Merged Document 2

Chemical
Thermal
Courtesy of NEED
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 01
SO- 01 Reasons for
alternative energy
sources
Classes of Energy
POTENTIAL
Stored
energy
or energy of
position
KINETIC
Energy of
motion
Motion,
Electrical,
Gravitational, Stored
Mechanical, Nuclear, Sound, Radiant,
What is energy?
Ability to do work or
cause change
Produces
Warmth
Produces Light
Produces Sound
Produces
Movement
Produces
Growth Powers
Technology
Courtesy of NEED
Reasons for
alternative
energy
sources
There are various reasons as to
why the global economic future
depends on alternative renewable
energy sources.
The world economy depends greatly on

energy.
Renewable Energy
Generally defined as energy that
comes from resources which are
naturally replenished on a human
timescale, such as sunlight, wind,
rain, tides, waves, and geothermal
heat, etc.
1-Fossil fuels consumption is

increasing
1. What are fossil fuels? List them.
1. ..2..3
.
2. Which sector is consuming more fossil

fuels?
1.
..
3. Find a chart showing the fuels

consumption in different sectors.
Fossil Fuels
Non-renewable
Accounts for
approximately
87% of the
energy
consumed world
wide
Data on left
shows break
down of energy
What are fossil fuels?

Created by the
decompisition of
organisms over time
with the assistance
of pressure and
heat.
Composed primarily
of carbons and
consumed in
the
year 2004
hydrocarbons
What exactly is a
barrel?
A barrel is equal
to
44 - 45 gallons.
Typical products
from a barrel of
crude oil are
broken down on
the left.
Fuels Consumption in Different

Sectors
Nice Energy Statistics

https://yearbook.enerdata.net/world
-electricity-production-map-graphand-data.html#world-electricityproduction-map-graph-anddata.html
http://www.tsp-dataportal.org/Breakdown-of-ElectricityGeneration-by-EnergySource#tspQvChart
Why renewable energy?

increasing
2- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.
3-Fossil fuels are unsustainable
4-Fossil fuels contribute to climate
change
5- Fossil fuels affect public health
6-Fossil fuels pollute the
environment

increasing.
Most of the worlds
energyabout 80 to
90 percentis
currently derived
from fossil fuels..
Looking ahead at
worldwide energy
consumption
projections, the
predictions show a
steady increase
upwardss..
The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of
energy defined as the amount of energy
released by burning one tonne of crude oil.
1.0 15+10 Btu = 25.2 Mtoe
2- Fossil fuels are

nonrenewable.
Q.1 What is nonrenewable
energy?
A.1 It is a source of energy, that

cannot be
replenished in a short period of
time.
Petroleum, for example, was formed
millions of
years ago from the remains of ancient
sea life, so
we cant make more quickly
2- Fossil fuels are

nonrenewable.
Q.1 What is nonrenewable
energy?
Q.2 What is renewable energy?
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_fossil_fuels_exhaustible_natural_resou
rces
2- Fossil fuels are

nonrenewable
Q.2 What is renewable energy?
A.2- It is a source of energy, that can
be
replenished in a short time.
Day after day, the sun shines, the wind

blows, and
the rivers flow
3-Fossil fuels are

unsustainable.
Q.1 what is sustainable?
A.1 An action or process that can
continue or last for long time is said
to be sustainable.
(able to be maintained at a certain level or
rate)
Q.2 what is unsustainable?
A.2 An action or process that
cannot continue or last for short
time is said to be unsustainable
Renewable VS Fossil Fuels
Even though renewable, and

alternate energy sources are a
possible solution to our current
energy crisis, the fact is that as of

right now they provide about
(20%) of the world's energy
needs.
This means that non

renewable sources, (and
nuclear energy), are
currently supplying (80%)
of the world's energy
resources.
At this rate, some estimates
say that our fossil fuels will
run out within 50 years.
Others estimate as much as
200 300 years, either way
we will run out of fossil

fuels in the near future
and will be force to look to
other sources for our energy

needs.
When will we run out of fossil

fuels?
It is essentially
impossible to
say.
Not all reserves
have been found.
Shifts in
technology
constantly
change the
supply and
demand of each
fossil fuel.
4-Fossil fuels contribute to

climate change
Earth is warming.
Earth's average
temperature has risen by
1.4F over the past
century, and is projected
to rise another 2 F or
more over the next 100
years.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ab6jV4VBWZE
NASA

climate change
pounds of arsenic 114

pounds of lead
And there are over 600 of them in the US.

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists: www.ucsusa.org
Every Year an Average Coal Plant

Releases
3,700,000 tons of
CO2 10,000 tons
of SO2.
500
tons
of
particulates 10,200
tons NOx
720 tons of CO
220 tons of volatile
organic
compounds (VOC)
170 pounds of
mercury 225

climate change
Q.1 what are the evidences? List
some of them.
a- floods, droughts, or intense
rain, hurricanes b- frequent and
severe heat waves.
c- oceans are warming
d- ice caps and glaciers
are melting, e- sea
levels are rising.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/
5- Fossil fuels affect public health

Every year, air pollution from
existing coal-fired power
plants:
1- causes hundreds of
thousands of asthma
attacks
2- contributes to thousands of
premature deaths from heart and
lung disease.
3- Infectious diseases due to

contaminated water and insects
4- Stress due to high temperature and humidity
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-68361378/fossil-fuelstransport-and.html
Smog (Smoke & Fog)
Visible air pollution composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur

oxides, ozone, smoke or particulates among others (less
visible pollutants include carbon monoxide, CFCs and
radioactive sources).
6-Fossil fuels pollute the environment
Fossil fuels are the largest

greenhouse gas emitters in the
world, contributing 3/4 of all carbon,
methane and other
greenhouse gas
emissions.
Because
of
that
the
atmosphere is trapping up
to 25 percent more of the
sun's radiation, therefore
causing global warming.
Video: climate change

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08
5- Fossil fuels affect public

health
An estimated 80% of
smog today arises
from vehicle exhausts.
Smog smells bad and
obstructs vision
Smog irritates the eyes
Chronic pulmonary
diseases asthma,
bronchitis and even
lung cancer may result
from longer-term
exposure to smog.
7-Fossil fuels pollute the

environment
The impact of fossil fuels consumption on
the environment is extensive and affects
many areas.
Warmer temperatures
rapid ice melting.
Rising sea levels
Formation of smog.
Effect on crops sustainability.
Oil spills
Damage to waterways can be
attributed to the extraction of coal
http://www.essortment.com/fossil-fuel-its-impact-environment57291.html
Class Discussion
Any
Solution?
1- Alternative renewable
energy sources.
2- Reducing pollution
3- Life style change.
4- Energy efficiency
5- Awareness.
Is this achievable?
Yes- why?
No- Why?
Some Solutions to Energy

Problem
reduce consumption
have near zero population growth
shift to renewable energy
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
reduce environmental pollution
reduce military expenditures.
What do you do as an individual?
Study This video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJ-J91SwP8w
Also, Thinking out of

the box
v=uStFvcz9Or4
Renewable Energy
Share 2008.
Sustainable
energy
represents only
a small
percentage of
our overall
consumption.
But, with so
many
renewable
energy
options, the
potential for
growth is
strong.
Are these fossil fuels getting cheaper or more

expensive?
they are becoming increasingly expensive
because of scarcity. ?????
Renewable Energy Share

2030.
Renewable Energy
Share 2013
Can create large

number of jobs
Minimal effect
on
global warming
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Renewable Energy
Sustainable
(nondepletable)
found
everywhere
across the world
in
different types
nonpolluting
variability
low density
higher initial
cost
visual pollution,
odor
from biomass,
Wildlife from
wind
turbines
Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy

Capacity and
Biofuels Production, End 20092014
Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy
Capacity and Biofuels Production, E nd20092014
Some Limitation of Renewable

Energy
May not be available when we need it.
Daily and seasonal variation
To smooth out supply need energy
storage systems
Not equally available in all locations

Solar energy more expense
Smaller subsidies
Compete with other land use
Where can Renewable Energy

Serve
Power generation
hydroelectric energy
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Heating
Solar water heating

Biomass: methane and gasoline
Geothermal
Transportation
Biofuel: gasoline
Renewable and Economy

A Vast and Inexhaustible Energy Supply
Stable Energy Prices
The renewable energy industry
supports jobs (sustainable jobs)
Renewable
energy
development
promotes investment
Renewable
energy
development
outperforms fossil fuels
Renewable energy development is relatively labor
intensive
Installing renewable energy facilities uses primarily
local workers
Local landowners benefit from

renewable energy development
Renewable energy projects pay
property and income taxes that
help support local communities.
Introduction to Renewable
Energy
v=mIj8EuEJ8FY
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From

Consumption
of Fossil Fuels
Conclusion
Nobody really has an accurate date as

to when the fossil fuels will be depleted,
a lot depends on how well we can
manage what little we have left, and how
fast we can make the transition into
alternate sources
impact
efforts
climate change.
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 02
SO- 02 Population growth and energy
conservation
Facts on Population growth and

energy conservation
Can the current business-as-usual
scenario meet the future energy needs
of a rapidly growing world?
Exponential population growth and
increasing energy demands will
to
mitigate
World Population
World population with projection to 2050
Which countries in the world produce

and consume most of world energy and
produce the largest amount of
emissions?
Population, GDP and

Energy
Comparisons, percentage of world, for population (rank in world), gross
domestic product, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission.
The countries in the

figure produce
consume 75% of
the energy and
produce 75% of the
world GDP and
carbon dioxide
emissions
Population, gross domestic product (GDP), consumption and

production of energy and production of pollution for the world interrelated.
9/14/2016
Prep by Dr Kamel Adref

energy conservation
The energy embedded in foodto run
the farm and grow the food and
transport it to the supermarket and put
it in the refrigeratoris 10 to 20 times
the energy content of the food itself.
The farther we live from the food
source, the more embedded energy
we consume.

energy conservation
With population we would
then obtain a tripling of
energy demand by 2050.
The United States consumes a
quarter of the worlds energy, at a
rate of about 5 terawatts
Humanitys
current
consumption rate is
22
trillion
thermal
22terawatts.
energy
watts,
or

energy conservation
Population
growth
and
conservative economic growth
will need twice as much energy
as we need now.
The currency of the world is not the
dollar, its the joule.
Energy is the single most important
technological
challenge
facing
humanity today.

