deflected neat the surface. The drift
is maintained, as with type I, until most of the desired lateral displacement
is obtained. The hole angle is then reduced and/or returned to vertical in
order to reach the target.
Type III
Is planned such that the initial deflection is started well below the
surface and the hole angle is maintained to buttonhole target. This pattern is
particularly suited to special situations, such as fault or salt dome drilling,
or to any situation requiring redrilling or repositioning of the bottom part of
the hole.
CH 2
CH 2
Deflection tools
A prime requirement for directional drilling is suitable deflection tools,
along with special bits and other auxiliary tools. A deflection tool is a
mechanical device that is placed in the hole to ensure a drilling bit to be
deviated from the present course of the hole. There are numerous deflection
tools available for deflecting a hole or correcting direction. The selection of
a deflection tool depends upon several factors, but principally upon the type
of formation at the point where the hole deviation is to start. The most
common tools used for deflection are:
- Down hole hydraulic motors (with a "bent sub").
- Jet bits.
- Whip stocks.
CH 2
Down hole hydraulic motors
1-
Jet bits:
2-
Whip stocks
CH 2
TYPES OF DIRECTIONAL SURVEYS

Directional measurements can be obtained from a variety of surveying
instruments. The following are the most commonly used by industry
present:
1- Single Shot Magnetic Survey Instrument (one recording of inclination and
direction/azimuth).
2- Multi-Shot Magnetic Survey Instrument (up to 2000 recordings inclination and azimuth).
3- Single Shot Gyro Survey Instrument (one recording of inclination and
Direction / azimuth).
4- Multi-Shot Gyro Survey Instrument (up to 2000 recordings - inclination
and azimuth).
5- Sperry-Sun Steering Tool or the Scientific Drilling Control Tool (the
EYE) - continuous readings of direction and inclination while drilling with
a down hole motor.
6- Electric Log "Directional Log" (recording azimuth and inclination at the
surface).
7- BJ Tele drift (surface reading of inclination only).
8- Single Shot Drift Indicator (Totco or Eastman) (one recording or
inclination only).
Vendors who supply the above instrument have detailed descriptions of the
various tools and how they function.
The following will discuss each instrument - emphasizing the best application
of each special problems associated with the tool, and reliability of results.
Other pertinent information is presented that will aid in choosing what tool
to run, when to run it.
Horizontal drilling technology
CH 2
Horizontal wells are of great interest to the petroleum industry today

because they provide an attractive means for improving both production
rate and recovery efficiency. These are due to that horizontal wells provide
a large-area of contact with the reservoir than do vertical; wells and in
addition, they provide a means for the lateral transportation of fluid.
Application of horizontal wells

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thin formations
Vertical naturally fractured formations
Low permeability formations
Heterogeneous reservoir formations
Application in reservoirs with bottom water or with a gas cap
Types of horizontal wells and different drilling technique used:

The choice of drilling method depends upon drilling cost, well spacing and
the mechanical condition of a vertical well bore is existing. Also, the reservoir
considerations are also important in selecting the drilling method. During the
last decade, the incremental cost of drilling horizontal wells and drainhole.
Over a vertical well cost, has come down considerably. But today oil industry
grains more experience and use newer drilling technologies; in turn the cost of
drilling horizontal wells may be further reduced. Accordingly the practical
horizontal drilling methods can be classified into four categories depending
upon the turning radius required to turn from a vertical to a horizontal
direction.
CH 2
Ultra Short turning radius

Ultra-short turn-radius horizontal holes, sometimes called drainhole. In this
method, it utilized water jet to drill 100-200 ft long drainhole with a turning
radius of 1 to 2 ft.
Short Turning radius

Short-turn horizontal patterns have a turn radius of about 30 60 ft, for a
drilling from cased holes.
Medium Turning radius

Although the long-radius approach to drilling horizontal wells is highly
developed and very successful, the radius required restricts the applications
possible. Medium-radius drilling extends the techniques so that build sections
with a radius down to about 300 ft (90m) can be drilled. Holes drilled by
medium-radius techniques have several advantages compared to long-radius
wells and almost no disadvantages.
Long-Radius Horizontal Well:

Long-turn radius horizontal well classifications are drilled mainly by
deviation in open holes. Wells in this classification are characterized by larger
hole sizes and are very susceptible to high drag and torque because of long
open hole section. Hole size range up 12.25 in diameter although smaller
diameter holes are more common.
Wells with a radius of curvature of about 300 m (1000 ft) in the deviated sections
are commonly drilled using the techniques a steerable bent mud motor and
MWD to locate the hole as drilling proceeds.
CH 2
CH 2
DRILL STRING DESIGN

The design of drill string involves the design of drill collar and drill pipe.
Drill collar design

By using drilling data handbook and according to the size of the borehole,
outside diameter, inside diameter and nominal weight of the drill string can
be selected.
The Calculations are as follows:
Lc =
Where:
4
WB
*
,
3 B.f * W c
ft
: is the buoyancy factor = (1- m / s)
B.f
m , s
: is the density of drilling fluid and steal respectively.
WB
: is the weight on bit,
Wc
: is the nominal weight of drill collar,
Lc
: is the length of d/c,
lbs.
lb/ft
ft
Nc (no. of joints) =
Lc
length of joint (42 ft)
Drill pipe design:

