Spectrum Survey Advanced Reference Materials Rev 4

GPS SURVEY SOFTWARE
SPECTRUM SURVEY V3.20
Advanced Reference Materials
Part Number 750-E-0002 Rev 4
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2002 POINT, Inc.
750-E-0002 Rev 4
02-00001-25
Contents
Section 1
Reference Material Overview
1-1
Section 2
Coordinate Systems Overview
2-1
2.1
2.2
Map Coordinate Systems ........................................................................................2-1

2.1.1
Transverse Mercator (or TM) ...................................................................2-2
2.1.2
Mercator.......................................................................................................2-4
2.1.3
Oblique Mercator .......................................................................................2-5
2.1.4
Lambert projection with one parallel ......................................................2-7
2.1.5
Lambert projection with two parallels....................................................2-8
Local Datums ............................................................................................................2-9

2.2.1
2.3
Geoid Models .......................................................................................................... 2-11

2.3.1
Section 3
3.1
Height Transformation............................................................................ 2-12
Spectrum Survey Coordinate Systems
3-1
Coordinate System Selection...................................................................................3-1

3.1.1
3.2
Actual Earth and Local Datums .............................................................2-10
Map Projection Templates ........................................................................3-3
Datum & Ellipsoid Selection ................................................................................. 3-11
Spectrum Survey
Section 4
Map Projection, Ellipsoid and Datum Tables
4-1
Section 5
System Messages
5-1
5.1
Import Messages.......................................................................................................5-1
5.2
Adjustment Messages ..............................................................................................5-2
5.3
Software Messages ...................................................................................................5-7
Section 6
Glossary of Terms & Acronyms
6-1
Spectrum Survey
Section 1
Reference Material Overview

Welcome to the Spectrum Survey Advanced Reference Materials. A
source for advanced readers and anyone who wants to get more out
of their GPS system.
You can specify datums, coordinate systems and geoid models in
Spectrum Surveys Coordinate System Selection dialog. Geoid models adjust the elevation and height transformation calculations Spectrum Survey makes. For more information see Section 3, Spectrum
Survey Coordinate Systems, Page 3-1.
The first sections in this reference materials contain map projection,
ellipsoid and datum information and are followed by the tables associated with coordinate systems.
There is also an article on the three types of system messages generated by Spectrum Survey. The types of messages are import, adjustment and software.
The reference material ends with definitions and acronyms followed
by a glossary.
Once you become familiar with Spectrum Survey, you will find these
advanced materials an invaluable reference.
Spectrum Survey
1-1
Section 2
Coordinate Systems Overview

The reference system for GPS is the World Geodetic System 1984
(WGS84). WGS84 defines the earth with a single geodetic, or
ellipsoidal, coordinate system. In practical applications of GPS and
other surveying methods, it may not be convenient or appropriate to
use the WGS84 coordinate system. You may need to apply a local
reference system, by means of a local datum and map coordinate
system.
2.1
Map Coordinate Systems

In general surveys, the horizontal position of stations is often
expressed not by ellipsoidal coordinates (latitude and longitude) but
by map coordinates (X, Y or N, E). Map coordinates express the position of the station on the reference ellipsoid as coordinates projected
onto a specific plane. The various coordinate systems are defined by
how the surface of the ellipsoid is projected on the plane.
Spectrum Survey has five separate types of coordinate systems, based
on specific projections, translating ellipsoidal coordinates to planar
coordinates. When creating a new map coordinate system, select the
appropriate projection type for your new system:

Spectrum Survey
Transverse mercator (see Page 2-2)

Mercator (see Page 2-4)
Oblique mercator (see Page 2-5)
Lambert with one parallel (see Page 2-7)
Lambert with two parallels (see Page 2-8)
Note: For detailed information on a specific projection and associated parameters, see the appropriate section below.
2-1
In principle, a projection maps ellipsoidal coordinates to planar coordinates by projecting from the surface of the Earth to another 3D
object that can be flattened, such as a cylinder or a cone.
You can use projections to minimize the type of distortion inherent to

the survey area. Specifying a projection allows you to map coordinates observed from a curved surface without distorting angles, azimuths, distances or area. A projection will affect how the shape of a
small area is preserved after it is projected (called the conformal projection condition).
Though X, Y or N, E are used as map coordinate symbols, in some
countries X, Y are converse axes, which causes a great deal of confusion. For this reason, in Spectrum Survey and subsequent explanations, the North-South axis is expressed by N (plus sign for North,
and minus sign for South), and the East-West axis is expressed by E
(plus sign for East, minus sign for West).
N
"+"
"+"
"-"
"-"
2.1.1
Transverse Mercator (or TM)