energy conservation
Large amounts of renewable, clean
energy will be required to sustain the
energy needs of a growing world.
Solar energy is the only natural

energy resource that can keep up
with human consumption. ?

energy conservation
Governments must understand the
connection between energy availability
and population growth
Government
must
integrate
sustainability into energy policy and
into energy law.
En
er
gy
Effi
cie
nc
y
an
d
En
er
gy
Co
ns
er
vat
ion
Efficienc
y refers
to
technolo
gic
al
me
asu
res
tio
n
opt
ion
s?
some
efficienc
y and
conserva
that
improve the
efficiency of
conversion.
Conservatio
n refers to
lifestyle
actions that
reduce
energy use.
F
a
c
t
s
o
n
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
gro
wth
and
ene
rgy
conser
vation
EFFICIENCY
CHP
combined heat
and
power
(cogeneration)
Lighting
(fluorescent,
LED)
Electric motors
Appliance
efficiency
Automotive
efficiency
Airplane
efficiency
Building
envelope
LIF
ES
TY
LE
Ca
rp
oo
lin
g
AC
Te
m
pe
rat
ur
e
re
du
cti
on
(wi
nt
er)
A
C
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
ture
increa
se
(sum
mer)
Shorter
shower
s
Recycli
ng
materia
ls
Global Warming
Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye
Learning Outcome 01
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08
Lesson 03
SO- 03
Explain global warming and the effect of greenhouse
gases.
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Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
THE GREENHOUSE
EFFECT!
The Suns energy

passes through
the cars
windshield.
This energy (heat)
is trapped inside
the car and
cannot
pass back through
So what is a
greenhouse? How
does it work?
What has this got
to do with global
warming then??
9/14/2016
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to
warm up.
Climate & Weather

Weather
is the day to day condition
of the
atmosphere as a particular
place
which can change from day
to day
and even hour to hour.
Difference
Climate
is the weather
experienced by a
place over many
years.
GLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the
Earths
average
surface
temperature due to a
build-up of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
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8
1-Our earth is surrounded by a layer of gases called greenhouse

gases which are naturally occurring.
(are these gases needed or have any function?)
2-The main gases that make this layer are carbon dioxide, methane,
CFC and nitrous oxide.
3-This layer of gas acts like the roof of a greenhouse and that is why it
is called the greenhouse effect.
4-They allow the suns heat to pass through easily and warm the
planet. 5-They do not allow much to escape back into the space.
5-They keep the planet at a nice warm temperature.
6-Without these gases there would be no life on our planet.
o
7-Without these gases the temperature would be 33 C colder.
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that
refers to
long-term changes in
climate,
including
average temperature and
precipitation.
The Greenhouse Effect

Without
With
Unfortunately human activity is adding more gas to the

layer than there should be.
It is therefore getting thicker and thicker.
It is still able to let the suns heat through but even
less heat is escaping back into the atmosphere.
This means that the earths temperature is rising.
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10
Whats the big deal?

Earth has warmed at an unprecedented rate over
the last hundred years and particularly over the last
two decades.
Today, current levels of CO2 in the atmosphere
are higher than at any time during the last
800,000 years.
The main cause of climate change is global warming
caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect which
is increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.
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11
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17
35 facts about global warming

http://www.conserve-energyfuture.com/various-global-warming-facts.php
The
Science
(Documentary)
Behind
Global
Warming
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-sy6rPJBj4
Debate: Carbon dioxide has zero effect on

global warming
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrNilVolew
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14
What are greenhouse gases?
Name of gas
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
Methane
(CH4)
Ozone
(O3)
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
Contribution
Source(s)
From burning coal and oil, and the removal of
vegetation
From air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosols
From rice growing, animal waste, swamps and
landfills
From air pollution
From fertilizers and burning of coal and oil
Burning of Fossil Fuels
When did
global
warming
start?
Ic
e
Co
re
Da
ta
Pollution from coal,

natural gas, and oil
Global GHG Emission
Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO 2

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18
CO 2 Atmospheric
Measurements
CO2 Measurements Since 1958 Mauna Loa, Hawaii
1000 Years of CO 2 and

Global Warming
CO2 Concentrations
Year
who are the main

culprits.?
Year
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
Degree Celsius Increase
1000

26
Parts Per Million
Temperature
(Northern Hemisphere)
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Spend 5 minutes in 2s listing all the ways that you have

contributed to global warming in the last 24 hours!
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24
Global CO2 emissions by sector (source:

'Sustainable Aviation (recent?))
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28
from September of each year, which is when the amount of

ice is usually the smallest.
Warm
er
ocean
s
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32
The surface of the world's oceans has become warmer

overall since 1880. In this graph, the shaded band shows the
likely temperature range, which depends on the number of
measurements and the methods used at different times.
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Shrinking
Sea Ice
The number of square miles covered by sea ice in the

Arctic Ocean has been decreasing. This graph shows data
30
Shrinking Sea Ice

Temperature
Area of Ice
The loss of polar ice

will have a profound
effect on nature in
particular animal
habitats.
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33
Portage Glacier
GLOBAL WARMING: Sea Life
Alaska
GLOBAL WARMINGS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEA
LIFE
Coral Reef Bleaching
Change in temperature and elevated sea level cause
loss of algae in the coral.
Coral appears white, or bleached.
Result is mass death of sea animals, which are
dependent on the coral reef.
The penguin population near Antarctica has been
declining as the distance between them and their food
has increased.
1914
2004
Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org
Rising of
Many of the worlds islands are already disappearing

beneath the sea.
Sea level
Average sea level around the world has been rising for
many years. In this graph, the shaded band shows the
likely range of sea level
The tiny island nation of the Maldives is in trouble. If

global warming continues, say scientists, the country
could sink beneath the ocean within 100 years. The
average height of the islands above sea level is 1.5
metres and the rate of sea level rise is currently 59cm
per century.
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36
37
Wilder
Weather
Tuvalu is found in the ocean

near Australia. Most of
Tuvalu is less than one metre
above seal level.
Hurricanes in the northern half of the Atlantic Ocean have become

stronger over the last few decades. This graph shows the Power
Dissipation Index, which measures total hurricane power each year
based on the number of hurricanes and their wind speed. The graph
also shows how hurricane strength is related to water temperature.
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38
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39
And Hurricanes
There will also be an increase in

COASTAL FLOODING
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40
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will become
more frequent,
intense and will
happen in
places that
currently do not
suffer them!
41
Colorado River
Arizona
If global warming in melting ice, why does it cause droughts?
June 2002
Dec 2003
And drought and crop failure which leads to

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42
Some places will

suffer far more rain.
FAMINE WHICH THEN

LEADS TO DISEASE
And therefore flooding

will become more
frequent and severe.
And this could be

common in countries that
do not usually suffer
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44
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45
Tropical Diseases
It increases temperature
providing an ideal
breeding environment for
mosquitoes.
Dengue fever
Malaria
Yellow fever
Global Warming Effects

Warmer oceans
Increased ocean acidity
Shrinking sea ice
Rising of sea level (because of ice melting
and due to swelling of oceans due to ocean
warming )
mass death of sea animals, which are
dependent on the coral reef
Wilder Weather
Droughts and famine
Tropical Diseases
Floods
Plants and animals will find it hard to escape or
adjust to the
effects of warming because humans occupy so

much land
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48
The Effects on Land animals

Global warming can
disrupt the migration,
hibernation and
reproductive cycles of
certain types of animals.
Plants and animals will find
it hard to escape or adjust
to the effects of warming
because humans occupy so
much land.
Farmland
or
cities
interrupt the movement
of
species
between
habitats.
What might stop Global

Warming?
Discuss:
Personal
Governmental
Global
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49
Use less:
Government are trying to combat Global Warming by

trying to encourage citizens to use less electricity.
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50
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51
using renewable energy sources
Renewables
Compared with natural gas, which emits between 0.6
and 2 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatthour (CO2e/kWh), and
coal, which emits between 1.4 and 3.6 pounds of
CO2e/kWh, wind
emits only 0.02 to 0.04 pounds of CO2e/kWh, solar 0.07 to
0.2.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifecycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources
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53
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54
Whats being done now

to reduce our
emissions?
Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer
or the TV
when youre not
using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses
energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds,
shades, or
curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.

Use LED bulbs.
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fuel-Efficiency
Be Bulb SmartUse LED

Incandescent
Whats the
difference?
Compact
Fluorescent
Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when its hot instead of
turning up the air conditioning. Or
use a fan.
500 lbs.
of coal
1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided
$30 saved
Dress warmly when its cold instead of

turning
up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the
air filters on your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for
a
ride in the car.