The diameter of the drill pipe is selected according to the borehole size from
the handbook
Lp = L - Lc
Where,
Lp : is the length of drill pipe, ft
L : is the depth, ft then;
N p (no. of stands) =
Lp
length of stand (93 ft)
From drilling data handbook out side and in side diameter of the drill pipe
can be selected.
CH 2
Selection of Drill Pipe Grade

Y min =
[W p L p + W c L c ]B . f
Where:
0 . 785 D 2 d 2
Ymin
: min. yield strength,
psi
Wp
: Weight of d/p,
lb/ft
Wc
ft
: Weight of d/c,
psi
lb/ft
: Safety factor (1.5)

D : outside diameter of d/p,
* ft
inch.
Yselected
1.5
Ymin.
: inside diameter of d/p,inch.
From table of drilling data handbook, select the drill pipe grade where,
Check for collapse:
Pc min = 0.052 m H , psi

Where:
Pcmin
: Hydrostatic pressure, psi
: d/f density, ppg
: total length of d/s, ft
From drilling data handbook, determine the collapse pressure of the selected
grade ;( Pc select)
If
Pc
f c = selected 1.5 design is safe
Pc
min .
CH 2
Drill String Design

steal, ppg
Stand length of
d/c, ft
65.45
42
Hole Size
M. D.
TVD.
WOB
WOB
In
ft
ft
ton
Lb
ppg
16
4200
4200
25
55000
8.91
0.86
1,946.62
12.25
7120
6708
25
55000
16.49
0.748
5,753.16
8.5
7,613.45
6708
20
44000
9.163
0.86
3,196.20
B.f
PC
Psi
From drilling data handbook

Drill collar specification
Inside diameter
D, in
Outside diameter d,
in
Wd\c lb/ft
12
361
160
85
Drill collar design

Lc, ft
Nc, ft
Nc actual
Acual Lc
235.165
5.60
252
612.745
14.59
15
630
802.554
19.11
20
840
CH 2
Drill pipe specification

d\p grade
Actual d\p
weight
d\p D, in
d\p d, in
Ymin
Pc, Psi
X-95
18
4.28
95000
6630
19.5
4.28
75000
10000
X-95
18
4.28
95000
6630
Drill pipe design

Lp, ft
Np, ft Np actual
Acual Lp
Ymin Grade / Ymin Design Upgrade/Pc Design
3948
42.45
42
3906
39842
2.4
Safe
3.4
safe
6490
69.78
69
6417
48330
1.6
Safe
1.7
safe
6773.5
72.83
72
6696
47204
Safe
2.1
safe
CH 2
Casing and Tubing Design

Casing:
Casing is the major structural component of a well. Casing is needed to
maintain borehole stability, prevent
contamination, isolate water from
producing formations, In addition,
control well pressures during
drilling, production, and work over
operations. Casing provides
locations for the installation of
blowout preventers (BOPs),
wellhead equipment, production
packers.
CASING TYPE:
1 - Conductor.
2 - Surface.
3 - Intermediate.
4 - Production.
5 - Liner.
Conductor casing:
is set below the drive pipe or marine
conductor that is run to protect loose,
near surface formations and enable
circulation of drilling fluid, it Prevents
Washing-Out around the base of the rig.
The conductor isolates unconsolidated formations and water sands and
protects against shallow gas. Normal depth for Conductor pipe is from 30 to
250 feet. It is often driven with a pile driver until it will not go any further.
Surface casing:
The surface casing is the first string of any sequence to be run into a
well, after a hole has been drilled. Diameter of the surface casing must
obviously be less than the diameter of the conductor, if a conductor was
run. It ranges from (7 5/8)" to 20" commonly (13 3/8)".Attached to the
surface Casing, after it has been cemented, is the following pieces of
equipment
1-
Casing head from which part of the suspended weight of subsequent

strings are hang.
2-
Blowout preventers: This will control any formation gas or fluid

pressures, which might be encountered. The casing must be strong enough
to support this weight and to contain any possible pressures. For this
reason, it is always cemented to surface. The surface casing is also designed
to seal off fresh water aquifers and prevent them from being contaminated
by hydrocarbons or salt water, which may be encountered in deeper
drilling.
Provides blowout protection, isolates water sands, and prevents lost

circulation, in deviated wells, the surface casing may cover the build
section to prevent key seating of the formation during deeper drilling.
Intermediate casing:
Isolates unstable hole sections, lost circulation zones, low pressure zones,
and production zones The size ranges from (6 5/8)" to 20 "and commonly
(9 5/8)".
CH 2
Problems that Might Necessitate Intermediate Casing Are:

1-
Weak formations, which break down and cause loss of circulation

of the drilling fluid.
2-
Abnormally high pressure zones (usually geo-pressured gas) So that

drilling cannot then continue with a lighter mud.
3-
Heaving Shales" that swell when in contact with water or drilling mud
and fall into the hole. Modern improvements in drilling fluids may be able
to counteract this, and avoid the necessity of an intermediate string.
Production casing:
Isolates production zones and contains formations pressures in the event of
a tubing leak. It may also be exposed to injection pressure from fracture
jobs down casing, gas lift, or the injection inhibitor oil.
A Liner:
Is a casing string that does not extend back to the wellhead, extending from
the bottom of a well to a point 100 feet-or more the lower end of the
intermediate string. Liners are used to reduce cost, improve hydraulic
performance during deep drilling, and allow the use of larger tubing above
the liner top. A liner is an abbreviated string of casing., and it is run in the
well on drill pipe and suspended from the upper string by means of a
hanger device-called, appropriately, a liner hanger. They are nearly always
cemented in place. A liner usually serves as the production string.
CH 2
CH 2
Determine the number of casing string needed and their setting

depth
3) Determine the fracture pressure
( v P f ) P f , psi
P fr =
1
where,
is poisson ratio = 0.3
v is vertical overburden
stress = 1 psi / ft
4) Plot Hydrostatic, formation, and fracture pressure gradient against depth.