The transverse mercator projection encloses the ellipsoid in a cylinder
parallel to the ellipsoids equator. Rotating the ellipsoids origin point
and intersecting the side of the cylinder creates a reference meridian.
2-2
Spectrum Survey
Each point is transferred to the cylinder by expanding the radius created from the center of the ellipsoid to the point.
Note: Origin in the following explanations refers to the origin

(reference point) of each of the map coordinates, not the datum
origin of the geodetic datum.
The ellipsoids N axis corresponds to the reference meridian projected onto the plane, the E axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the N axis. The N, E coordinates can be offset to express
all points as positive values.
If the diameter of the cylinder is reduced, the scale on the reference
meridian becomes smaller than 1. This reduces the error between the
distance on the plane and the ellipsoidal distance over a wider area.
For example, the scale at the origin of the UTM (universal transverse
mercator) coordinate system is set to 0.9996 so that this difference
from the origin within the range 3 degrees East-West is limited to +4/
10,000.
Spectrum Survey
2-3
FalseEasting............... A number added to the easting value, generally

to ensure that all coordinates will have positive
values.
FalseNorthing ........... A number added to the northing value,
generally to ensure that all coordinates will
have positive values.
OriginLatitude .......... The latitude of the origin of the coordinate
system.
OriginLongitude ......The longitude of the origin of the coordinate
system.
ScaleFactor................. This value changes the distance between data
relative to the original position, but maintains
the spatial relationship and relative distance
between transformed data. A scale factor is
obtained by dividing the distance on a map
plane between a specific station and any point
nearby by the distance on the surface of the
ellipsoid.
2.1.2
Mercator
A mercator projection wraps a cylinder around an ellipsoid parallel
to the polar axis. A planar position can be obtained by drawing a
straight line from the center of the ellipsoid through a point on the
ellipsoid to the cylinder. Distances between two points on the ellipsoid and the cylinder are equal, creating standard parallels.
2-4
Spectrum Survey

values.
system.
system.
ellipsoid.
2.1.3
Oblique Mercator
The oblique mercator projection encloses an ellipsoid into a cylinder
angled from the ellipsoids polar axis. Rotating the ellipsoids origin
point and intersecting the side of the cylinder creates a reference
meridian. Each point is transferred to the cylinder by expanding the
radius created from the center of the ellipsoid to the point. The distance on the plane between two points on a circle touching both the
Spectrum Survey
2-5
ellipsoid and the cylinder equals the distance on the ellipsoid. Varying the diameter of the cylinder reduces the scale error for the target
area in other projection methods.
For ease in mapping, the N axis passes through the skew coordinate
origin located near the equator. The N axis is parallel to the reference
meridian created by the origin intersecting the ellipsoid and the cylinder. The E axis also passes through the skew coordinate origin
directly perpendicular to the N axis. However in some countries, the
direction of the N axis is defined as the one parallel to the meridian at
the skew origin projected on the plane.
values.
system.
system.
ScaleFactor................. This field changes the distance between data
between transformed data.
SkewAzimuth ........... This field indicates the angular deviation from
polar North to the user-defined North.
2-6
Spectrum Survey
2.1.4
Lambert projection with one parallel

A Lambert projection with one parallel transforms the ellipsoid into a
cone, centering the apex of the cone to one of the ellipsoids poles. A
standard parallel is created by intersecting a line from the center of
the ellipsoid, through a point on the ellipsoid to the cones surface.
The origin is on this standard parallel. To extend the target area and
decrease the scale error, the cone can be sunken into the ellipsoid.

values.
system.
system.
ellipsoid.
Spectrum Survey
2-7
2.1.5
Lambert projection with two parallels

