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Abstract
An experimental investigation was conducted on the behavior of thirteen high-(HSC) and normal-strength concrete (NSC) full-size beams
with relatively low amounts of torsional reinforcement. The crack patterns, the maximum crack widths at service load level, torsional strength,
torsional ductility, and post-cracking reserve strength results of the experiments are discussed. The main parameters include the volumetric ratio
of torsional reinforcements, the compressive strength of the concrete, and the aspect ratio of the cross section. It was found that the adequacy
of the post-cracking reserve strength for specimens with relatively low amounts of torsional reinforcement is primarily related to the ratio of the
transverse to the longitudinal reinforcement factors in addition to the total amounts of torsional reinforcement. The minimum requirements of
torsional reinforcement for NSC beams proposed by other researchers are also discussed on the basis of our test results of both HSC and NSC
beams.
c 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: High strength concrete; Reinforced concrete beam; Torsion
1. Introduction
Structural elements such as spandrel beams in buildings,
curved beams, and eccentrically loaded box girders in bridges
are subjected to significant torsional moments that affect their
strength and deformation. The torsion design provisions in
the ACI Building Code before 1995 were based on the skewbending theory [1]. Since 1995, the design for torsion is based
on the thin-walled tube [2], and space truss analogy [3], which
covers both prestressed and nonprestressed concrete members.
The torsional cracking strength Tcr includes the effects of
concrete compressive strength, solid or hollow cross section,
and level of axial or prestressing force.
Unlike the 1989 version of the ACI 318 Code [4], the
contribution of concrete to the ultimate torsional strength in a
structural concrete member was neglected, whereas the nominal
torsional moment strength specified in the ACI 318-05 Code [5]
is proportional to the amounts of transverse and longitudinal
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2. Research significance
Notations
area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete
cross section, mm2
Ag
gross area of concrete cross section, mm2 . For a
hollow section, A g is the area of the concrete only
and does not include the area of void(s).
Al
total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist
torsion, mm2
Al,min (ACI) minimum area of total longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion, mm2
Ao
gross area enclosed by shear flow path, mm2
Aoh
area enclosed by centerline of the outermost
closed transverse torsional reinforcement, mm2
At
area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion
within a distance s, mm2
At,min (ACI) minimum cross-sectional area of one leg of
closed stirrups, mm2
bw
web width, or diameter of circular section, mm
f c0
specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
f yl
yield strength of longitudinal torsional reinforcement, MPa
f yv
yield strength of closed transverse torsional
reinforcement, MPa
pcp
outside perimeter of the concrete cross section, mm
ph
perimeter of centerline of outermost closed
transverse torsional reinforcement, mm
s
spacing of torsional reinforcement measured in
a direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, mm
Tcr
torsional cracking moment under pure torsion,
kN m
Tn
nominal torsional moment strength, kN m
x1
shorter overall dimension of rectangular part of
cross section, mm
y1
longer overall dimension of rectangular part of
cross section, mm
Tn =
(3)
(4)
(5)
f c0
bw s
.
f yv
bw s
f yv
(6)
(7)
2195
.
(8)
12 f yl
s
f yl
In order to ensure the development of the ultimate torsional
strength, to control crack width, and to prevent excessive
loss of torsional stiffness after the cracking of the reinforced
concrete member, the ACI 318-05 Code specifies the maximum
spacing of the torsional reinforcement in Section 11.6.6. The
spacing of transverse torsional reinforcement shall not exceed
the smaller of ph /8 or 305 mm. In addition, the provision of
the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion is specified
in Section 11.6.6.2 of the ACI 318-05.
The effects of the concrete compressive strength on the
minimum transverse, longitudinal, and total amount of torsional
reinforcement requirements specified in the current and older
versions of the ACI 318 Code are compared in Figs. 1(a)1(c).
4. Experimental program
4.1. Specimen details
Thirteen beam specimens, having rectangular cross sections
of 420 420 mm (y/x = 1.0), 350 500 mm (y/x = 1.43),
and 250 700 mm (y/x = 2.8), were constructed in the
laboratory and tested under pure torsion. The details, including
the identification and design parameters of the specimens are
shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b) and Table 1. A clear concrete
cover to the outer surface of stirrups was 20 mm. Additional
transverse reinforcement was placed at both ends of the beam,
so that failure would occur in the central test region of the beam.