5) Plot another curve equal fracture pressure -0.5 ppg for safety.
6) From plotting we can find the number and setting depth of the casing
string
1)
Determine
the
hydrostati
*
P h = 0 . 052
* h,
c pressure
psi
.
wher,
h
2)
is mud
density,
is depth,
ft
Determine
ppg
the
P f = P h 200
formation
,
pressure
psi
Mwt.
ppg
DEPTH
ft
Ph
psi
CH 2
PhG
psi
Pf
psi
PfG
Psi/ft
FPg
Psi/ft
FPs
Psi
8.8
200
91.52
0.4576
0.666667
0.640667
8.8
400
183.04
0.4576
0.666667
0.640667
9.3
600
290.16
0.4836
0.666667
0.640667
9.3
800
386.88
0.4836
0.666667
0.640667
9.3
1000
483.6
0.4836
283.6
0.2836
0.7612
0.7352
10.3
1200
642.72
0.5356
442.72
0.368933
0.789644
0.763644
10.4
1400
757.12
0.5408
557.12
0.397943
0.799314
0.773314
10.5
1600
873.6
0.546
673.6
0.421
0.807
0.781
10.6
1800
992.16
0.5512
792.16
0.440089
0.813363
0.787363
11.7
2000
1216.8
0.6084
1016.8
0.5084
0.836133
0.810133
11.8
2200
1349.92
0.6136
1149.92
0.522691
0.840897
0.814897
11.9
2400
1485.12
0.6188
1285.12
0.535467
0.845156
0.819156
12.2
2600
1649.44
0.6344
1449.44
0.557477
0.852492
0.826492
12.3
2800
1790.88
0.6396
1590.88
0.568171
0.856057
0.830057
12.4
3000
1934.4
0.6448
1734.4
0.578133
0.859378
0.833378
12.5
3200
2080
0.65
1880
0.5875
0.8625
0.8365
12.6
3400
2227.68
0.6552
2027.68
0.596376
0.865459
0.839459
13.1
3600
2452.32
0.6812
2252.32
0.625644
0.875215
0.849215
13.3
3800
2628.08
0.6916
2428.08
0.638968
0.879656
0.853656
13.5
4000
2808
0.702
2608
0.652
0.884
0.858
13.6
4200
2970.24
0.7072
2770.24
0.659581
0.886527
0.860527
13.7
4400
3134.56
0.7124
2934.56
0.666945
0.888982
0.862982
13.9
4600
3324.88
0.7228
3124.88
0.679322
0.893107
0.867107
14.2
4800
3544.32
0.7384
3344.32
0.696733
0.898911
0.872911
14.3
5000
3718
0.7436
3518
0.7036
0.9012
0.8752
14.4
5200
3893.76
0.7488
3693.76
0.710338
0.903446
0.877446
14.6
5400
4099.68
0.7592
3899.68
0.722163
0.907388
0.881388
15.1
5600
4397.12
0.7852
4197.12
0.749486
0.916495
0.890495
15.2
5800
4584.32
0.7904
4384.32
0.755917
0.918639
0.892639
15.3
6000
4773.6
0.7956
4573.6
0.762267
0.920756
0.894756
15.3
6200
4932.72
0.7956
4732.72
0.763342
0.921114
0.895114
15.3
6400
5091.84
0.7956
4891.84
0.76435
0.92145
0.89545
15.3
6600
5250.96
0.7956
5050.96
0.765297
0.921766
0.895766
CH 2
CH 2
Casing string design

The required casing string to be designed:
Pp Mud. Press.
201.24
219.96
402.48
439.92
603.72
659.88
804.96
879.84
1006.2
1099.8
1207.44
1319.76
1408.68
1539.72
1609.92
1759.68
1811.16
1979.64
2012.4
2199.6
2414.88
2639.52
2616.12
2859.48
2817.36
3079.44
2906.8
3177.2
Frac. P Pp(G) Psi/ft

0.4472
313.56
627.12
0.4472
940.68
0.4472
1254.24
0.4472
1567.8
0.4472
1923.48
0.4472
2268.63
0.4472
2620.8
0.4472
2969.46
0.4472
3322.8
0.4472
4015.44
0.4472
4380.48
0.4472
0.4472
4750.2
4917.9
0.4472
Casing Measure Depth, ft Casing Length, ft

7"
9 5/8
13 3/8
From
0
0
0
To
6500
2650
300
6500
2650
300
Pp(g) ppg
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
TVD
Mp.(G)Ppg Frac.(g)
9.4
13.4
9.4
13.4
9.4
13.4
9.4
13.4
9.4
13.4
9.4
13.7
9.4
13.85
9.4
14
9.4
14.1
9.4
14.2
9.4
14.3
9.4
14.4
9.4
14.5
9.4
14.55
V. Length
Casing BottomCasing Length, ft