The Lambert projection with two parallels transforms the ellipsoid
into a cone, centering the apex of the cone to one of the ellipsoids
poles. Points on the cones surface relate to the ellipsoid in a direct
one to one relationship. The scale error can be decreased by moving
the cones apex further in to the ellipsoid, creating two parallels (also
called standard parallels). You can obtain a plane by cutting the cone
and opening it.

values.
system.
system.
NorthParallel............. The northern parallel of latitude defining the
projected area.
SouthParallel............. The southern parallel of latitude defining the
projected area.
2-8
Spectrum Survey
2.2
Local Datums
Generally, a horizontal coordinate used in geodetic surveying is
based on the geodetic coordinate system defined by the astronomic
latitude and longitude at the datum origin in each country, and the
astronomic azimuth to a specific control point from the datum origin.
However, the height (elevation) of the point is referenced to an established mean sea level (elevation 0 meters) at a specific tide observation station.
In each country, an ellipsoid of revolution (called the reference ellipsoid), approximating the shape and size of the Earth, is fixed. The
normal lines on the ellipsoid surface are matched to the lines of vertical at the datum origin (the latitude and longitude, given by astronomic observation are taken as the geodetic ellipsoidal coordinates of
the datum origin on the ellipsoid). Moreover, the ellipsoid is fixed relative to the Earth so that the ellipsoid surface passes through the
datum origin at elevation 0 (zero) meters. The horizontal position of a
point in the survey network is expressed as the latitude and longitude on the surface of this reference ellipsoid. Spectrum Survey uses
WGS84 to define the earth in a single coordinate system.
Earth
Reference Ellipsoid 1
Datum Origin 1
Reference Ellipsoid 2
Datum Origin 2
Spectrum Survey
2-9
2.2.1
Actual Earth and Local Datums

Though a detailed description will be omitted here, the three axes (Z
axis extending from the center of the reference ellipsoids to the North
Pole, X axis toward longitude 0 East and Y axis toward longitude 90
East on the equator from the ellipsoid center) for various geodetic
datums are almost parallel. The coordinate system comprising the X,
Y, and Z axis that take the center of reference ellipsoids as their origins is called the earth-centered cartesian coordinate system.
Coordinates obtained by GPS are based on a globally defined geodetic datum called, WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984). The geodetic datum defined in each country is called the local geodetic
datum to distinguish it from global geodetic datum.
ZW
ZL
WGS84 Ellipsoid
Ellipsoid of local
Geodetic Datum
YL
XW
XL
Earth-centered, Cartesian coordinates of stations based on these local

geodetic datums can be transformed to earth-centered, Cartesian
coordinates of the WGS84 datum. Transformation parameters for this
transformation (and its inverse) for each local datum are officially
published. You can use the published transformation parameters to
edit the local datum in Spectrum Survey. For specific information, see
Subsection 2.2, Local Datums, Page 2-9.
2-10
Spectrum Survey
Spectrum Survey uses the following equation to transform the

WGS84 to a new local datum.
xw
xl
s rz ry
xl
dx
=
+
+
yw
yl
rz s rx
yl
dy
zw
zl
ry rx s
zl
dz
Xw, Yw, Zw ................ Earth-centered, Cartesian coordinates of
WGS84 datum
XL, YL, ZL .................. Earth-centered Cartesian coordinates of local
geodetic datum