Plant a tree.
Recycle.
Summary
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Earth has warmed at an unprecedented rate

over the last hundred years and particularly
over the last two decades.
Today, current levels of CO2 in the
atmosphere are higher than at any time during
the last 800,000 years.
The main cause of climate change is global
warming caused by the enhanced greenhouse
effect increase in the amount of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
Global Warming for Kids
v=PqxMzKLYrZ4
Greenhouse Effect for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_sJzVe9P_8
67
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring
phenomenon that blankets the earth and warms it,
maintaining the temperature that living things need to
survive.
Without the greenhouse effect the average
temperature on the Earth would be -18C instead
of 15C.
The natural greenhouse effect is caused by the
greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide and
methane that form part of the Earths
atmosphere.
The enhanced greenhouse gas layer also includes CFCs
and nitrous oxides
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrNilVolew
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veLJSKXZJbw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=b
uAiehw0Q1c
v=gJwayalLpYY&list=PL9AA81
3BD0BCCA974
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Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 04
SO- 04
International concerns
for the environment and
related acts and
regulations
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What is the Kyoto

Protocol?
The Kyoto Protocol was an agreement
negotiated by many countries in
December 1997 and came into force
with Russia's ratification on February
16, 2005.
The protocol was developed under the
UNFCCC
the
United
Nations
Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and

projected growth with NO emission
reductions.
The goals of Kyoto were to see participants

collectively reducing emissions of
greenhouse gases by 5.2% below the
emission levels of 1990 by 2012.
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Ratification of the
protocol
Ratification carries No legal obligation and
effectively
becomes
a
contractual
arrangement.
169
countries
agreement.
have
ratified
the
Only 2 refused to ratify Kyoto up until

December of 2007 - Australia and the
USA.
The protocol
Commitment
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The Kyoto Protocol have committed to

cut emissions of not only carbon
dioxide, but of also other
greenhouse gases, being:
carbon dioxide CO2
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs)
Sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6)
9/14/2016
This chart gives you an idea why

different countries were apportioned
different targets:
Target assigned to different

countries
While the 5.2% figure is a collective one,
individual countries were assigned
higher or lower targets and some
countries were permitted increases.
For example, the USA was
expected to reduce emissions
by 7%.
Australia was to be allowed an
8% increase in emissions.
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Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
v=aXdmqXG3ITU
Carbon Credit
v=ReOj12UAus4
EU Carbon Credit
v=fJrFSLfaeeE
Carbon credit, does it work?
v=oKQ8GW6iblQ
Clean development mechanism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xgpPEqjE8
9/14/2016
9/14/2016
Flexibility Mechanisms
If a country is not able to reach the
required reductions in GHG on its
own lands, it can pursue one of the
following mechanism to reach the
Clean development mechanism (CDM)
International Emissions Trading (IET)
Joint Implementation (JI)
9/14/2016
10
Exempted countries
India and China, which have ratified the
Kyoto protocol, are not obligated to
reduce greenhouse gas production at
the moment as they are developing
countries.
This means, they weren't seen as the
main culprits for emissions during the
period of industrialization thought to be
the cause for the global warming of
today.
12
Flexibility Mechanisms
Each country is allowed a certain amount of CO2
production called carbon credit. The mechanisms
for implementation are:
Clean development mechanism (CDM)
Finance projects that produce electricity that will
save carbon credits especially in developing
countries (generated energy with less numbers of
CO2 tons , i.e. thus obtaining carbon credits)
International Emissions Trading (IET)

Buying carbon credit from countries that are
producing less CO2 than their shares
Joint Implementation (JI)

country can invest in an emission reduction project
(referred to as a "Joint Implementation Project") in
any other country as an alternative to reducing
emissions domestically
11
Exempted countries
Australia negotiated hard when the
Kyoto Protocol was being developed; in
fact it.
The excuse - it will
Australia's
economy,
reasoning the USA uses.
The
Kyoto
intentioned,
be bad for
the
same
Protocol,
while
well
would appear to be
doomed to failing its objectives even

before
the
2008-2012
period
commences.
9/14/2016
13
Prep9/14/2016byDr. Kamel Adref
Learning Outcome
01
Lesson 05
SO 05
Characteristics of renewable
energy
9/14/2016
Prep by Dr. Kamel Adref
Non-renewable fuels
Non-renewable fuels are fuels that
cannot be easily made or renewed.
Examples are:
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Contents
Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy

Renewable Energies
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIj8EuEJ8FY
How do different types of Renewable Energy work?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kws5m2pxS2s
Geothermal
Wind
Tidal
Hydro-electricity
Biomass
Solar
Websites/Bibliography
What are the advantages of fossil

fuel?
What are the disadvantages of

fossil fuel?
9/14/2016
Use of natural gas can cause

unpleasant odors and some
problems especially with
transportation.
Advantage of fossil
fuels
A major advantage of fossil fuels is their
capacity to generate huge amounts of electricity
in just a single location. Has a high heating
value
Is easily combustible
When coal is used in power plants, they
are very cost effective. Coal is also in
abundant supply.
Transporting oil and gas to the power stations
can be made through the use of pipes making
it an easy task.
Power plants that utilize gas are very efficient.
Power stations that make use of fossil fuel can be
constructed in almost any location. This is possible
9/14/2016
as long as large quantities of fuel can be easily

brought to the power plants.
9/14/2016
Disadvantages of
Fossil Fuels
Power stations that utilize coal need
large amounts of fuel. In other words,
they not only need truckloads but
trainloads of coal on a regular basis to
continue operating and generating
electricity. This only means that coalfired power plants should have
reserves of coal in a large area near the
plant location.
Is a non-renewable
resource Pollution
Combustion
of
oil
produces
greenhouse gases
Sources of oil are becoming more
difficult to find Cost of oil can be
high (relative to demand)
Disadvantages of
Fossil Fuels
Depleting and is a non-renewable resource
Cost of oil can be high (relative to demand)
Pollution is a major disadvantage of fossil fuels.
This is because they give off carbon dioxide
when burned thereby pollutes air as well as
causing greenhouse effect which is the main
contributory factor to the global warming
experienced by the earth today.
Coal also produces more carbon dioxide
when burned compared to burning oil or
gas. Additionally, it gives off sulphur
dioxide, a kind of gas that creates acid rain.
Environmentally, the mining of coal results in the
destruction of wide areas of land. Mining this fossil
fuel is also difficult and may endanger the lives of
miners. Coal mining is
considered one of the most dangerous jobs in the world.
9/14/201
6
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Fossil Fuels
Advantages
Is easily
combustible Has
a high heating
value
Is able to be transported easily
Disadvantages
9/14/2016
Why Renewable Energy?

Huge amount of energy available
A 5 billion year lifetime
Drastically
cleaner
than
nonrenewables
Widely distributed around the planet
Many technologies available and
affordable
R&D providing even more options
Decentralized technology-more
jobs and security
Non-renewable energy is rapidly
depleting, and is destroying the
planet.
List of Renewable
Energies
Geothermal
Wave
Tidal
Wind
Solar
Using the heat from the Earths core to

provide energy.
Using the energy in the ocean/sea
waves to provide energy.
Using the tides of an ocean to produce
useful energy.
Using moving air to turn wind turbines
to provide energy for electricity.
Using the suns light and heat rays to
produce useful energy. E.g. solar panels.
Forcing water through a passage to turn
Hydroelectric
a turbine provides a source of energy.
Biomass
Burning renewable natural resources

such as wood to provide heat energy.
Renewable Energy Solves the Problems

Created by Non-Renewable Energy
Balance of trade deficit from oil
Cost of military to provide oil security
Relative security of decentralized energy
systems
Escalating price and competition for
non-renewable energy sources
Pollution
health
impacts and
costs
substantially reduced
Global warming threatens trillion dollars
losses to the economy
Creates
efficient
infrastructure,
manufacturing and many millions of jobs
v=mIj8EuEJ8FY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EIhowgtgA
Advantages and Disadvantages of

Renewable
Energy
Sustainable
(nondepletable,
will not run out)
found everywhere
across
the world in different
types
nonpolluting
Can create large number of
jobs
Minimal effect on
global
warming
Low running cost
Variability and may be

unreliable in some
instances.
low density and low
output
higher initial cost
visual pollution, odor
from
biomass, Wildlife from
wind
turbines
Some Limitation of Renewable

Energy
May not be available when we need
it.
Daily and seasonal variation
To smooth out supply need
energy storage systems
Not equally available in all locations

Solar energy more expense
Smaller subsidies
Compete with other

land
use
Geothermal Energy
The core of the
Earth is
around 6000C!
That is hot enough
to
melt rocks.
Heat source must
be no
more than 5-7 km
below
the earths
surface
For high power
generation, it must
be at
convergence of
tectonic
9/14/2016PrepbyDr. Kamel Adref
plates
18
Geothermal
Most groundwater can be considered
a source of geothermal energy
Groundwater at a depth of 100m is
o
o
13 C or 55 F
In summer heat can be transferred
to the cool water
In winter heat can be transferred from
the water to the air
Geothermal Energy
9/14/2016
The water is heated near the

core of the earth until it turns
into steam
This steam is then driven up
through another
hole which drives steam turbines
Some countries like Iceland gets
most of its energy from geothermal

recourses
Electricity is produced!!!
6/28/2014
Wind Power
Wind turns the propeller blades which drives

the turbines and the generator behind it and
directly generate electricity.
23
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages are:
Renewable
Less expensive energy source
Disadvantages are:
Earths crust must be thin
Hot rocks and water must be
close to earths surface.
Sometimes hot water pumped
to
the
surface
contains
pollutants (sulphur)
Emissions of gases
9/14/2016
22
Wind Energy
Advantages
High net energy yield
Renewable and free
Very clean source of energy
No pollution (air or water) during operation
Long operating life

Low operating/maintenance costs
Can be quickly built
Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil
fuels
Land can be used for other purposes
Can combine wind and agricultural farms
Advantages
and
Disadvantag
es
Advantages are:
Renewable
Energy source is
free
No
emissions
except
in
the
production
of
equipment.
Disadvantages are:
Irregular
wind
speeds.
This source
of energy is
not
available all
the time.
They cost a lot to
make
Loc
ati
on
nee
ds
to
be
in
hig
h
wi
nd
are
a
(co
ast
al/
mo
un
tai
no
us)
I
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
/
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
N
o
i
s
e
Visual pollution
Ti
d
al
P
o
w
e
r
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?
v=5ohDG7RqQ9I
Tidal
Power
harnesses
the
energy from the
seas
tide.
Originating from
the gravitational
pull of the moon.
Water held in or out
of bay behind a built
dam until significant
difference in level will
force water in or out
running turbines
The tide drives a

turbine as it
rushes into and
back out a pipe,
therefore
producing
electricity.
Tidal Power harnesses the energy

from the
seas tide originating from the
gravitational
pull of the
moon.
9/14/2016
28
Biofuels and Human

History
Energy from biomass is the oldest
fuel used by humans.
th
Until end of 19 century major fuel

source in the
US
1 billion people in the world still use
wood and energy from manure as
primary source of energy for heat and
cooking
Includes: firewood, cattle dung, peat
Biomass
Energy recovered from biomass-organic matter.
Biomass energy is from the use of living and recently
dead biological material as an energy source
Three groups
Firewood
Organic wastes (e.g. manure, peat)
Crops grown to be converted into liquid fuels
Use
Traditional (firewood)
biodegradable waste (manure, crop residue,
sewage) used for heating and cooking and can
be used to generate biofuel
energy crops (corn, sugarcane, switchgrass, hemp,

willow, palm oil, rapeseed) breakdown to biofuel
Biomass
Energy recovered from biomassorganic matter. Biomass energy is
from the use of living and recently
dead biological material as an energy
source
9/14/2016

31
Biomass
The biomass is burnt and the heat

energy produced is used to heat up
water to produce steam.
This steam is forced through a turbine

which drives a generator to produce
electricity.
9/14/2016
35
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Biomass Energy
Carbon neutral
CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently captured and
so ideally does not change total atmospheric levels
Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels
Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels
Advantages are:
Renewable
Carbon Neutral: no net CO2 emissions
(ideally), Emits less SO2 and NOx than
fossil fuels
The use of waste materials reduce
landfill disposal and makes more
space for everything else.
Disadvantages are:
Land use/land conversion

Usual problems associated with
intensive agriculture Soil depletion
and possible decrease in agricultural
food productivity
May cause bad odor
Requires storage space
Hydroelectricity
9/14/2016
Hydroelectricity is a way of capturing

the energy gravity has on water.
A hydro-electric plant consists of a high
reservoir and a low reservoir.
A dam is usually built to keep the water
in the top reservoir there.
9/14/2016
39
37
Hydroelectricity
When the pipe is opened, water is

forced down it by gravity which turns a
turbine in the pipe.
The turbine drives a generator.