6500
6500
2650
2650
300
300
Steps of design
The process of casing string design is divided into three stages:
For collapse resistance:

Minimum collapse resistance for the bottom section is
Where
Pc min = 0.052 H f c , psi
fc = collapse safety factor = 1.125

= mud wt., ppg
H = total depth, ft
CH 2
Ph = 0.052*9.4*6500= 3177.2 psi

Pc min = Ph*1.125 = 3574.3 psi
Grade nominal wt
l-80
26
l-80
29
Petroleum Engineering HandBook

Internal Pressure Yield Strength
7240
604000
8160
676000
Determine length of l80 26 lb

Pc2 = 5410 psi
Pc2 = 1.125 * P hydrostatic @ the shoe of l-80 26 lb
5410= 1.125*0.052*9.4*L1
Where:
L1 is the length of the first grade
L1 = 6377.3 ft
No of joints =
= (160 joints)
Where Length of one joint of casing = 40 ft

So, L1 = 40* 160= 6400 ft
Determine length of l80 29 lb
L2= total depth L1
L2= 6500- 6400 = 100 ft
No of Joints =
Total length of second grade = 3 * 40 = 120 ft
Collapse
5410
7020
L-80,26
l-8-,29
26
29
CH 2
6400
120
166400
3480
Note, total casing length = 6500 ft
Checking for internal (bursting) pressure:

The weakest section (lowest grade or min. thickens) is checked of internal
pressure as follows:
first calculate Maximum formation pressure (Pf) and then find the minimum
allowable internal pressure (Pi) = Pf
1.1, and by using the value of
Pcmin(minimum collapse pressure required) and minimum internal pressure

required,the appropriate casing wt. required is selected.
The length of the bottom section is determined as follows;
Pc2 = 0.052 (H L1) fc, psi
L1 = H
Pc 2
, ft
0
.
052
f
c
Pc2 = collapse resistance of selected second section.
Pc 3
L1 = length of the bottom section, ft
L 2 = H L1
,
0 . 052 f c
Fi = 3.122039 > 1.1 (safe)
ft
generally,
L n = H
Pc
i= n
( n + 1)
Li
0 . 052 f c
i =1
CH 2
For tensile strength (upper part):

Wt. Of every section is determined
Wi = Wi x Li, lbs
The top end is checked for tensile strength
Check for tensile load for l80 26 lbAt the upper part of the casing
Tensile load=wi *Li
= 26* 6500 + 29*120 = 169880 lb
min = 604000 psi
For safe design=
Fc =
> 1.8
> 1.8 safe
Check for bursting pressure;

The internal pressure of the mud at the shoe of l80 26 lb at 6500 ft
= P hydrostatic =0.052 * mud * L1
= 0.052 * 9.4 *6500 = 3177.2
For safe design
= / Hydrostatic = 8160 / 317.2 = 2.5 > 1.1 safe
Design of surface casing for the first well ( 9 5/8 in )

Design for collapse resistance:
Assuming the casing is lowered in the hole empty and the mud column extended
to surface and Buoyancy factor is not considered.
Ph = 0.052*9.4*2650= 1295.32psi
Pc min = Ph*1.125 = 1457.23 psi
CH 2
From Rabia Book for casing 9 5/8

Select l80 47lb
Grade
l-80
Nominal weight Internal pressure

47 lb/ft
7930 psi
Yield strength
1244000 lbs
Collapse
6620 psi
Check for tensile load for l 80 47 lbAt the upper part of the casing
Tensile load =wi *Li
= 47* 2650 = 124550 lb
min = 1244000 psi
For safe design

Fc =
> 1.8
> 1.8 safe
Check for bursting pressure;
The internal pressure of the mud at the shoe of l80 47 lb at 2650 ft

= P hydrostatic =0.052 * mud * L1
= 0.052 * 9.4 *2650 = 1295.32
For safe design
= / Hydrostatic = 7930 / 1295.32= 6.1 > 1.1 safe
Stronger casing should be used for the next upper sec. and its length is
determined as follows:
n
Pik = f t W i Li + W kL
k
1
where ,
Li , length of the sec. K
n
Pik f t W i Li
1
Lk =
f tW k
of tensile strength Pik
CH 2
Design of 9 3/8\\ csg

TVD
2650
BF
0.7481
16.49
Pcmin
6471.921
Grades
Pc
w.n
L. ft
W, lbs
y.s
s.f
L-80
6620
53.5
2197.166 117548.4
1244000 14.14
L-55
4750
47
4922.974 348928.2
1086000 3.11
Design of 7\\ csg

6500
16.49
TVD
m
N.Wt
BF
0.7481
Pcmin
6471.921
Joint
Wt,lb Cum Wt,lb B*Cum Wt,LB Strengt
h,lb
SEC.
Length,ft
S.F
L1
L2
1855.23
23 42670.32
42670.329
37460.7705
366000
9.770220
641.282
20 12825.64
55495.972
48720.5494
316000
6.485969
L3
4211.08
20 84221.72
139717.69
122659.764
236000
1.924021
CH 2
Graphical:
BF
0.877911
Pcmin
3137.901
W1
135439.6
Pc2
2370
L1
1641.471
W2
122096.8
Pc3
1980
L2
833.6668
W3
122096.8
L3
4232.462
Design of conductor pipe:

Choose low grade for conductor design because the collapse resistance is
very low at surface.
Select grade J-55 or H-40, and is set at the refusal point from 300-500 ft
Drilling Problems Encountered during Drilling in this Field and

Their remedy
Mud losses:
Are expected while drilling 16`` hole, through the unconsolidated sand of
Post Miocene and Zeit formation. Conventional plugging materials or
suitable LCM can successfully control this kind of losses. It is
recommended for this matter to extend circulation time and spot high
viscous pill to keep the hole clean and avoid overcharging to the formation.
Some mud losses are expected in 8 `` phase while drilling in Belayim
sand, in this case non damaging plugging material are recommended in
addition to the conventional fin plugging materials.
Over pressure:
Is expected while drilling 12 `` hole in bottom Zeit and top South
Gharib formation. Especially if high-pressure water flow encountered .it is
recommended that to control well with mud with high value.
Differential sticking:
Might be encountered while drilling depleted sand zones through 8 `` of
Belayim fm., this type of problem can be avoided by keeping string always
in motion and reducing as low as possible the number of drill collar in the
BHA. In addition, it is suggested to reduce filter cake thickness and cake
permeability to minimize this problem.
CH 2
Directional drilling:
The maximum inclination of the well is in high range and no major difficulties
are expected by the directional drilling, if cleaning considered by low
viscosity follow by high viscosity, the use of steerable system will be
helpful to follow the direction and avoid severe dogleg in inclination and
direction. The trajectory of the well should be carefully monitored in order
to avoid risks of collision with existing wells of the same field especially in
first 500-m.
Drilling problems associated with direction well drilling and

their remedy
There are five main problems during drilling horizontal wells and drain holes,
namely
1. Delivering weight to the bit.
2. Reducing torque and drag forces.
3. Hole cleaning.
4. Protection of water sensitive shale.
5. Directional control.
Delivering weight to the bit:Applying sufficient bit weight for optimum drilling rate that is often a
problem, especially at higher angles and while drilling a horizontal section.
Conventional bit weight for efficient drilling is a bout 2000-5000 lbf. Per
inch of bit diameter. Motor assemblies drill efficiency with less bit weight
then rotary assemblies, they compensate for bit weight with higher
rotational speed of turbines and motors.
Remedy:Bit weight may be increased by reducing drag and torque by using the split
assembly, including the bit, motor, directional control tools, and the nonmagnetic collars, which left at the bottom of the drill string.
CH 2
Reducing torque and drag forces:Drag is a force restricting the movement of the drill tools in directions
parallel to the well path. Torque is the force resisting rotational movement.
Drag and torque are measurements of this frictional resistance to the
movement of the drill tools .
Excess drag and torque cause directional drilling problems, especially in the
turning and horizontal sections of horizontal well often very severe in this
REMEDY:Eliminating all drag and torque is not practical , but preventive actions
reduce them to an acceptable levels , it is best to design the well pattern for
a minimum number of changes of angle and a low angle of build or drop .
Excess drag and torque is reduced pipe placing casing in the hole. Reaming
reduces drag and torque caused by key seats and rough wellbore, reducing
drill string weight reduces drag and torque at high quality of mud with good
chemical and physical properties.
Oil base mud should be considered for more demanding situations because of
its good lubricating qualities.
Hole cleaning or cutting removal:A particular problem that arises in the drilling horizontal wells is the
difficulty of removing rock cuttings from the horizontal section of the well.
The source of the problem is that cuttings tend to settle in the bottom of the
hole and increase the friction in the hole, produce poor cement bonds.
REMEDY:A great improvement in removing cuttings has been an achieved by using

top drive drilling rigs. In these rigs, the drill string is rotated by a large,
geared electric or hydraulic drive motor rather than by the conventional
rotary table and Kelly.
With this arrangement, it is possible to rotate the drill string and to circulate
CH 2
mud as removed from the hole. This tends to keep the drill cutting in
suspension and to provide a cleaner hole, the removal of cuttings reduces
friction between the drill pipe and the hole and reduces the tendency for
sticking.
Protection of water sensitive shale:Shale layer frequently tend to collapse in contact with fresh water, this
can be prevented by using oil based drilling fluid, which usually consist of
an invert emulsion of water in diesel oil together with other additives.
REMEDY:Water -base mud can be inhibited to reduce the attack on water- sensitive
shale by addition of NaCl or CaCl2. These additives reduce the chemical
activity of water and its tendency to penetrate into the water-sensitive shale.
Directional control:Overcoming the force of gravity is a fundamental problem in directional

and horizontal drilling. The bottom hole assembly (BHA) is a heavy weight
hanging on the bottom of the drill string. The BHA must overcome the
force of gravity with a strong side force for directional drilling.
REMEDY:A adjustable assemblies are more flexible for use in various situations,
specially the steerable versions (the term steerable has a special meaning in
the oil industry), the steerable BHA consists of bit, down hole motor with
build in dog-leg tendency, measurement-while drilling (MWD).
Intelligent Well Completion