2.3
Note: The rotation parameters in the equation are expressed in

radians.
Geoid Models
A geoid model is used to describe the varying elevation in the survey
area. The geoid is defined with its center corresponding to the true
center of the earth; its surface is an equipotential surface. The geoid is
the surface commonly chosen for leveling datums. The shape of this
surface is related to the earths mass distribution, and therefore, var-
Spectrum Survey
2-11
ies from point to point. The variation is know as the geoidal undulation. Geoid models consist of a collection of gravity measurements
describing the geoidal undulation in a specific area.
h = ellipsoidal height
H = orthometric height
N = Geoidal height
Earths surface
H
h
Geoid
N
Ellipsoid
2.3.1
Height Transformation
The term elevation in surveying refers to the height from the geoid
surface. Although the geoid surface is a surface at elevation 0 (zero)
meters, the surface is not a geometrically curved surface such as the
reference ellipsoid, and has irregularities due to unevenness in the
density of material within the Earth (in places, this irregularity
reaches almost 100 meters). The direction of the vertical at a station
on the Earths surface (direction of gravity) matches the normal lines
of a geoid surface located immediately below the station. The relationship between the geoid and the reference ellipsoid described in
Subsection 2.2, Local Datums, Page 2-9 is represented in the figure
below.
2-12
Spectrum Survey
Station
Deflection of Vertical
Earths Surface
Elevation
Ellipsoidal Height
Geoid Surface
Geoid Height
Vertical
Ellipsoid Surface
The difference between the normal lines on the surface of the reference ellipsoid passing through the station and the direction of the
angle of the vertical is called the deflection of vertical, and is divided
into a North-South component and an East-West component. The
height from the ellipsoid surface to the station is called the ellipsoidal
height, the height from the geoid surface to the station is called the
elevation, and the height from the ellipsoid surface to the geoid surface is called the geoid height.
The elevations obtained using 3-dimensional network adjustment
carried out in Spectrum Survey assume that the geoid surface is parallel to the ellipsoid surface (geoid height is constant for the project
area). If additional parameters for vertical distortion are used, the elevations assume that changes in the geoid height are linear (inclination
is taken into account).
Accordingly, if the actual state of the geoid surface at the area where
network adjustment is carried out is more complex than assumed,
precise elevations cannot be obtained.
Spectrum Survey
2-13
2-14
Spectrum Survey
Section 3
Spectrum Survey Coordinate

Systems
Before data can be displayed, a map projection must be defined.
When you are consistently working in the same area, this map
projection need only be defined at the initial set-up. In Spectrum
Survey, data is stored in WGS84 format (latitude, longitude, and
height). To view it, you will need to select a map projection. The map
projection software which has been incorporated into Spectrum Survey
is designed to support different map projections plus State Plane
Coordinate Systems (based on NAD27 and NAD83). Also included is
a database of datum templates based upon pre-defined ellipsoids.
Using this database, all map projections can be customized and given
user-defined names except for State Plane Coordinate System
projections. The map projection selected should be based upon the
datum used in your area, and therefore may require customization to
ensure an accurate graphical representation.
This appendix describes the steps involved in customizing the
coordinate systems aspect of your work environment. If you do not
choose a coordinate system, the default selection will be used.
3.1
Coordinate System Selection

First, invoke the Coordinate System Selection dialog to select or
define a datum and map projection by selecting Edit | Coordinate
System.
Spectrum Survey
3-1
Select a coordinate system and click on <OK> to make it the new

default. If the list does not include the coordinate system you desire,
click on <Add>. If you wish to remove a coordinate system from this
list, select it and click on <Delete>. You can also edit a map projection
by selecting it and clicking on <Edit>; this action leads to the
appropriate configuration dialog, where you can enter changes
directly into the appropriate fields.
Important: It is recommended that only advanced users edit
these configurations.
You may add as many coordinate systems as you want. When you set
up customized datums, a usrdatum.dat file will be created. When
you set up customized map projections, a usrprj.dat file will be
created. Without these files, GPS data cannot be displayed correctly.
These two files can be found in the SpecSurv subdirectory (For
example, C:\Sokkia\SpecSurv). If you wish to add your new
coordinate system to the data collector, then you need to transfer
these two files to the data collector using Sokkias Planning software.
3-2
Spectrum Survey
If you clicked on <Add> in the Coordinate System Selection dialog,

the Map Projection Definition dialog will appear.
3.1.1
Map Projection Templates

When you add a map projection template from the Map Projection
Definition dialog, or edit a template from the Coordinate System
Selection dialog, the templates configuration editor dialog appears.
The typical editor dialog will look something like the one for the
Polyconic Configuration from which you can rename the projection,
change the datum, change the projection units, and change certain
other parameters.
Spectrum Survey
3-3
Three templates have editors that are completely different: SPC,

