Objectives

1. Know properties of water and how molecules interact with it.

2. Understand pH meaning, how they are calculated
know relationship from [H+] differences and pH
know to go from pH to [H+] and vice versa.
know how to calculate natural logs.
1. Acids and Bases: distinguish between strong and weak acids/bases
2. pKa - meaning, how they are determined, relation to pH
3. pI
4. Buffers
What to really know: hydogen-bonding pattern
Hydrophobic effect and energy driving it
How hydrophobic and hydrophilic group interact with H2O.
How to calculate pH and [H+] concentration
How to calculate pKa, pI, buffers.
Know titration.

Properties of water
(affect Noncovalent interactions of solutes).

1. It is polar.

Universal solvent

2. High Cohesive due to H-bond with itself

Liquid H2O

Ice

Figure 2-6

HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION
It is a good solvent, forming hydration shells of
water molecules around ions (charge-dipole
interactions) and around polar molecules
(dipole-dipole interactions) and hydrogen
bonds.

Clathrate structure

Amphiphilic
Hydrophobic

hydrophilic

Exercises

Is this compound hydrophilic?

A. Yes.
B. No.
C. What does hydrophilic mean?
Chapter 2

How many hydrogen bonds can be formed with this molecule

Acids and Bases

Compounds that donate H+ or accept H+ in water

HA > H+ + A-

acids in water denotes H+, bases produces OH or accepts H+

Strong Acids/Bases completely dissociate in water quickly

HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

strong bases can deprotonate a weak acid

NaOH, KOH

Weak acid refers to molecules that can donate H+ depending on

concentration of H3O+ (or pH of solution)

Water is an acid with a dissociation constant

H2O

H3O+ + A-

pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 10-pH

What is pH of a 0.5 L aqueous solution with 20 mL of 5 M NaOH

Normal physiological pH is 7.4.

It is deadly if blood pH drops to 6.8
What is the factor of concentration change of [H+]
to achieve this pH ?

What is the Relationship between pH and pKa (applies to weak acids/bases)

HA +H2O

A- + H3O+
Buffering zone = pKa +/- 1 pH unit.
At pH = pKa, [HA] = [A-]
At pH below pKa, [HA] > [A-]
At pH above pKa, [HA] < [A-]

Example: Calculate the pH of a solution of acetic acid (pKa =

4.76) that contains 0.39M HOAc (the abbreviation for the H+
donor) and 0.08M OAc- (the abbreviation for the H+ acceptor)
HA = HOAc = 0.39M and A- = OAc- = 0.08M

C. The Henderson-Hasselbalch eq. relates pH to [HA] and [A-]:

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
Use this equation whenever a weak acid and/or base are present and the pH is
within the 2 pH units of their pKa. Titration curves illustrate buffering. Fig 2.19

Titration of 1.0 M Arginine

15
This is an example of a
Polyprotic Acid
10
pH
5

0.5

NH2 + NH2
C
NH
(CH2)3
+NH3--CH--CO2H

pK1

1.0

1.5
2.0
1.0 M OH, mL

NH2 + NH2
C
NH
(CH2)3
+NH3--CH--CO2-

Net charge
+2

+1

pK2

2.5

NH2 + NH2
C
NH

NH2
pK3

C
NH

NH

(CH2)3

(CH2)3

NH2--CH--CO2-

NH2--CH--CO2 -

-1

pH & pKa & Amino Acid

Buffers

Arginine
15

pK3

1 buffer range

12.5
pK2
9.0

10
pH
5

pI = 10.75

pK1

1 buffer range

2.2
5

1 buffer range

10

15
20
0.1 N OH, mL

25

Buffer--addition of base doesnt change pH significantly. A buffer is most effect within 1 of a pKa value
Arginine can act as a buffer at 3 pH ranges
Hence, proteins have buffering ability, particularly by their side chain groups
This is important to maintain the physiological pH of our body to a constant

In solution at pH 7, amino acids are dipolar ions (Fig.3.6)

E. The amino acids have ionizable groups that are weak acids or weak
bases. (simply understand what the pKa values means).

What is the pH of a 1L solution with 20 mL of 5M acetic acid and 10 mL of 1M acetate, given

that the pKa of acetic acid is 4.76
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

[A ]
pH = pKa + log
[HA]

Example 2
What is the pH of a 1L solution containing 0.2 M formic acid and 0.2 M formate
before and after 2mL of 5M NaOH is added. pKa of formic acid is 3.75
pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]
3.75 + log [0.2]/[0.2] log[1] =0
Thus pH is 3.75
In the absence of buffer:
[H+] = 10-14 / 0.01M = 1 x 10-11
pH = 11.

Example 3: Make a buffer of pH 7.5 using TRIS-HCl. pKa of Tris = 8.08, how much of acid
and conjugate base will you add

Now, we need to know how strong to make the buffer.

100 mM
Thus [Tris] + [Tris-] = 100 mM or 0.1 M
[Tris-] = 0.1 [Tris]
[!"#$!]
[!"#$]
!.!![!"#$]
{!"#$]

!.!![!"#$]

{!"#$]

= =!

= 0.25

------>

!.!

!
[!"#$]

!"#$
!"#$

!.!

!"#$ = ! !.!" ! = 0.08 !

thus, ---> [Tris-] = 0.1 0.08M = 0.02M.

!.!

= 0.25 ----> [!"#$] = 0.25 + 1

1. How many protons does this molecule have?

2 How many acidic proton does this molecule have?
3. How many equivalent of base is added to reach point D on
this titration curve?
G
F
E
D

100 mM
H3A

C
4. How much base is added to reach point
C on the titration curve?
B
A

5. What are the buffer points?

pKa
Is the pH where the concentration of the weak acid and conjugate are equal.

It is also the tendency for a weak acid to give up its proton at a given pH.

So what does it mean when different groups have H at different pKa values?

Pretend molecule
A
X-H
B Y-H
C A-H
C M-H

Pretend pKa
9.5
1.5
7.5
5.2

Which is the weakest acid?

At pH 7.0, how many groups have lost their H?
At pH 8.5, how many groups have lost their H?
At pH 1.2, how many of these groups have lost
their protons.

If I add X-H to water, what must the pH be to obtain X-?

Suppose I have these 4 compound on my lab shelf and I want to make a buffer solution of
pH 6.2. Which pretend compound compound should I use?