9/14/2016
40
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages are:
Renewable form of energy
Limited CO2 emissions or footprint
running costs are minimal.
Not intermittent (if reservoir is large
enough)
Disadvantages are:
A suitable site is not always near
where energy is being used.
The building of large dams floods
large areas and causes damage to
existing habitats.
Changing the flow of a river can
affect the water supply to other
areas
The building of the dam costs a lot
meaning a high
initial investment.
9/14/2016
44
Solar Power
Light hits the solar cell and the silicon
absorbs it.
It releases electrons which flow as an
electrical
charge.
However,
its
unreliable.
9/14/2016
48
Solar Power
st
They 1 were made in 1973.

The sun can be used directly to
produce the energy for electricity.
It is used commonly to power small
objects like calculators.
To harness the energy on a large scale,
you need Solar Panels or concentrated
solar collectors (CSP)
9/14/2016
47
How it works
Solar thermal power plants
Steam produced to turn turbine
Solar heating
Active and passive systems
Photovoltaic cells
Solar batteries use special semiconductors
9/14/2016
49
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages are:
Renewable
Limited CO2 emissions
The source of energy is free
Disadvantages are:
Not always sunny (Intermittent source not reliable)
Technology is expensive.
Efficiency of converting solar power
to electricity is low (less than 25%)
Cost of power is high
Equipment can be damaged in storms
etc
Dust etc can impact on effectiveness
In case of partial shading the power
generated drops
50
drastically
Energy storage problems
Ocean Energy
Wave Power. Wave energy is produced
when electricity generators are placed on the
surface of the ocean. The energy provided is
most often used in desalination plants, power
plants and water pumps. Energy output is
determined by wave height, wave speed,
wavelength, and water density.
A lot of energy is involved in the motion of
waves, currents and tides in the ocean.
Difficult to harness
Storms destructive and water corrosive
Most successful tidal power
But very few areas w/ the right topography
Converting Electricity from Renewable

Energy to
a Fuel that can be Burned and can
Power Vehicles
Basically two choices:
Store electricity in batteries and use
electrical vehicles
Transfer the energy in the
electricity to a gaseous or liquid
fuel.
hydrogen
9/14/2016
54
http://www.volkerquaschning.de/articles/fundamentals4/index.php
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 01
Solar Thermal Energy
SO- 01
Describe the components of a typical domestic
solar thermal system using a block diagram.
Content
Domestic solar thermal system
Solar Heating Systems
Passive solar heating
Direct gain
Indirect gain
Isolated
Passive solar hot water

Thermosyphon
Active Solar heating

Direct
Indirect
Passive and Active Solar Heating

Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6QOZGgbj-g
Passive solar building

design
In passive solar building design,
windows, walls, and floors are made
to collect, store, and distribute solar
energy in the form of heat in the
winter and reject solar heat in the
summer.
Passive solar heating

Is the least expensive way to heat
your home.
Passive means it does not involve
the use of mechanical and
electrical devices.
elements and furnishings and re-radiated as long
wave radiation. Long wave radiation cannot pass
back through glass as easily.
Concept
Heat is gained when short wave radiation passes

through glass, where it is absorbed by building
Principal of Operation
Solar radiation is trapped by the
greenhouse action of correctly
oriented (south-facing) glass areas
exposed to full sun.
Trapped heat is absorbed and stored by
materials with high thermal mass
(usually masonry) inside the house. It is
re-released at night when it is needed
to offset heat losses to lower outdoor
temperatures
Thermal mass is a large mass of a
material with high thermal capacity
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

SYSTEMS
The house itself acts as the solar
collector and storage facility.
No pumps or fans are used.
This system makes use of the
materials of the house to store and
absorb heat.
Three Types:
Direct-Gain
Indirect-Gain
Isolated (Attached Greenhouse)
DIRECT-GAIN Direct: solar radiation

directly reaching the
living space
Large south facing

windows that let
in the sunlight.
Thermal mass is
used to
absorb the radiation.
At night the absorbed
heat is radiated back
into the living space.
During winter more

sun light enters
homes that can help
in lighting as well as
heating
Solar Radiation Angle

Why south facing wall?
Sun light intensity between winter and
summer.
INDIRECT-GAIN
Indirect: solar radiation reaching an area or
mainly a wall adjacent but not part of the
living space.
Collects and stores
the solar energy in
one part of the
house and use
natural heat
transfer to
distribute heat to
the rest of the
house.
Popular method is
to use a Trombe
Wall which is a
massive black
masonry that acts

as a solar collector
and a heat storage
medium.
Trombe Wall
Non vented: conduction
Vented: convection
Externally
vented: to
dissipate heat at
night during
summer.
Performance Depends
on
Elements to be considered include window placement
and size, and glazing type, thermal insulation,
thermal mass, and shading.
Orienting the building to face the equator (south for
the northern hemisphere). Living areas should be
facing south. Placing living areas facing solar noon
and sleeping quarters on the opposite side.
Extending the building dimension along the
east/west axis
Shading for summer: when

shading windows, external
shading is more effective at
reducing heat gain than
internal window covering.
Thermal imaging can be used
to document areas of poor
thermal performance in a
building
for
potential
improvement and repair
Isolated
An isolated gain system has its integral parts

separate from the main living area of a house.
Examples are a sunroom and a convective loop

through an air collector to a storage system in the
house. The ability to isolate the system from the
primary living areas is the point of distinction for this
type of system
Heat can be moved to the living space by natural

or forced convection.
Shading
Shading
Overhang gives shade in summer and permits direct solar radiation
into the structure in winter
Also using of movable shades for summer
Overhang
Passive Solar Energy

Promotes cooling in hot weather and
retaining
heat in cold weather
Methods include
Overhangs that block summer sun
but allow winter sun in
Passive Solar
heating
Passive solar design depends
somehow on
active occupants
low cost when designed into a
new home
Building a wall that absorbs heat

during the day and releases it at night
Plant deciduous trees
Active solar heating

Energy systems that require mechanical
power
Electric pumps to circulate air, water or other
fluids from solar collectors to a location
where heat is stored
Then pumped to where the energy is used
Active solar heating systems that use

roof mounted, solar exposed panels to
collect heat and pump it to where it is
needed are a viable solution where
solar exposure of glass for passive
heating cant be achieved.
Passive solar water heating

systems
Thermosyphon systems
It consists of
Collector,
Tank,
Water,
Piping system
Passive solar water heating

systems
Water flows through the system when

warm water rises as cooler water sinks.
Water flows through the system when

warm water rises as cooler water sinks.
(cold water has a higher density than warm
water, and so it sinks down.)
The collector must be installed below the
(cold water has a higher density than warm
water, and so it sinks down.)
The collector must be installed below the

storage tank so that warm water will rise
into the tank.
These systems are reliable, but
contractors
must pay careful attention to the roof
design because of the heavy storage
tank.
The system needs neither a pump nor a
Passive solar Hot

water- heating
storage tank so that warm water will rise

into the tank.
The system needs neither a pump nor a
control.
Gravity pulls down
Gravity pulls down
control.
heavier water from

the
tank . The cold
water
pushes the heated
water
through the
collector
outlet.
heavier water from

the
tank . The cold
water
pushes the heated
water
through the
collector
outlet.
Active solar water

heating systems
Thermosyphon solar water

heater
In contrast to thermosyphon systems,

an
electrical pump can be used to
move water through the solar cycle
of a system by forced
circulation.
They can be:
Used in frost-free climates

Relies on the natural
convection of hot
water to circulate
the water
On cloudy days, when
little solar energy is
available, an electric
heater heats the water
direct
indirect.
Does not require

pump or controller.
Direct Solar Water

Heating
Direct systems capture the

sun's heat in collectors to
directly heat a household's water
supply.
The
system
consists
of
collector pipes filled with
water that are linked to an
insulated
storage
tank
usually located inside a
home.
They are more efficient than
indirect ones,
They require more maintenance to

keep the pipes clear of mineral
deposits.
They work best in warmer climates
where the system is less prone to
freezing.
Indirect Solar Water