UTM, and LCLGRID.
State Plane Template

If you choose the SPC (State Plane) template, the State Plane
Configuration dialog appears.
The State Plane Configuration dialog is used to create map

projections based on the State Plane coordinate system (U.S. only).
In the Zone fields, drop-down boxes allow you to choose the desired
state plane either by its name or FIPS (Federal Information Processing
Standard) Zone number. For your convenience, all state plane zones
are also listed in Table 5, FIPS Zone Numbers, on Page 4-6. The example
below shows the State Plane Zone for Alabama (East).
3-4
Spectrum Survey
UTM Template
If you select the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) template, the
UTM Configuration dialog will appear.
There are three radio buttons labeled Auto, Manual, and Zone;
clicking on each of these buttons will change the dialog. Note that if
you click on the Zone radio button, you will need to enter a Zone
Number; to compute the proper value, follow these steps:
Spectrum Survey
1.
Add 180 to your longitude (Lon) where (180 < Lon < 180)
2.
Divide the result in #1 above by 6
3.
Round up the result in #2 above to the nearest whole number
3-5
Example:
If the longitude is -115, adding 180 yields 65; dividing by 6 yields
10.833; and rounding to the nearest whole number yields the value of
11.
Local Grid Template

The LCLGRID (Local Grid) template allows you to work on a flat
plane which can be translated, rotated and scaled in order to give you
a new north reference from which to work.
If you select the LCLGRID template, the Local Grid Configuration
dialog will appear.
First, choose the template you want your local grid to be based on.
There is a drop-down list, which includes your current templates. If
you choose to use UTM, then its template must be set to Zone, which
is explained in the subsection State Plane Template, Page 3-4. The only
template that cannot be used is GEO. Next, decide on a display
reference. The Display Ref field also has a drop-down list of your
current templates, and, in this case, it is permissible to choose GEO.
The default is Same As Based On.
3-6
Spectrum Survey
The Coordinate List portion of the dialog consists of multiple rows

for the following fields:
Name........................... name of the point
Ref X ........................... X reference of named point in the Based On
coordinate system (Note: depending on the
selected map projection, this field may instead
appear as Latitude)
Ref Y ........................... Y reference of named point in the Based On
coordinate system (Note: depending on the
selected map projection, this field may instead
appear as Longitude)
Local X ........................ X coordinate of named point in you local grid
Local Y ........................ Y coordinate of named point in you local grid
Res X ........................... computed residual value or quality of fit for
your X coordinate
Res Y ........................... computed residual value or quality of fit for
your Y coordinate
You cannot enter the Res X and Res Y values as these are computed
after all your entries are filled in and you click on <Compute>. Note
that these values will always be zero until a redundant number of
points are available in the configuration (3 or more).
As an example, consider the map shown in Figure 3-1. If we let the
point named South be our (0,0) coordinate then we can draw a line
through the point labeled CDC. This line (South CDC) then
becomes our local North (or Y) axis. A line drawn perpendicular to
Spectrum Survey
3-7
the South CDC line becomes our local East (or X) axis. Now we
have a local grid from which to calculate all the coordinates of our
other points.
Figure 3-1: Local Grid Example
The Ref X and Ref Y (or Lat/Long) coordinates can be worked out, or
in this case imported from a previous survey. To import points and
their X and Y reference coordinates click on <Import> from the Local
Grid Configuration dialog. The Point Import dialog appears.
3-8
Spectrum Survey
In the List Files of Type field there are several choices (depending on
which module you are in):
Current project.................................. lists points in the current project
Control Points file............................ lists points in global database
Navigation file (*.nav)..................... lists points in a navigation file
Planning file (*.pln) ......................... lists points in a Sokkia Planning
software project file
Spectrum Survey file (*.spr)........... lists points in a Spectrum Survey
project file
Highlight the file you wish to use and import at least two points (to
define the North axis). When you are finished importing files, click
<Close> to return to the Local Grid Configuration dialog box.
In the Local Grid Configuration dialog box, fill in the Local X and
Local Y values for each point that you imported. These values are the
points new coordinates along the new axes. Click on the checkbox
beside each points name to select or deselect the point; those with a
check mark will be used to define the grid, while the ones without the
check mark will have their coordinates defined in terms of the grid.
When you have entered the required values in the Local Grid
Configuration dialog, click on <Compute>. The local transformation
parameters will be computed and the Res X and Res Y values for
each point will be shown. These residual values provide a good
estimate of the fit between your defined local grid system and the
reference system. The RMS value reflects only those points that were
used to define the grid.
Spectrum Survey
3-9
Click on <OK> when you are satisfied; your local grid template is
now ready to work with.
3-10
Spectrum Survey
3.2
Datum & Ellipsoid Selection