Promises of increased production rates, and improved hydrocarbon
recovery make intelligent well technology and intelligent field development
an attractive option. To date over 130 intelligent well completions globally
have demonstrated the value of this technology. Operators in North Sea,
deep water Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Canada, West Africa and the Asia
CH 2
pacific region .are beginning to approach asset development planning with

a focus on exploiting the value that intelligent well can provide to their
projects
The Intelligent Well Completion being installed today have relatively simple
capabilities (60, 67) Intelligent Completion System (ICS s) integrate
reservoir sensors and remotely controllable inflow / outflow devices
deployed permanently in the wellbore the immediate benefits of such
system arise from minimization of interventions needed to ascertain critical
changes and alter down hole flow conditions, particularly in offshore
operations and subsea developments.
The Intelligent Well Completion of tomorrow will have significantly
enhanced capabilities such as the following namely:
1- Sensors and flow control devices in the laterals branches
2-
Down hole separation of water from oil. Also, the ability to reinjection the
water down hole
3-
Detection of water encroachment
4-
Detection and / or prevention / removal of sand , scale , or corrosion
5-
Three- phase flow measurement
6-
Infinitely variable choke
7-
Fiber optics developments for various uses including communication as

well as distributed measurement of temperature and pressure
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
Cement
Function of cement:
1- Restriction of fluid movement between permeable zones within the well.
2- Provision of mechanical support for the casing string.
3- Protection of casing against corrosion by sulphate rich formation waters.
4- Support for the well-bore walls to prevent collapse of formations.
Classes and types of cement:

The API has classified nine types of cement, depending on depth, and
conditions of hole to be cemented these are as follows;
1 - Class A:
Intended for use from surface to 6000 ft. depth when special properties
are not required. Available only in ordinary type.
2-Class B:
Intended for use from surface to 6000 ft. depth when conditions require
moderate to high sulphate resistance. Available in both moderately and
highly sulphate resistance type.
3-Class C:
Intended for use from surface to 6000 ft. depth when conditions require
high early strength. Available in moderately and highly sulfate resistance
type.
4 - Class D:
Intended for use from 6000 ft. to 10,000 ft. depth, under conditions of
moderately high temperatures and pressures.
5-Class E:
Intended in use from 10,000 ft. to 14,000 ft. depth under conditions of
high temperatures and pressures. Available in both moderately and highly
sulfate resistance types.
6 - Class F:
Intended for Use from 10,000 ft. to 16,000 depth, under conditions of
moderately high temperatures and pressure. Available in both moderately
and high sulfate resistance types.
7 - Class G:
Intended for use as basic cement from surface to 8,000 ft. depth, as
manufactured, or can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a
wide range of well depths and temperature.
8 - Class H:
Intended for use as basic cement from surface to 8,000 ft; depth as
manufactured, and can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a
wide range of well depths and temperatures.
9 - Class J:
Intended for use as manufactured, from 12,000 ft. to 16,000 ft. depth under
conditions of extremely high temperature and pressure, or can be used with
accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and
temperatures.
CH 2
CH 2
Casing cementing program

1 - Slurry volume calculations:Annular area between casing string and bore-hole
A =
D
O.Dc
2
D
(O . D c )2 , in 2
= bore-hole diameter, inch

= casing out side' diameter, inch
- Slurry volume
= A * H + excess "safety' factor"
- Excess volume of slurry
= 30%'
2 - No. of sacks of cement:

No. of sacks
slurry volume (cu. ft)

yield of slurry (cu. ft / sack)
Yield of slurry means the, No. of cu. ft of slurry that is produced by using one
sack of dry cement.
Methods of Cementing:
Single Stage Cementing
Is normally to cement conductor' and surface pipes. A single batch of
cement. Is prepared and pumped down the casing. it should be noted that
all The internal parts of the casing tools including the float shoe, wipe
plugs, etc. are easily drillable.
Multi stage Cementing

It is employed in cementing long casing string in order to reduce the
total pumping pressure, reduce the total hydrostatic Pressure on weak
formations There preventing Their fracture, allow of selective cementing of
formations and ensure effective Cementing around the shoe of the previous
casing string.
In multistage cementing a stage cementer is installed at a selected position in
the casing string, the position of the stage cementer is dictated by the total
length of the cement column and the strength of formations.
Liner Cementing:
The liner is a short string of casing, which does not reach to the
surface. It is hung from the bottom of the previous casing string by use of a
liner hanger.
The liner is run on drill pipe and cemented by pumping the cement slurry
through the drill pipe and liner and finally displacing it behind the liner to
Just above the liner hanger.
CH 2
CH 2
Liner equipment
This equipment includes the following items:-
(a) Float Shoe:

It is required to guide the liner into the hole and to act as a back-pressure
valve.
(b) Float collar:

This is an optional piece of equipment and is used as a backup for the float
shoe.
(c) Landing collar:

This is a short sub placed at two Joints above The casing shoe, it provides a
seat for the liner wiper plug the position of the loading collar is selected so
that the mud-contaminated cement is contained within the two casing Joints
above the shoe and only the neat cement is placed around the liner shoe.
(d) Liner:
This is the string of csg used to case off the open hole the length of
overlap between the liner and previous csg varies between 200 and
500.
(e) Liner hanger:

The liner is hung on the previous casing string by means of hanger
installed at the top of the liner.
(f)Liner setting sleeve and liner setting tool:

The liner setting sleeve is used to carry the liner to depth in
addition, is provided with a Thread to match the liner setting tool thread.
The liner setting tool connects the liner to the running- in string .it is used
to run the liner and to set the liner hanger.
(G) Swivel assembly and liner wiper plug
A swivel assembly is installed between the liner and the liner
hanger to enable the hanger to be set even if the liner below the hanger is
stuck. The liner wiper plug is used to separate the displacing mud from
cement and also to clean the inside of the liner.
CH 2
Cement calculations for well 1