The test zone was 1.6 m wide to allow at least one complete
helical crack to form along each beam specimen.
The primary parameters consisted of the: (1) ratios of
transverse and longitudinal reinforcement (t = 0.13%0.61%,
l = 0.43%0.91%); (2) compressive strength of concrete
( f c0 = 3578 MPa); (3) aspect ratio of the cross section (Aseries (y/x = 1.0), B-series (y/x = 1.43), and C-series
(y/x = 2.8)); and (4) hollow (H) and solid (S) sections.
In addition, we use the ratio of transverse to longitudinal
reinforcement factors t f yv /l f yl , the volumetric ratio of
the torsional reinforcements including the effect of the yield
strength of the reinforcement, to investigate the behavior of
the reinforced concrete beams with lower amounts of torsional
reinforcement subjected to pure torsion.
The HSC specimen HBS-82-13 in Table 1, designed with the
minimum amount of transverse reinforcement and maximum
spacing of transverse reinforcement ( ph /8 = 190 mm) of
the ACI 318-05 Code [5], i.e., At /s = (At /s)min,(ACI) (t =
0.13%) and Al = 1.52 Al,min,(ACI) (l = 0.82%), had
its sum of torsional reinforcement ratios total = 0.95%.
Similarly, the NSC specimen NBS-82-13 was designed with the
maximum spacing of the transverse torsional reinforcements
( ph /8 = 190 mm), having At /s = 1.39(At /s)min,(ACI) ,
t = 0.13%, l = 0.82%, and total = 0.95%. Another
HSC specimen HBS-74-17 was designed with At /s =
1.35(At /s)min,(ACI) , l = 0.74%, and total = 0.91%. The
ratios of t /l for the above three specimens ranged from 0.16
to 0.23.
The values of total for the other ten specimens, as shown
in Table 1, varied from 0.87% to 1.41%. The ratios of t /l for
these specimens varied from 0.43 to 1.0. Among them, the HSC
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y/x
HAS-51-50
f c0
f yv
f yl
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
76.0
NAS-61-35
48.0
1.0
Longitudinal bars
Stirrups s (mm)
total
t f yv
l f yl
Comments
(%)
396
No. 3@120
( t = 0.50%)
1.01
0.95
Tn = 1.0Tcr ; = 45
t / l = 0.98
394
No. 3@170
( t = 0.35%)
0.96
0.56
At /s = 1.77(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.57
385
HAH-81-35
78.0
493
No. 3@170
( t = 0.35%)
1.16
0.34
At /s = 1.39(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.43
HAS-90-50
78.0
400
8-No. 5
( l = 0.90%)
No. 3@120
( t = 0.50%)
1.40
0.53
At /s = 1.97(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.56
NBS-43-44
35.0
400
6-No. 4
( l = 0.43%)
No. 3@140
( t = 0.44%)
0.87
385
0.98
Tn = 1.29Tcr ; = 45
t / l = 1.02
67.0
600
505
No. 2@140
( t = 0.17%)
0.91
0.27
At /s = 1.35(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.23
67.0
600
493
No. 2@190
( t = 0.13%)
0.95
0.19
At /s = (At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.16
NBS-82-13
35.0
600
493
No. 2@190
( t = 0.13%)
0.95
0.19
At /s = 1.39(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.16
HBS-60-61
67.0
385
402
No. 3@100
( t = 0.61%)
1.21
0.97
Tn = 1.2Tcr ; = 45
t / l = 1.02
HCS-52-50
76.0
396
No. 3@140
t = 0.50%
1.02
0.93
Tn = 1.0Tcr ; = 45
t / l = 0.96
394
No. 3@210
t = 0.33%
0.95
0.52
At /s = 2.41(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.53
8-No. 5
( l = 0.91%)
8-No. 5
( l = 0.91%)
No. 3@165
( t = 0.42%)
No. 3@140
( t = 0.50%)
1.33
0.44
1.41
0.53
At /s = 2.40(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.46
At /s = 2.83(At /s)min,(ACI)
t / l = 0.55
HBS-74-17
HBS-82-13
1.43
NCH-62-33
48.0
2.8
HCH-91-42
385
78.0
400
HCS-91-50
78.0
A P
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Table 2
Concrete mixture proportions
Constituents (kg/m3 )
Target strength
70 MPa (HSC)
Target strength
40 MPa (NSC)
Cement,
Silica fume,
Slag,
Fly ash,
Sand,
Coarse aggregate,
Water,
Superplasticizer,
(ASTM C 494 Type G)
413
44
65
28
622
988
164
12.1
264
61
81
725
1033
183
4.9
Fig. 3(b). Schematic test setup at the end of specimen.