In each map projection editor dialog (except for that of Local Grid),
click on the ellipsis <...> button to the right of the Datum Selected
field to open the Datum Selection dialog.
Spectrum Survey
3-11
If the desired datum does not appear, click on <Add> in the Datum
Selection dialog to bring up the Datum Definition dialog.
For information on which datum to choose, see Table 1, Supported Map

Projections, on Page 4-1. The available datums are also listed in Table 2,
Datum Templates (Local Geodetic to WGS84) - Three Parameter, on Page 42.
3-12
Spectrum Survey
Selecting a new datum from the Datum Definition dialog brings up

the Datum Editor dialog, which enables you to adjust various
parameters.
Important: It is recommended that only advanced users edit

these configurations.
If you modify any of the fields in the Rotation section to a value that
is greater than 10 arcseconds, a warning dialog will display the
message "Very large datum rotation value(s) have been provided.
Please confirm these entries." Select <OK> to continue with the value
you entered or <Cancel> to return to the Datum Editor dialog box
and enter a new value.
The available ellipsoids are also listed in Table 4, Predefined Ellipsoids,
on Page 4-4.
Spectrum Survey
3-13
Section 4
Map Projection, Ellipsoid and Datum

Tables
The tables in this section show the supported map projections, the
available datums and the available ellipsoids. For information on
how to use these tables please see Section 3, Spectrum Survey Coordinate Systems, Page 3-1. The supported map projections are described
in Table 1.
Table 1: Supported Map Projections
Spectrum Survey
Name
Description
ALASKA
Alaska (Conformal Stereographic Modified)
AZMEQD
Azimuthal Equidistant
EQUIDC
Equidistant Conic (1 standard parallel)
GEO
Geographic
HEOV
Hungarian EOV
HOMA
Hotine Oblique Mercator (2 points)
HOMB
Hotine Oblique Mercator (Azimuth Angle)
KROV
Krovak
LAMAZ
Lambert Azimuthal (equal-area)
LCC
Lambert Conformal Conic
LCLGRID
Local Grid
LV
Swiss LV
MERC
Mercator
NZGRID
New Zealand Map Grid
POLYC
Polyconic
PS
Polar Stereographic
SPC
State Plane
STERDOUB
Stereographic Double
STEREO
Stereographic
TM
Transverse Mercator (TM)
UTM
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
4-1
Table 2: Datum Templates (Local Geodetic to WGS84) - Three Parameter