Heating
Indirect systems do not heat the water directly rather
they use glycol ( a fluid with a low-freezing point,
antifreeze) to absorb radiant energy from the sun.
As the temperature in the pipes rise, the heat activates
a pump that circulates the glycol fluid through a heat
exchange coil in the water tank.
That coil, in turn, transfers its heat to the water tank
and , hot water is produced ready for use.
Indirect pumped system

using
antifreeze solution:
Main Components
As shown in
figure a
consists of :
Solar collector
Pump
Tank
Air vent
P/T Relief
valves
Controller.
Sensors
Expansion
tank
Antifreeze solution circulates through the

collector
Indirect: Drain Back

System
Uses distilled water instead
of antifreeze liquid for
improved heat transfer
Water in the collectors and
exposed piping drains into
the insulated drain-back
reservoir tank each

time the pump shuts
off.
When the sun shines
again, the pump is
activated by a
differential controller.
Expansion tank
Notice
The location of the heat exchanger in the
tank
The location of the hot water outlet pipe
from the tank
The direction of the water through the
collector
Generally, if the heat exchanger is

installed in the storage tank, it
should be in the lower half of the
tank.
Principle of operation
Applications
Solar Heating
A sealed circuit of fluid containing a special mix of

glycol and water ( antifreeze) is pumped around the
system.
Through the Solar panels the fluid is heated .
Then it is passed through a solar coil within the
hot water tank.
The heat is then transferred to the main body of
water within the tank.
Once the desired water temperature is reached, this
water is ready for use in the house, office or factory.
Solar Hot
Water
Sensors turn ON the pump when the collector

becomes hot
A solar district heating system
Comparis
on
Passive solar water heating systems
are
typically less expensive than active
systems, but they're usually not as
efficient.
However, indirect systems can be
more
reliable and may last longer. They

need less
maintenance.
Indirect systems disadvantages are
the high
initial cost, the need for sun to be
cost
effective and the need for freeze
protection.
Solar Thermal Benefits and

Myths
References
What benefits could solar thermal systems generate for your community
Protection against rising fuel prices

Make money for your community
More local jobs
Low maintenance technology
Reduce your carbon emissions
Improve community well-being
What are the common myths surrounding solar thermal panels

solar thermal panels dont work in colder climates
solar thermal panels can only provide a small proportion of
my communitys hot water needs
solar thermal panels will reduce the value of my community building
52
http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/buil
dings/ water_heaters_solar.html
http://www.volkerquaschning.de/articles/fundamentals4
/index. php
http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.
com/#c ool
tank and the inlet of the

collector array.
Learning
Outcome 02
Lesson 02
Illustrate controllers and
sensors in domestic hot
water systems (DHWS)
using a block diagram.
Sensors and Active Elements

B. Pressure sensors
There is a pressure sensor
on the pressurized thermal
loop (after the pump).
C. Flow sensors
There is a flow sensor near the
pump within the pressurized
thermal loop
D. Pumps
For the thermal loop, a pump
is placed between the exit of
the heat exchanger in the
Sensors and Active

Elements
A. Temperature sensors
Collector
The temperature sensor is
placed at the outflow of the
collector array. This will give the
highest temperature available
Tank
The temperature sensor is
placed near the exit of the

heat exchanger.
Thermal loop
A temperature gauge is placed
on the piping with flow going to
the collectors (flow in). Another
temperature gauge is placed
within the piping with flow coming
from the collectors (flow out).

E. Valves
Check valves allow fluid
flow in one direction only
and not allow drain-back of
colder liquid
Relief valves to
manually bleed off air from
air-traps or to
automatically release
pressure as a safety
P/T relief valve :Fully

automatic temperature and
pressure relief valve.
Protection for domestic
installations of unvented
water heaters, to prevent the
temperature of water
exceeding 100C.

A. Differential temperature
The primary function in
the solar-thermal
controller is to activate
the main circulating
pump based on the
temperature difference
between the water
leaving the collector
and the cold water
leaving the heat
exchanger.
Control Process
This system has a differential
controller that senses
temperature differences
between water leaving the
solar collector and the exit of
the heat exchanger (close to
the coldest water in the tank)
When the water in the
collector is about 15-20 F
warmer than the water in the
tank, the pump is turned on by
the controller
When the temperature
difference drops to about 35 F, the pump is turned off.
In this way, the water always
gains heat from the collector
when the pump operates.
When
pump is turned on. When
pump is turned off
Control Process- Simple logic
Tc Collector Temperature
Tt Tank Temperature
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 03
Describe the components of a typical solar
thermal steam turbine power plant using a
block diagram
Solar Thermal Collectors

Collect the suns radiation and transfer
that heat
to a fluid as it runs through them
(collectors).
Water, Propylene Glycol, Oil, Air,
Molten Salt
High
Temperature
(Concentrating
Systems),
Industrial Power Generation
Medium
Temperature
(Evacuated
Tubes)
Residential and Commercial
Low Temperature (Flat plates)

Unglazed (Pool Panels)
3
Why Concentrated Solar Power

(CSP)?
The efficiency of heat engines (steam
power plant) increases with the
temperature of the heat source. Which
leads to
reduce the plant's collector size and total

land use per unit power generated
reducing the environmental impacts of a
power plant as well as its expense.
The output from non-concentrating solar

collectors are limited to temperatures
below 200C which is not suitable for
power generation
Solar Thermal Collectors for

Power Plants
in Concentrated Solar Technology
(CST)
[Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)]
Concentrating Solar Thermal

Power
Types of
Collectors
CSP Plants: Direct Systems
CSP Plants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftl-WM6wms
feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=GxHQHcpCWa8
They use identical steam cycles to

those of convectional fossil fuel
and nuclear power plants
Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the same thermal energy
storage fluid
(No heat exchanger)
The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be kept
o
above 220 C Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal tower because
coupling since the receiver is not moving
they dont required fluid

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6NLoo8k8DI
Some terms
Heat transfer fluid (HTF): fluid that
collects heat from the solar collectors
Thermal storage fluid (TSF): fluid in
which the thermal energy is stored,
i.e. the fluid that is heated and kept
in hot storage tank
Heat transfer fluid is the same as
heat storage fluid in direct systems
Heat transfer fluid and the heat
storage fluid are different in indirect
systems
CSP Plants: Indirect Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY
Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is

different from the thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt).
Usually used with parabolic trough (With heat exchanger
between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium). Used
in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling
(flexible hoses and connections) as the absorber is moving with the

reflector
How Does it Work?: Direct

System
Day and charging:
The heat transfer fluid (HTF) , usually molten salt, is
pumped from the cold storage tank to the solar
collector(s).
HTF flows through the solar collector(s) and gain heat and
reaches high temperature. Part of it goes to be stored in
the hot storage tank and part goes to the boiler where it
gives its heat to the water to convert water to steam.
After the boiler. part of the fluid is stored in cold
storage tank and part continues the cycle to the
solar collector again.
Night and discharging:

During night the hot fluid in the hot storage tank is
pumped to the boiler where it gives some of its heat. It
then exits the boiler and is stored in the cold storage
tank.
Note that the HTF is the same thermal energy

storage fluid in this cycle.
Note that during the discharge of the
stored heat, the solar collector(s) loop is
eliminated.
CSP Plants
Indirect System
How Does it Work?: Indirect

System
Day and charging:
The heat transfer fluid (HTF), usually synthetic oil, flows through
the solar collector(s). Part of it flows to the heat exchanger
where it exchange heat with the thermal energy storage fluid,
usually molten salt, and heat it. The other part flows to the boiler
where it gives its heat to convert water to steam. The HTF coming
from the boiler and the one coming from the heat exchanger
merge together again and flow to the solar collector(s) to repeat
the cycle.
In the heat exchanger with the thermal energy storage fluid,

the thermal energy storage fluid flows from the cold storage
tank passing through the heat exchanger where it gains heat
then flows to the hot storage tank where it is stored to be used
during night.
Night and discharging:

The thermal energy storage fluid flows from the hot storage
tank through the heat exchanger with the HTF where it gives
heat to the HTF then it is stored in the cold storage tank. The
HTF fluid flows to the boiler to generate steam.
Note: The HTF is different from the thermal energy storage

fluid.
Note: during the discharge period, the solar collector(S) loop is
eliminated.
Direct vs Indirect
Freezing and local temperature (day and
night) is taken into consideration in terms of
choosing the transfer medium. For freezing
environment during night, the synthetic oil is
preferred and thus indirect systems are more
suitable for cold environments.
Oil freezing temperature is low while
molten salt freezing temperature is
o
from 130-220 C.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures

but salt can be used under normal
atmospheric pressure. That is why
indirect systems runs at lower
temperatures than direct systems.
Operating principlesDescription
This steam expands in a
two-stage turbine.
The turbine itself drives an
electrical generator that
converts the mechanical
energy into electrical
energy.
The condenser behind the
turbine condenses the
steam back to water,
which closes the cycle. the
feed water pump
The condenser is usually
cooled by cooling tower
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies

Line-Focused
parabolic trough
linear Fresnel
Point-Focused
solar tower
parabolic dish
17
1. Parabolic
Trough
Parabolic Trough
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk
18
Why parabola?
19
Solar Tracking
20
Parabolic trough solar tracking change orientation

from east in the
mooring to west in the evening
21
UAE opens world's largest

CSP solar power
plant
v=f6eL6RTj_Vk
22
Parabolic Trough Concentrating Collector

The physical characteristics of the concentrator modules are:
Overall Module Size (2.3m x 6.1 m)
Concentrator Weight ( 81 kg)
Absorber Envelope Material

evacuated glass Envelope
(WHY?)
Materials of Construction: Aluminum Reflective Surface

Enhanced polished aluminum Lightweight,
The receiver specifications are:
Absorber Tube Outside Diameter (5.08 cm)
Absorber Material Steel Selective Surface
Blackened nickled Absorptance 0.96 - 0.98
Emittance (80C) 0.15 - 0.25
Absorber Envelope Material evacuated glass Envelope
(WHY?)
Maximum Operating Temperature 550F (288C)
24
The glass is used to trap heat by

greenhouse effect
Reduce heat loss by convection
The glass tubes are evacuated to
reduce the heat transfer by
convection inside the glass envelope
from the tube to the glass envelope
which could be lost next from the
envelope to the atmosphere
2. Solar Power Tower
compared to that of water?
26
What are the advantages of

molten salt?
Reaches high temperatures at low
pressures unlike water which needs very
high pressure to flow as water at high
temperature
Working at high temperatures assures
running the steam plant at higher
efficiency
Cheap
What is the thermal capacity by mass and by volume of

molten salt
Thermal Solar-Tower
Concentrating thermal power Solar
tower.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEduOpO-8GA
Concentrated Solar Power Simple

Explanation (Thermal Tower)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbJ7AVHBQfs
A must see video for your test on the description of
the power
generation process
Solar Power Tower
29
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk
Power plant generation Thermal SolarTower