Fig. 5(a). Crack pattern of specimen HBS-74-17 after failure (front side).
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Fig. 5(b). Crack pattern of specimen HBS-74-17 after failure (back side).
Fig. 5(f). Crack pattern of specimen HCH-91-42 after failure.
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Fig. 6(a). External torque level versus crack width for A-series specimens.
Fig. 6(b). External torque level versus crack width for C-series specimens.
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Tcr(test) (kN m)
Tu(test) (kN m)
Tcr(test)
Tcr(ACI)
Tu(test)
Tn (ACI)
Tn(ACI)
Tcr(ACI)
Tu(test)
Tcr(test)
0.85Au
Ay
HAS-51-50
NAS-61-35
HAH-81-35
HAS-90-50
NBS-43-44
HBS-74-17
HBS-82-13
NBS-82-13
HBS-60-61
HCS-52-50
NCH-62-33
HCH-91-42
HCS-91-50
62.10
50.03
44.42
68.43
44.50
57.48
56.31
46.18
59.01
47.22
36.61
40.74
53.22
84.86
74.71
94.31
104.23
60.60
62.20
56.31
52.90
93.70
73.54
64.14
87.51
95.86
1.15
1.17
1.39
1.25
1.25
1.17
1.15
1.30
1.20
1.01
1.43
1.25
1.12
1.56
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.32
1.18
1.20
1.12
1.47
1.64
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.01
1.18
2.02
1.34
1.29
1.12
1.06
1.32
1.30
1.00
1.57
1.69
1.26
1.37
1.49
2.12
1.52
1.36
1.08
1.00
1.15
1.59
1.56
1.75
2.15
1.80
4.12
4.06
3.88
5.71
3.79
2.51
2.72
2.46
3.81
3.46
1.95
2.13
4.73
1.22
1.44
Average
2202
A0.85Tu /A y for specimens HBS-82-13 and HBS-74-17, having t f yv /l f yl = 0.19 and 0.27, are 2.72 and 2.51, respectively, which are less than the 3.81 of the specimen HBS-6061 of the same cross section designed with a relatively higher
t f yv /l f yl ratio of 0.97.
From Fig. 8(b) and (c), the test results reveal that the
ascending branches in the experimental torquetwist curves of
the specimens with solid sections are slightly steeper than those
with hollow sections. The ratios of A0.85Tu /A y for specimens
HAH-81-35 and HCH-91-42 with hollow sections, shown in
Table 3, are 3.88 and 2.08, respectively, which are less than the
5.71 and 4.73 of the corresponding specimens HAS-90-50 and
HCS-91-50 with solid sections.
According to the test results of Fang and Shiau [15], the
torsional ductility of HSC specimens is better than that of NSC
specimens. In this investigation, the ratios of A0.85Tu /A y for the
HSC specimens HBS-82-13 and HCH-91-42 are 2.72 and 2.13,
which are greater than the 2.46 and 1.95 of the corresponding
NSC specimens NBS-82-13 and NCH-62-33.
The experimental torquetwist curves of the specimens
HAS-51-50, HCS-52-50, and NBS-43-44 (t f yv /l f yl =
0.930.98) in Fig. 8(d) show fairly ductile behavior in the
descending branches. The ratios of A0.85Tu /A y for the above
three specimens are 4.12, 3.46, and 3.79, respectively. The test
2203
2204
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[19] Rahal KN. Torsional strength of reinforced concrete beams. Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering 2000;27(3):44553.
[20] Hsu TTC. ACI shear and torsion provisions for prestressed hollow girders.
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