Long Name
Short Name
Ellipsoid
DX
DY
DZ
Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
ABUDHABI
Clarke 1880
-249
-156
381
Adindan (Ethopia, Mali, Senegal & Sudan)
ADIND
Clarke 1880
-162
-12
206
ARC 1950 (SW & SE Africa)
ARC50
Clarke 1880
-143
-90
-294
ARC 1960 (Kenya, Tanzania)
ARC60
Clarke 1880
-160
-8
-300
Australian Geodetic Datum 1966
AGD66
Australian National
-133
-48
148
Australian Geodetic Datum 1984
AGD84
Australian National
-134
-48
149
Bukit Rimpah (Indonesia)
BUKIT
Bessel 1841
-384
664
-48
Camp Area Astro (Antarctica)
ASTRO
International 1924
-104
-129
239
Chatum 1971 (New Zealand)
CHATM
International 1924
175
-38
113
Carthage (Tunisia)
CARTH
Clarke 1880
-263
431
CAPE (South Africa)
CAPE
Clarke 1880
-136
-108
-292
CH1903+ (Swiss LV95)
CH1903+
Bessel 1841
675
15
406
Datum Geodesi Nasional 1995 (Indonesia)
DGN95
GRS80
0.0
0.0
0.0
Djakarta (Indonesia)
DJAKA
Bessel 1841
-377
681
-50
Old Egyptian
EGYPT
Helmert 1906
-130
110
-13
European 1950
ED50
International 1924
-87
-98
-121
European 1979
ED79
International 1924
-86
-98
-119
G. Segara (Kalimantan - Indonesia)
GUNSG
Bessel 1841
-403
684
41
Geodetic Datum 1949 (New Zealand)
GEO49
Australian National
84
-22
209
Geodetic Datum of Australia 1994
GDA94
GRS80
0.0
0.0
0.0
Great Britain 1936 (Ordnance Survey)
GRB36
Airy 1830
375
-111
431
Guam 1963 (Guam Island)
GUAM
Clarke 1866
-100
-248
259
Hawaiian Hawaii (Old)
HAWAII
International 1924
89
-279
-183
Hawaiian Kauai (Old)
KAUAI
International 1924
45
-290
-172
Hawaiian Maui (Old)
MAUI
International 1924
65
-290
-190
Hawaiian Oahu (Old)
OAHU
International 1924
56
-284
-181
Herat North (Afghanistan)
HERAT
International 1924
-333
-222
114
Hjorsey 1955 (Iceland)
HJORS
International 1924
-73
46
-86
Hong Kong 1963
HONGK
International 1924
-156
-271
-189
4-2
Spectrum Survey
Long Name
Short Name
Ellipsoid
DX
DY
DZ
Hu-Tzu-Shan (Taiwan)
HUTZU
International 1924
-634
-549
-201
India (India, Nepal, Bangladesh)
INDIA
Everest (India 1830)
289
734
257
Ireland 1965
IRE65
Modified Airy
506
-122
611
Kertau 1948 (West Malaysia and Singapore)
KERTA
Everest (MS)
-11
851
Kandawala (Sri Lanka)
KANDA
-97
787
86
Liberia 1964
LIBER
Clarke 1880
-90
40
88
Luzon (Philippines excluding Mindanoa Is.)
LUZON
Clarke 1866
-133
-771
-51
Mindanoa Island
MINDA
Clarke 1866
-133
-70
-72
Merchich (Morocco)
MERCH
Clarke 1880
31
146
47
Nahrwan (Saudi Arabia)
NAHR
Clarke 1880
-231
-196
482
N. American 1983 (Includes Areas 37-42)
NAD83
GRS80
N. American Canada 1927
CANADA
Clarke 1866
-10
158
187
N. American Alaska 1927
ALASKA
Clarke 1866
-5
135
172
N. American Conus 1927
NAD27
Clarke 1866
-8
160
176
N. American Caribbean
CARIBB
Clarke 1866
-7
152
178
N. American Mexico
MEXICO
Clarke 1866
-12
130
190
N. American Central America
CAMER
Clarke 1866
125
194
New Zealand Grid Datum 1949
NZGD49
International 1924
84
-22
209
Nigeria (Minna)
MINNA
Clarke 1880
-92
-93
122
Oman
OMAN
Clarke 1880
-346
-1
224
Pakistan (Grid I/IIA)
PAKIST
GRS80
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands
PUERTO
Clarke 1866
11
72
-101
Qornoq (South Greenland)
QORNO
International 1924
164
138
-189
Rome 1940 Sardinia Island
ROME
International 1924
-255
-65
Singapore (SVY-95)
SVY-95
GRS80
South American Chua Astro (Paraguay)
CHUA
International 1924
-134
229
-29
South American (Provisional 1956)
SAM56
International 1924
-288
175
-376
South American 1969
SAM69
S. American 1969
-57
-41
S. American Campo Inchauspe (Argentina)
CAMPO
International 1924
-148
136
90
South American Corrego Alegre (Brazil)
SACOR
International 1924
-206
172
-6
Spectrum Survey
4-3
Long Name
Short Name
Ellipsoid
DX
DY
DZ
South American Yacare (Uruguay)
YACAR
International 1924
-155
171
37
Tananarive Observatory 1925 (Madagascar)
TANAN
International 1924
-189
-242
-91
Thailand
THAI
-206
837
295
Timbalai (Brunei and East Malaysia) 1948
TIMBA
Everest (BM)
-689
691
-46
Tokyo (Japan, Korea and Okinawa)
TOKYO
Bessel 1841
-128
481
664
Tristan Astro 1968 (Tristan du Cunha)
TRIST
International 1924
-632
438
-609
Viti Levu 1916 (Fiji Islands)
VITI
Clarke 1880
51
391
-36
Wake-Eniwetok (Marshall Islands)
WAK60
Hough 1960
101
52
-39
World Geodetic System - 1972
WGS72
WGS72
4.5
World Geodetic System - 1984
WGS84
WGS84
Zanderij (Surinam)
ZANDE
International 1924
-265
120
-358
Table 3: Datum Templates (Local Geodetic to WGS84) - Seven Parameter