Tail slurry design:Measure Depth, ftCasing Length,
Casing ID, in From
To
ft
TVD
V. Length
Casing Bottom,Casing
ft
Length, ft
6820.14
8088.48
8088.480
6708
9 5/8
7120.14
7120.140
6708
6708
13 3/8
4200
4200
4200
4200
30 Conductor
400
400
400
400
For @2 %( by weight) bentonite per one sack of cement

@44 %( by weight) water per one sack of cement
@5.3 %( by weight) addition mixing water per 1% bentonite
Shoe trake volume

Pocket volume
17.5076352
7.87725694
Ft ^3
Ft^3
Component
wt,lb
Abs. vol. gal/lb
vol, gal
Cement
94
0.0382
3.58
3% bentonite
1.88
0.0455
0.08
mix water
41.36
0.12
1.88
Additional water
0.12
SLURRY
147.2lb
YIELD
SLURRY
YIELD
Mixing rate
Spacer vol.
Shoe track
pocket
Time of release plugs
Displacement rate
Slurry weight
Slurry volume
3.1
SLURRY WT
Density ib/gal
Sp.gr.
26.1876
3.14
22.101
2.65
8.34
8.34
9.84 gal/sk
1.32 ft/sk
25
20
80
20
15
7.85
137.6
8.64
sack\min
bbl
ft
ft
min
ft^3/min
Ib
ft^3
CH 2
Slurry denisty
Slurry yield
15.9259259
0
Ib/ft^3
Assume 20 bbls spacer used
Assume:
Mixing Rate= 50 sack/min.
Displacement Rate = 150 gpm
Total Job time = Mixing time + time for release plugs +
Displacement of plugs+ safety factor
Mixing Time
25.04
Min
Displacing Time =
170.4949441
Min
Time Release
15
Min
Job Time
223.8
Min
Displacing volume =
1338.38529
Ft^3
volume between open hole and 7 in casing =
487.967448
Ft^3
volume between 9 5/8 in casing and 7 in casing =

Total volume of the slurry
1.35 is an excess for open hole losses
21.5545962
722.124364
Ft^3
Ft^3
Thickening time = Total Job time + 1 hr = 3.0089+1

=240.53494min
Lead slurry design

Component
Weight Ib
Sp . Gr
Denisty Ib/gal
volume gal
Dry Cement
99
3.14
26.1876
3.59
3% bentonite
18.88
2.65
22.101
0.835
Mix water
41.91
8.34
Mix water B)
12.01
8.34
3.3
Mixing rate
Spacer vol.
Shoe track
pocket
Time of release plugs
Displacement rate
Slurry weight
Slurry volume
Slurry denisty
Slurry yield
CH 2
25
20
80
20
15
5.95
sack\min
bbl
ft
ft
min
ft^3/min
171.8
13.725
12.5173042
1.83490179
Shoe trake volume
17.5076352
Ft ^3
Pocket volume
7.87725694
Ft^3
Mixing Time
Displacing Time =
15.76
Min
224.9387
Min
Time Release
15
Min
Job Time
225.6987
Min
1338.38529
Displacing volume =
Thickening time = Total Job time + 1 hr = 3.761+1
=285.698704min
Ft^3
CH 2
Calculation of the total drilling cost

The drilling cost can be calculated from the following table
ITEM
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.1
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.18
3.19
3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4
DESCRIPTION
MOVING
RIG RATES
RIG MOB/DEMOB
EXTRA RIG EQUIPMENT
TOTAL RIG COSTS
CSG. & ACCESSORIES
WELL HEAD & MUD LINE SUS.
MUD CHEMICALS / COMPL. FLUIDS
CEMENT & ADDITIVES
BITS & CORE HEAD
FUEL & LUBRICANTS
TBG. &COMPL. EQUIP.
WATER SUPPLY
OTHER
TOTAL MATERIAL COSTS
ELEC. LOGS
CEMENTING SERVICES
TESTING
CSG. &TBG. SERVICES
MUD LOGGING
MUD ENGG. SERVICE
DIRECTIONAL DRLG. SERVICE
M.W.D.
HAMMERING
FISHING & CUTS
DIVING
CATERING
WELL COMPL.
ERF. & ROD. LOGS
WELL STIM.
TUBULAR INSPECTION
RIG SUPERVISION
OTHER
TOTAL SERVICE COST
LAND TRANS.
MARINE TRANS.
HELICOPTER TRANS.
CIVIL WORKS
SEA BOTTOM SURVEY
TOTAL LOGISTIC COSTS
COST
1650000
0
50000
1700000
329000
58000
220000
35000
180000
25000
50000
5000
17000
919000
140000
33000
100000
17000
24000
774
19200
130000
8000
0
0
5000
0
50000
0
5000
0
43000
581940
0
175000
65000
0
0
240000
Lithology
moghra
CH 2
Form.
Drilled
Depth In
Depth Out
Depth
Section
75
0
75
75
ROP
Avg.ROP
59
59
Dabaa shale
1000
75
1000
925
59
Apollonia
1840
1000
1840
840
41.8
A/R "A"
2130
1840
2130
290
41.8
A/R "B"
3120
2130
3120
990
41.8
A/R "C"
3220
3120
3220
100
41.8
A/R "D"
3810
3220
3810
590
41.8
A/R D
3925
3810
3925
115
41.8
A/RE
A/R f
4045
4380
3925
4045
4045
4380
120
335
41.8
41.8
A/R G
4548
4380
4548
168
41.8
Baharia
5120
4548
5120
572
41.8
Kharita member
5792
5120
5792
672
total depth
59
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.8
0
6500
The drilling cost can be calculated from the following equation

