HEAT AND VOLUME EFFECTS

Experiment No. 7
I.

Objectives
1. To be able to determine the type of intermolecular force of attraction
among the same molecules and among the molecules of the liquids in
the mixture.
2. To be able to correlate the intermolecular H-bonding with heat and
volume effects.

II.

Results and Discussions

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are the forces that happen between
inter the molecules that constitute its attraction or repulsion forces and
controls how well molecules stick together. This forces affects many
measurable properties of a substance such as its melting and boiling
point, viscosity, and surface tension which is higher when IMF are strong.
IMF vary over a wide range, but are generally much weaker than
ionic or covalent bonds. Less energy, therefore, is required to break the
mentioned measurable properties than to separate covalent bonds in a
molecule.
In addition, magnitude of heat and volume changes is related to the
type of strength of the IMF (Oldridge, 2013).
Different two components was prepared as shown in FIG.1 and their
effects were then observed TABLE 1 together with the assessment of their
IMF as summarized in TABLE 2.

Fig.1. Preparation of the Labeled two components 1

Test tubes with the two components were tightly stoppered to
prevent any loss of solvents and was mixed well. Temperature changes
were noted with the use the experimenters palm and changes in
volume readings were perceived after 10-20 min. elapsed time.

TABLE 1. Changes in volume and temperature of the component systems

used
Solution

+ Vsoln vs. 8mL

Tsoln vs. TA+TB

+ equal (=)

warmer, exothermic

water
2. Ethanol + water lesser (<)
3. Acetone + water lesser (<)
4. Methanol
+ equal (=)

warmer, exothermic
warmer, exothermic
cooler, endothermic

ethanol
5. Methanol

cooler, endothermic

Solution B
1. Methanol

+ lesser (<)

acetone
6. Ethanol
+ equal (=)
cooler, endothermic
1 1. methanol + water; 2. ethanol + water; 3. acetone + water; 4. methanol +
acetone
ethanol; 5. methanol + acetone;
6. ethanol + acetone

TABLE 1 shows that from the result half of the two-component

systems yield a volume less than the original and has an exothermic
reaction, and, the other half remained its volume level and resulted to
an endothermic reaction. NOTE: The relationship described does not
mean they are the actual relationship from the table.
Closer look of the volume level of each solutions are shown in
FIG.2-7

Fig.2-7. Volume level of the

solutions

at

room

temperature
III.
1.

Answers to Questions
Determine the type

of

intermolecular

of

force

attraction among the same molecules and among the molecules of

the liquids in the mixture.
TABLE 2. IMF of the prepared two-component system
Solution

IMF force

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

H-bonding
H-bonding
H-bonding
H-bonding
H-bonding
H-bonding

Methanol + water
Ethanol + water
Acetone + water
Methanol + ethanol
Methanol + acetone
Ethanol + acetone

H-bonding
H-bonding
dipole
H-bonding
dipole
dipole

The table shows that most of the IMF force are an interaction of
H-bonding and not as much dipole interaction where H-bonding is a
special type of dipole-dipole attraction which occurs when a hydrogen
atom is bonded to a strongly electronegative atom that exists in the
vicinity of another electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons
(Larsen, 2012), while, the dipole interaction according to Brown,
originates from electrostatic attractions between the partially positive
end of one molecule and partially negative end of a neighboring
molecule in which these attractions are effective only when molecules
are very close together. In summary, Hydrogen bond is stronger than
dipole bonds.

2. Correlate intermolecular H-Bonding with heat and volume effects.

More stable bonds are formed and is an exothermic reaction
when the temperature is warmer, while, cooler temperature, an
endothermic reaction also has a stronger bond but needs an energy to
form. In contrary, lesser volume levels as compared to the calibrated
volume indicates that it has a stronger IMF.

IV.

References
Brown, T., LeMay, E., Bursten, B., Murphy, C., & Woodward, P. (2014).
Periodic

cccProperties

of

the

Elements.

In Chemistry:

The

Central

Science (12th ed., p. 1142). cccPearson.

Larsen, D. (2012, January 1). Intermolecular Forces. Retrieved March 18,
2015,

from

ccchttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of
_Matter/Aomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Intermolec
ular_Forces
Oldridge, N. (2013). Effects of Intermolecular Forces. Retrieved March 18,
2015, from ccccccchttp://lessons.chemistnate.com/effects-of-intermolecularforces.html

V.

Comments
Patience and tang of multi-tasking are the virtues in this experiment.