Receiver
Heliostats
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wM2Vqw1YjY
Solar Power Tower
3. Parabolic Dish
34
Solar Dish
37
solar dish technology is the worlds most efficient

device for the conversion of solar energy to grid-delivered electricity,
nearly twice as efficient as any alternative solar technology.
The solar heat is projected at a stirling engine which in turn connected to a generator
But what is its main problem?
35
Stirling Engine
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates
by cyclic compression and expansion of air or
other gas (the working fluid) at different
temperatures, such that there is a net
conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
The Stirling engine is a closed-cycle heat
engine with a permanently gaseous working
fluid.
Unlike internal combustion engines (like car
engines), Stirling engines do not require the
burning of fuel inside a cylinder to operate. They
rely mainly on heating the cylinder head by any
means
Tracking
system
Videos
STIRLING SOLAR ENERGY
v=bwazXoqULKA
Solar dish for heating

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) - Murray
Power
and Generation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SsJBobMpAk
How Stirling engine works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T-uVWZR2Rc
4.Compact
reflector
linear
Fresnel
Uses long, thin segments of mirrors to focus

sunlight into a fixed absorber located at a
common focal point of the reflectors.
Concentrating the sun energy to approximately
30 times its normal intensity.
The concentrated energy is transferred through
the absorber into some thermal fluid.
The fluid goes through a heat exchanger to
power a steam generator.
Power plant generation Thermal

Solar-Linear
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHdhbp9mZUg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP48pAb8sec
Compact linear Fresnel

reflector
But what is its advantage over the solar disk or parabolic trough?
Technology
Fundamentals
Most techniques for generating
electricity from heat need high
temperatures to achieve
reasonable efficiencies.
The output temperatures of nonconcentrating solar collectors are
limited to temperatures below
200C.
Therefore, concentrating systems must

be
used
to
produce
higher
temperatures.
Types of
CollectorsParabolic Trough
Collector-PTC
The PTC consists of
large curved mirrors,
which concentrate
the sunlight to a focal
line or evacuated
glass tube. The PTC
can be
300600 meter long.
They are 75%
efficient . The oil
inside the tubes can
be heated up to
o
400 C .
What is the purpose of the evacuated
glass tube?
Types of CollectorsDish
A parabolic concave
mirror (the dish)
concentrates
sunlight; the two-axis
tracked mirror must
follow the sun with a
high degree of
accuracy in order to
achieve high
efficiencies. In the
focus is a receiver
which is heated up to
650C.
It is used for heating
water
or
for
generating electricity
using Stirling engines.
Types of CollectorsLinear
The power plant
consists of rows of
linear Fresnel
reflectors . In the
focal line of these is
a metal absorber
tube, which is
usually embedded
in an evacuated
glass tube that
reduces heat losses.
The power plant
produces steam at
o
270 C and 55 bars.
Types of CollectorsTower
Hundreds or even
thousands of large twoaxis tracking mirrors
are installed around a
tower.
They are called heliostats.
The tracking system
must be very precise
in order to ensure that
sunlight is really focused
on the top of the tower.
The absorber is located

on the top of a tower,
and is heated up to
temperatures of
1000C or more.
Classification of
Collectors
Line focused: parabolic trough and
CLFR
Point focused: Solar tower and
parabolic dish
Tracking
Single axis: parabolic trough and
CLFR
Two axis: Solar tower (heliostats) and
parabolic dish
The four CSP

technology families
Classification of
Systems
Direct systems
Indirect systems
Review early slides
Reflector: reflects the solar radiation onto the receiver

Receiver : absorb solar flux and transfer the heat to the
working fluid
Operating principles of CSP

Systems
The collector field is formed
from different types of
collectors (PTC or Fresnel,
dish, tower).
In the focal line or point of
these is a metal absorber
tube,
which
is
usually
embedded in an evacuated
glass tube or a receiver
( tower).
A heat transfer Fluid (HTF)
(Thermo oil or air or molten
salt) flows through the
absorber tube or receiver.
The HTF is heated to 400C-1000C
A heat exchanger transfers
the heat from the HTF to a
water steam cycle (also called
Rankine cycle) to produce
superheated steam.
Economic of Solar Thermal electricity

Renewable resources
greatly exceed the
present and future
electricity demands
solar radiation is by
far the most abundant
source of energy
1 km of desert land
may generate 50
MW of electricity
1 km of desert land
avoids 200,000 tons
CO2 per year
1% of the Sahara desert
Operating principles of CSP

Systems,
Contd
This steam expands in

a two-stage turbine.
The turbine itself drives
an electrical generator
that converts the
mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
The condenser behind the
turbine condenses the
steam back to water,
which closes the cycle.
the feed water pump
The condenser is usually
cooled by a cooling
tower
can provide the electricity

demand of the world
Solar thermal power plants are the most effective technology to harvest this vast
resource
54
UAE=100,000MW system
55
Pros and Cons of Concentrated

Solar Power
v=8sLej0oD1Ak
cpCWa8
Coal Power Plant
http://www.slideshare.net/engineeringzhaw/03
032015-2-martinselignovatec
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP48pAb8sec
Useful sites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dEoncyjR1U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sLej0oD1Ak
*Pros and Cons of Concentrated Solar Power
NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=73S
NIuZ333s
SolarReserve
Concentrated
Solar
Power
Technology Animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIGH71TdUew
*Shams 1 CSP Plant
v=aBS8XMtNJYo
*How does it work: Shams
feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=GxHQH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4izFzVCzx6A
Zenith solar power
Useful sites
v=G6PP6lDjoa8
Power Plant Fundamentals
http://www.mpoweruk.com/semic
onductors.htm
Electropediaamazing
sitehighly recommended
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJYpM8bjlw
The Status of Concentrating Solar Power
Development
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkucHl4GgN8
Concentrating Solar Power Plants 1 MW- 5 MW (Fresnel
technology
Thermal Energy Storage - Classification
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 04
SO 04
Describe heat storage
methods and
mediums.
Energy storage
is the capture of energy produced at
one time for use at a later time.
Different forms of
energy
radiation,
chemical
gravitational potential
electricity,
elevated temperature (sensible
energy),
Latent energy
Kinetic energy
Thermal Energy Storageobjective
Why would we try to store

energy?
energy demand patterns
Advantages of Thermal Energy

Storage
Because many renewable sources
(e.g. wind, solar, tidal) are
intermittent in nature, storage is
useful, both for the times it is
available, and not needed, as well as
those times it is needed, but not
available.
Another advantage is to optimally
use the infrastructure (the
conversional steam power station) by
having it running most of the day at

rated capacity and thus reducing the
price per kWh produced
Advantages
and
Disadvantages
of Energy
Storage
Responding
to sudden
change in
renewable
energy
sources
Performance
and cost are
continually
improving
Allows renewable
and fossil source
to integrate
Reduce losses
from the gap
between energy
supply and
demand Less
wasted energy
More reduction in
greenhouse gas
emissions
Energy lost in
round trip
inefficiencies (from
storage to steam)
Additional cost
and complexity
Additional
infrastructure and
space
requirements
Advantages
and
Disadvantages
of Energy
Storage
Facilitates
effective
utilization of
intermittent
renewable sources
(either cycling
resource like solar
or sudden drop in
resource) Reduces
need for increased
peak generation
capacity
Performance and
cost are continually
improving
Allo
ws
rene
wabl
e
and
fossil
sour
ce to
integ
rate
Opti
mal
use
the
infra
struc
ture
Reduce losses
from the gap
between energy
supply and
demand
Responding to
sudden change in
renewable energy
sources (like
clouds or wind
stops), i.e.
improving grid
stability and
renewable energy
becomes more
reliable
Less
wasted
energy
(specially
renewable
when
demand
decreases
while the
resource is
available)
More reduction in
greenhouse gas
emissions
Energy lost in
round trip
inefficiencies (from
storage to steam)
Additional cost
and complexity
Additional
infrastructure and
Some
energy
storage
methods
compressed air,
mechanical springs
rotating flywheels,
pumped
water
(pumped-storage
hydroelectricity)
(most
common
worldwide,
efficiency
above
80%)
Heat
(hot
water,
or
heated rocks
or
gravel,
molten salts
or concrete
slabs)
Ice (use off peak
energy at night
(usually at cheap
rate) to create ice,
which is then
space
requirements
stored and used to
provide air
conditioning in large
buildings during
summer days)
Charged
electric
batteries,
(electric
vehicles) or
electrolytic
production
of
hydrogen (chemical)
and then methane
pumped
hydro-storage
given a location with

morphological potential (e.g.
ground height potential) and
environmental potential (e.g.
wind kinetic energy) a hydrostorage solution may be most
appropriate
Therm
al
storag
e
mediu
ms
Heat is
transferred to
a thermal
storage
medium in an
insulated
reservoir
during the
day, and
withdrawn for
power
generation at
night.
Thermal
storage
medium
include
Pressurized
steam (Steam
Accumulator)
,
Concrete,
Phase
change
materials
(PCM),
molte
n salts
(MS)
such
as
calciu
m,
sodiu
m and
potass
ium
nitrate
Technical
Requirem
ents for
Thermal
Sto
rag
e
Me
diu
ms
High energy density

(per-unit mass or perunit volume) in the
storage material
Stea
m
Accu
mula
tors
-PS10
Good heat transfer

between
heat
transfer fluid (HTF)
and the storage
medium
Mechanical
and
chemical stability of
storage material
Complete reversibility
for a large number of
charging/discharging
cycles
tower
operating near
Seville, in
Andalusia,
Spain.
Stea
m
Accu
mula
torsPS10
Low thermal losses