Cf = (Cb + Cr (Tb + Tc + Tt) / D)
Where
Cf = Drilling cost, $/ft
Cb = Bit cost,$
Tc = Connection time = 0.1 hr
Tb = Bit rotating time, hrs
CH 2
Tt =Trip time, hrs

D =Footage, ft
Cr = rig rent , $/hr
1) Drilling Cost for Well BM 88:

12.25 Hole Drilling Costs
Cf = Cb + Cr x (Tr +Tt +Tn)
Where:
Cr = rig rent, $100000/day = $ 4166.67/hr

Cb = Total Bit cost = $ 3000
Tr = Rotating Drilling Time = 42.5 hrs
Tt = Tripping Time = 6.32 hrs
Tn = Non Rotating Time = 24 hrs
Drilling Cost =15000 + 3162.5 (48.5+ 3.799+ 24)= 256295.6$
8 Hole Drilling Cost

Cf = Cb + Cr x (Tr + Tt + Tn)
Where:
Cr = rig rent, $75900/day = $ 3162.5/hr
Cb = $ 15000
TR = 100 hrs
Tt = 9.3189 hrs
TN = 48 hrs
Drilling Cost =15000 + 3162.5 x (100 + 9.3189 + 48)=511948.9$
So, the total drilling Cost for Well 1

= 511948.9+ 256295.6
= 768244.5$
= 118.19 $/ft
REFRENCES
1- Farahat, M.S., Horizontal well drilling technology ,
Suez Canal University, Faculty of Petroleum & Mining Eng.
2- Burgoyne, A. T., Applied drilling engineering ,

Society of Petroleum engineers Richardson, TX 1991.
3- Economides, M. J., Petroleum well construction ,

John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
4- Gatlin C., Petroleum engineering , Department of Petroleum

Engineering, University of Texas, 1960.
5- Rabia, L., Oil well drilling engineering ,

John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
6- Rotary drilling data handbook.
7- N. J. Adams, Complete Well Planning Approach .
CH 2

Perfuracion

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Perfuracion

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

DRILLING

DRILLING ENGINEERING DESIGNS FOR WELL#1

Oil well drilling

OVERVIEW OF DRILLING PROCESS

Methods of drilling wells

A - By mechanically induced stresses.

Industrial methods of mechanical drilling can be further subdivided

Rotary drilling (about 85 % of total footage in the USA and other

2-Turbo-drilling (about 85 % of the total footage in the USSR).

Types of Drilling Rigs

The complexity of the drilling operation determines the level of sophistication

These are floating drilling rigs consisting of hulls or caissons, which

The most usual hull arrangement consists of a pair of parallel rectangular

The semi-submersible is very stable because its center of gravity is low in

is an ability to drill in almost any depth of water. Many are anchor-moored,

Over View for Drilling Rigs

Drilling rig and its elements

Drilling rig is a set of mechanisms and

4-The traveling block

5-The rotary hook

1-The Rotary Table

suspends the whole weight of the

D) Prime movers and transmissions:

E) Drilling fluid circulating system:

F) Well control system:

G) Well monitoring system:

Select the suitable rig type and its components

Determination of the derrick load:

Lw = 0.004 V2, lb / ft2 and V = 50 mph.

Use maximum dead load capacity of a derrick equal to the heaviest

casing column, an additional length (from 25 50 % of casing) is added for

Max, derrick load=

A Complete Well Planning Approach N. J. Adams,

Note for wind load

2- Selection of the wellhead:

2.1 For flanges two types:

2.2 For bolt:

2.2.1 for bolts :-

Bolt circle diameter

2.3 Selection of BOP:

Width bonnets closed locking rams

Width bonnets open locking rams

2.4 Selection of Hydric ram type:

Height between flanges

Height between flanges

Use MPL instead of manual lock,

Width bonnets closed locking rams

Width bonnets open locking rams

Height between flanges

Height between flanges

2.5 Selection of Nl Shaffer BOP (instead of conventional BOP:

2.6 Selection of KooMEY Ram Type:

10.5 gal. 11gal

PB PRC (Power ram

3- Kelly and Swivel selection:

Minimum recommend casing O. D.

Internal pressure @ yield stress.

Kelly weight = 687.961019 Ib

Maximum swivel rated dead load capacity = D/s + Kelly weight

Main bearing diameter

Fluid passage diameter

Net approximate weight

b- For total hook load during casing,

4- Hoisting system selection:

= 1/2((6237.2 (42 + 6237.2) * 47/10,560,000) + (6237.2* 16, 5600 /

1.08 12 + 1.08(12^ 2 + 9.3 7.9968 * 2^ 2 * 20)^0.5

1.08 12 + 1.08(12^ 2 + 9.3 7.9968 * 3.5^ 2 * 20)^0.5

1.08 12 + 1.08 12 2 + 9.3 * 7.9968 * 2.5 2 * 20