Ease of control
The
PS10
Solar
Power
Plant , is
the
world's
first
commerc
ial
concentr
ating
solar
power
HTF
is
wate
r
Satur
ated
steam
at
250C
50 min
storag
e
operat
ion at
50%
loa
d
Steam
Accumulators
The purpose of a steam accumulator is to
release steam when the demand is greater
than the boiler's ability to supply at that time
(peak demand), and to accept steam when
demand is low.
Also response time of boiler is high, why?
Steam accumulator provides clean
dry steam instantaneously, to meet a
peak demand
allows the boiler to fire up to its maximum

continuous rating for maximum efficiency
Why not just store steam as a vapor?
Storing steam as a gas under pressure is not

practical due to the enormous storage volume
required at normal boiler pressures.
http://www2.spiraxsarco.com/resourc
es/stea m-engineering-tutorials/theboiler-house/steam-accumulators.asp
Steam
Accumulators
Charging
The tank is under high
pressure and about halffilled with cold water and
steam is blown in via a
perforated pipe near the
bottom of the drum.
Some of the steam
condenses and heats the water.
The remainder fills the
space above the water
level.
When the accumulator is
fully charged the
condensed steam will
have raised the water
level in the drum to
about three-quarters full
and
the temperature and
pressure will also have
risen.
Steam Accumulators
Discharge
Steam can be drawn
off as required, either
for driving
a steam turbine or for
process, by opening a
steam valve on top of
the drum.
The pressure in the
drum will fall causing
the water to evaporate
(flashing). The steam
generated is then
discharged for use.
Consequently
pressure and
temperature are reduced

gradually .
Recharging restart when the
pressure goes below setting .
Stea
m
Accu
mula
tors
in
CSP
S
t
e
a
m
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
w
e
l
l
s
u
i
t
e
d
f
o
r
d
i
r
e
c
t
s
t
e
a
m
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
D
S
G
)
C
S
P
p
l
a
n
t
s
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
s
t
e
a
m
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
f
i
e
l
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
b
l
o
c
k
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
p
o
w
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
t
e
a
m
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
a
c
t
s
a
s
p
h
a
s
e
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
h
e
r
e
s
t
e
a
m
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
e
t
s
t
e
a
m
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
(
f
l
a
s
h
i
n
g
)
.
Superheating
can be done in a
separate superheater.
Mo
lte
n
Sal
t
St
or
ag
e
Molten salt are
used as a thermal
energy storage
method to retain
thermal energy
collected by a
solar tower or
solar trough so
that it can be
used to generate
electricity at
night.
The molten salt
mixtures vary.
The most
extended
mixture
contains
sodium nitrate,
potassium
nitrate and
calcium
nitrate.
and high
investme
nt costs
ht
tp:
//
m
olt
en
sa
lt.
or
g/
w
ha
tIs
M
olt
en
Sa
lt.
ht
ml
It is nonflammable
and
nontoxic.
However
,
this
technolo
gy
has
the
disadvan
tages of
high
freezing
points
Adv
ant
age
s of
Mol
ten
Salt
Melts at
high
tempera
ture at
normal
atmosph
eric
pressure
,
thus
can
store
high
thermal
energy
Flows
as
water
in
molten state
Heat
capacity
is
similar
to
water
by
volume
(heat
capacity of
water per kg
is higher but
water is less
dense)
It
contracts
when
it
freezes
unlike
water
which
expands
Chemically
stable under
heat
Allows
reaching
high
operating
temperature
in CSP plants
thus
increases
the
plant
efficiency
Adva
ntage
s of
Molte
n Salt
its
operating
temperatur
es are
compatible
with
today's
steam
turbines.
High
working
temperatur
e means
high
thermal
efficiency
of the heat
engine
(power
plant)
low-cost
medium
to store
thermal
energy
nonflammab
le
and
nontoxic.
Molten
salt is
used in
the
chemical
and
metals
industrie
s to
transport
heat, so
industry
has
experien
ce with
it.
The main components of a molten salt power

tower plant
The solar field: Heliostats (reflective mirrors on a
pedestal) track the sun and concentrate the energy
into a defined area common for all mirrors.
Molten Salt Storage Andasol

1
The tower & receiver: the energy reflected by the

solar field is directed to a central receiver on top of
a tower. The solar energy is collected in the form of
heat within the receiver.
Heat Transfer Fluid: liquid molten salt is used as
the medium to collect the energy from the sun
inside the receiver.
Molten salt storage tanks: salt is pumped from a
cold salt storage tank, through the receiver where it
is heated, and into a hot salt storage tank.
Power generation plant: Rankine Cycle- BoilerTurbine- Condenser-Pump.
Syn. Oil
Collector field
NaNO3-KNO3
Molten salt storage
H2O
Conventional steam turbine
In current parabolic trough power plant projects, the

two-tank molten salt storage technology is most
commonly applied.
(indirect CSP system)
and (24 m) in diameter to drive it for four hours by

this design.
Molten Salt Storage Charging

The liquid salt is pumped through solar
collector where the focused sun heats it to
566C.
It is then sent to a well insulated hot storage tank.
The thermal energy can be stored for up to a week.
Discharging
When electricity is needed, the hot salt is pumped to a
steam-generator to produce superheated steam for a turbine
generator power plant.
It is kept liquid at 288 C in an insulated "cold"
storage tank
A 100-megawatt turbine would need a tank of about

(9.1 m) tall
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blKj_UYziGg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAvjb2c9BH8
CSP Plants: Direct Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftl-WM6wms
Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the thermal energy storage fluid
(No heat exchanger) The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be kept
above 220oC Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal tower
because they dont required fluid
coupling since the not moving

v=q6NLoo8k8DI
CSP Plants: Indirect Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY
Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is

different from the thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt).
Usually used with parabolic trough (With heat exchanger
between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium). Used
in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling as the
absorber is moving with the reflector
Solid media concrete

storage
The concrete storage module is composed of a tube
and the storage concrete.
Preferred for single phase HTF up to 400/500 C
Modular design from 500 kWh to 1000 MWh
Can you describe the operation of this CSP power
plant?
Direct vs Indirect
Freezing and local temperature (day and
night) into consideration in terms of
choosing the transfer medium
Oil freezing temperature is low while
molten salt freezing temperature is
o
from 120-220 C.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures but
salt can be used under normal atmospheric
pressure
Indirect systems are more suitable for
cold environments and non fixed
absorbers like parabolic trough
Direct systems is usually associated with
fixed receivers (solar power tower or LCFR)
Solid media concrete storageCharging

Thermal energy is stored in the concrete
storage
medium as the HTF transport the heat
energy from
the solar collector.
Solid media concrete storageDischarging
Solid media concrete

storage
The stored energy is used when required

for process
or power generation
Advantages
A- low cost of the solid media.
B-good contact
between the concrete
and the piping,
C- Flexible to large no.
of sites and construction
materials
The energy
required is
known as a
latent heat.
Phase Change Material

Storage
When a substance
changes phase, from
either a solid to a
liquid or liquid to gas,
it requires energy.
The
word
latent means
hidden.
A phase-change material
(PCM)
is a substance with a high heat of

fusion which, melting and solidifying at
a certain temperature, is capable of
storing and releasing large amounts of
energy. Heat is absorbed or released
when the material changes from solid
to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are
classified as latent heat storage (LHS)
units.

Storage Charging
Heat form the receiver solar collector-is

applied to the PCM which changes its phase
from solid to liquid by storing the heat as
latent heat of fusion or from liquid to vapor as
latent heat of vaporization.

Storage Discharging
When the stored heat is extracted by the load,

the PCM will again change its phase from liquid
to solid or from vapor to liquid.
Separat
ed
ammoni
a
Separat
ed
ammoni
a
ammonia
ammonia
Separat
ed
water
water
water
Separa
te d
water
Water
Ammoni
a
solution
Ammon
ia
absorb
ed
in
water
Water
Ammoni
a
solution
The thermal match between the storage system and working fluid are
maximized when steam production, which is an isothermal process, is
coupled with an isothermal storage process (PCM). Being that latent
heat storage is isothermal, it is deemed advantageous to use this type of
system for the evaporation of steam. Since the preheating and
superheating stages are sensible heat processes, they benefit when
coupled with sensible heat storage systems
Ammon
ia
absorb
ed
in
water
Advantages of PCM
constant temperature during a phase
change
changes are capable of storing and
releasing large quantities of
thermal energy as they change from

solid to liquid and vice versa.
Higher storage density than sensible
heat
Smaller volume
Summa
ry
Thermal
Energy
Storage
in
Phase
Change Material can
potentially result in
-- 60% reduction in
container size
-2%
to
3%
improvement in overall
system efficiency
-- Flexibility to operate
with
different
steam
cycles
--It
has
added
advantage
of
heat
supply
at
constant
temperature .
Usually
encapsulate
d in
capsules of
high melting
point
material for
improved
heat transfer
characteristi
cs
Selection of Phase Cha

Materials
400
350
300
[J/

Storage
LiNO3
For industrial
process heat
O3
NaNO2
O3-NaNO3
NaNO3
KNO3
olar power
References
eration
250
e [C]
300
http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet
/thermal_ene rgy_storage.html
http://freespace.virgin.net/m.ecke
rt/new_page_ 6.htm
Solar Thermal storage using PCM
http://social.csptoday.com/te
chnology/csp-thermalstorage-increasing-options
Types of Solar Thermal Collectors

Evacuated-tube solar collectors Flat-plate
collector
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 05
Sub-outcome 6: Design,
simulate,
and analyze a flat plate solar
collector
Flat-plate collector
Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated,
weatherproofed boxes that contain a dark
absorber plate under one or more glass or
plastic covers. Unglazed flat-plate
collectors; typically used for solar pool
heating, have a dark absorber plate, made
of metal or plastic, without a cover or
enclosure.
Evacuated-tube solar
collectors
They feature parallel rows of
transparent glass tubes. Each tube
contains a glass outer tube and metal
absorber tube attached to a fin. The
fin's coating absorbs solar energy but
inhibits radiative heat loss. These
collectors are used more frequently
for U.S. commercial applications.
The glass is used to trap heat and
reduce heat loss by convection
The glass tubes are evacuated to
reduce the heat transfer by
convection inside the glass

envelope
Types of Flat Plate Solar

Collectors
Low Temperature Collectors
Flat-Plate Solar
Collector
About 15 C temperature rise

Unglazed
For swimming pools and crop drying
Can use plastic or metallic pipes
Medium Temperature Collectors

o
From about 10 C to above 100 C temperature rise

Single or double glazed
water heating, space heating and some medium
temperature industrial heating uses
High Temperature Collectors
heavy insulation
High temperature capabilities
May be mounted in a sun-tracking system
Main Components
Main Components
Glass
Toughened glass (glazing) protects the absorber from the outside
environment while allowing through >90% of sunlight.
Absorber
A thin sheet of aluminum is coated with a highly selective material that is
extremely efficient at absorbing sunlight and converting it into usable heat.
The aluminum sheet is welded to the copper riser pipes.
Insulation
Back Sheet
An aluminum alloy sheet seals the back of the panel and adds to the rigidity of
the collector.
Riser & Header Pipes
The header and riser pipes are brazed together to form a heat exchanger
that the solar system heat transfer fluid circulates through. The absorber
sheet is welded to the riser pipes, thus transfers heat to the heat transfer
fluid.
Aluminum Frame
Extruded from high tensile aluminum alloy, the rails form the outer
framework of the collector and are designed with wings for easy
mounting frame attachment.
The insulation helps reduce heat loss from the sides and back of the collector.
Made from ultra-light weight insulating material (like foam) is chosen to greatly
reduce the weight of the collector.
Energy balance for the absorber plate

3
4
1
Fig. 3
Light scattering and

diffusion
Incident Radiation
Absorbed, reflected or transmitted
Absorptivity is the fraction of irradiation
absorbed by a surface.
Reflectivity is the fraction reflected by the
surface.
Transmissivity is the fraction transmitted by the
surface (defined for transparent surfaces).
Solar Irradiation
Flat plate thermal

performance
http://www.i
ta
canet.org/th
e-sun-as-asource-ofenergy/part3calculatingsolar-angles/
IIii
IDN cos
I d Ir
http://www.enhems-buildings.fer.hr/_download/repository/EDPE13_
%5BGulin,_Vasak,_Baotic%5D.pdf
Fig. 4. Heat flow through a flat plate solar

collector
Solar Irradiation
Total irradiation distribution Ii
The energy rate per unit area striking the surface. The key equation
for this calculation is:
Ii
IDN cos Id
Ir
Ii= total solar irradiation on surface , W/m
IDN = direct normal radiation W/m
equ
.1
=incident angle (the angle between the sun

direction and the normal direction of a tilted surface)
Id= diffuse radiation component from sky , W/m
Ir= shortwave reflected from other surfaces , W/m2
Ii
IDN cos
Id
Ir
The first term constitutes around 85% of the total on clear days. The 2 other
terms should not be neglected. But in our analysis we neglect them
because they are very complicated to calculate
Ii
IDN cos
equ.2
Solar Irradiation
While the solar radiation incident on the
Earth's atmosphere is relatively
constant, the radiation at the Earth's
surface varies widely due to:
Typical clear sky

absorption and
scattering of incident
sunlight
atmospheric effects, including

absorption and scattering;
local variations in the atmosphere,
such as water vapour, clouds, and
pollution;
latitude of the location; and
the season of the year and
the time of day.
Direct Normal Irradiation IDN

Equ.3, developed by Bouquer Lambert, takes into
consideration the reduction in Normal solar
irradiation Eo as it passes through the atmosphere
Eo
Therefore
IDN .exp B / sin
DN
Eo
exp B / sin
equ.3
equ
.4
Where
Eo= Normal solar radiation on the Earth surface neglecting
2
the existence of atmosphere W/m
B the attenuation coefficient of solar radiation in the earth
atmosphere (table 1.). A quantity that characterizes how easily
a material or medium can be penetrated by a beam of light,
IDN the energy of solar radiation that falls at the right angle
2)
on square meter of the earth (maximum 970 W/m
- Solar altitude.
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/prope
rties-of-sunlight/sun-positioncalculator
Solar altitude
The altitude (solar elevation angle) is the angle between the

horizon and the center of the sun's disc
depends on latitude of the location, day in the year and the time of
day.
http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/united-arabemirates/abu-dhabi
Values of Eo , B, and
Values of Eo and B
Values of and
Average annual values
for a collector Tilt 30o Time 12 noon
The Solar Altitude
The Solar altitude (solar elevation angle) is

the angle between the horizon and the center of the
sun's disc It depends on
Latitude
Day of the
year Time
in the day
Example -1
Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar
irradiation Ii on a collector in the months of January and
o
June at 12 noon assuming A collector tilt of 30
2
1209
January DN
Eo
985W / m
exp B / sin
exp 0.142 / sin 44
IDN cos 985.cos 53 593W / m2
June
I DN
Eo
exp B / sin
1069
871W / m
exp 0.205 / sin 88
I IDN cos 871.cos 30 754W / m2

i
Example -2
Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar irradiation
Ii on a collector in the months of March and August at 12 noon
o
assuming A collector tilt of 30 .
Useful Energy absorbed by the plate Qa

An energy balance for the absorber plate is
Q
a
I . .
i
c1 c2
T4 T4
a
T TT
c2
rad
equ
.5
T
c2
conv
cond
Qa= energy rate absorbed by absorber plate, W

2
A=absorber area, m
2
Ii=total solar irradiation at cover plate ,W/m

=transmittance of cover plates
( glazing), dimensionless.
=absorptivity of absorber plate at wavelength of
solar irradiation, dimensionless
T= temperature , K
Useful Energy absorbed by the plate Qa

T4 T4
Reflectivity, the fraction of incident

radiation reflected by a surface
Transmittance, the fraction of
incident electromagnetic radiation
at a specified wavelength that
passes through a surface
The emissivity of a given surface is
the measure of its ability to emit
radiation energy in comparison to a
blackbody at the same temperature.
Ii . c1. c2
T TT
c2
T
c2
conv
cond
equ.
5
rad
Rrad= thermal resistance from absorber to

2 4
second cover plate, m .k /W
Rconv= thermal resistance to convection
from
2 4
absorber to second cover plate, m .k /W

Rcond= thermal resistance to conduction
2 4 from absorber
to ambient through the insulation, m .k /W
C1=first cover plate

C2=second cover plate
a=absorber
==ambient
Useful energy absorbed by the plate Qa

Thus, the rate of useful energy
extracted by the absorber Qa, is
proportional to the rate of useful energy
absorbed by the collector, less the
amount lost by the collector to its
surroundings This is expressed as
follows :
Qa =
I
. . AU.A.(T T )
i. c1
c
2
equ
.6
a=
Where
Qa is useful energy gain- W
o
Ta is the mean temperature of the absorber C
Typical values of U in equation 2

Type of glazing
Unglazed
Single Glazed
Double Glazed
U,
W/m2.K
13-15
6-7
3-4
Absorptivity : the fraction of the incident radiation flux absorbed by

the body.
http://www.solarmirror.com/fom/fom-serve/cache/43.html
Useful energy absorbed by the plate Qa

Per unit area equ. 6 takes the simpler form:
Qa [I . . .
Ut
t ].F
A
Where
c1 c2
fi
equ.7
tfi=temperature of inlet fluid to absorber, C

U=overall heat transfer coefficient combining ( rad, conv, cond
2
losses), W/m .K
Fr=empirical determined correction factor, dimensionless.
Fr=0.9
F
r
Qa
max
Ii . c1. c 2 .
Ii . c1. c 2 .
Qa Qmax
a
a
when
Uta t
Ut t
fi equ.8
fi
T T
Collector efficiency
Another important characterization
of the collector is its efficiency ,
which is defined as the energy rate
transferred to the fluid divided by the solar
irradiation on the cover plate,
Qa A
equ.9
Example-3
A flat plate single-glazed collector is
available for a solar-heating application.
The transmittance of each
of the cover plates is 0.85, and the
aluminum
absorber plate has an =0.93. Assume
o
an ambient temperature T = 15 C and
o
Tfi=20 C.
Determine the collector efficiency in the
month of January oat 12 noon assuming a
collector tilt of 30 .
Qa
A
Qa
[Ii . c1.
U t fi
].Fr
[593.0.85.0.93 6 20 15 ].0.9
Q
A 395
593
395W m2
0.67 Ii
Rate of heat extraction from the

collector
The rate of heat

extraction from the
collector can be
measured by means
of the amount of
heat carried away by
the fluid passing
through it and can be
expressed as follows:
Qa = m.cp(To Ti)
where m is the mass flow rate of fluid

through the collector-kg/s.
Example-4
A flat plate double-glazed collector is
available for a
solar-heating application. The
transmittance of each
of the two cover plates is 0.87, and
the aluminum absorber plate has an
=0.9.
Assume
an
ambient
o
o
temperatureT = 18 C and Tfi=20 C.
Determine the collector efficiency in the
months December at noon assuming a
o
collector tilt of 30 .
Example-5
1- What is the daily energy required to
heat a
domestic water tank containing 100 kg of
water, if the
o
o
water is heated from 20 C to 60 C. ?
Location :Abu Dhabi. Month: January
Qreq/d = 100x4180x( 60-20)=16720000
J/d=16720. kJ/d
2- What is the size of the collector in
example
heat required / d
rate of heat absorbed per unit area in a day
Q
A
/d
(J / d )
16720000
req
Q / A(W / m ) t 395
a
Qa / A .Ii
10(hr) 60 60
1.175 1.2m2
calculated from the absorber analysis
Absorber Surface Area

Calculation
Calculat
e
Eo
DN
exp B / sin
Calculat Ii IDN cos

e
depend on the altitude, the day and
the time in the day, depends on the
same factors plus the tilt angle of the
absorber
Calculate
Qa
A
[Ii . c1. c2 .
U t fi
t ].Fr
Useful sites
http://isfh.de/institut_solarforschung/
hocheff
izienter-flachkollektor.php?
_l=1
Very good site, research, projects,
teaching
http://www.iklimnet.com/save/glass_tr
ansmit tance.html
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/sunposition-calculator
https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sam/help/html-php/index.html?
mt_solar_fraction.htm
Absorber Surface Area

CalculationCalculate absorber
I
efficiency
Qa A iCalculate heat
required per day
(J / d )
req / d
Qa = m.cp(To
Ti)Calculate required absorber

areaAheat required / drate of heat absorbed per unit
area in a dayAQreq / d (J / d )Qa / A(W / m2 )t
is the sun light

duration during the day in seconds

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Chemical

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Renewable VS Fossil Fuels

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When will we run out of fossil

4-Fossil fuels contribute to

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And there are over 600 of them in the US.

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4-Fossil fuels contribute to

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3- Infectious diseases due to

Smog (Smoke & Fog)

Visible air pollution composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur

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causing global warming.

Video: climate change

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Some Solutions to Energy

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