Long Name
Short Name
Ellipsoid
DX
DY
DZ
RX
RY
RZ
Beijing 54
BEIJING
Krassovsky
-126
-226
CHI903 (Swiss LV03)
CHI903
Bessel 1841
660
HD-72 (Hungarian EOV)
HD-72
GRS67
Lebanon
LEB
S-JTSK (System of
Unified Cadastral
Triangulation Network)
-148
-5
14
14
369
-19
-7
-12
-1
Clarke 1880
184
131
238
17
12
11
-8
S-JTSK
Bessel 1841
574
119
422
-7
-1
-5
South Korean Datum
SOUTH KOREA
Bessel 1841
-126
478
659
-2
-2
Tunis (Carthage34)
TUNIS
Clarke
1880-IGN
229
102
-314
-10
Table 4: Predefined Ellipsoids

Name
Description
a (meters)
b (meters)
Airy 1830
Airy 1830
6377563.39600
6356256.910000
ATS-77
ATS-77
6378135.00000
6356750.30492203
a = semi-major axis (in meters)

b = semi-minor axis (in meters)
4-4
Spectrum Survey
Name
Description
a (meters)
b (meters)
Australian National
Australian National
6378160.00000
6356774.719000
Bessel 1841
Bessel 1841
6377397.15500
6356078.962840
China 54
China 54
6378245.00000
6356863.018770
Clarke 1866
Clarke 1866
6378206.40000
6356583.800000
Clarke 1880
Clarke 1880
6378249.14500
6356514.869550
Clarke 1880-IGN
Clarke 1880-IGN
6378249.20000
6356514.999900
Clarke 1880 modified
Clarke 1880 modified
6378306.06400
6356757.924000
Everest (BM)
Everest modified (Brunei & East Malaysia)
6377298.55600
6356097.550000
6377276.34520
6356075.413300
Everest (MS)
Everest modified (West Malaysia & Singapore)
6377304.06300
6356103.039000
GRS 1980/WGS84
GRS 1980/WGS84
6378137.00000
6356752.314140
GRS 67
GRS 67
6378160.00000
6356774.516090
Helmert 1906
Helmert 1906
6378200.00000
6356818.169000
Hough 1960
Hough 1960
6378270.00000
6356794.343479
International 1924
International 1924
6378388.00000
6356911.946130
International 1967
International 1967
6378157.50000
6356772.200000
Krassovsky
Krassovsky
6378245.00000
6356863.018800
Mercury 1960
Mercury 1960
6378166.00000
6356784.283666
Mercury 1968
Mercury 1968 modified
6378150.00000
6356768.337303
Modified Airy
Modified Airy
6377340.18900
6356034.448000
S. American 1969
South American 1969
6378160.00000
6356774.719000
South-East Asia
South-East Asia
6378155.00000
6356773.320500
Sphere
Sphere (Radius 6370997 meters)
6370997.00000
6370997.000000
Walbeck
Walbeck
6378137.00000
6356752.314245
WGS 66
WGS 66
6378145.00000
6356759.769356
WGS 72
WGS 72
6378135.00000
6356750.519915
Xian 80
Xian 80
6378140.00000
6356755.288160
Zagreb
Zagreb
63777397.155
63563563.61765
a = semi-major axis (in meters)

b = semi-minor axis (in meters)
Spectrum Survey
4-5
These Zone Numbers are needed when you are editing the State Plane Configuration dialog box
in the subsection State Plane Template, Page 3-4.
Table 5: FIPS Zone Numbers
5001
NAD27
ALASKA ZONE NO. 1
H.O.M.
5001
NAD83
ALASKA ZONE NO. 1
H.O.M.
5010
ALASKA ZONE NO. 10
L.C.C.
5010
ALASKA ZONE NO. 10
L.C.C.
5300
301
AMERICAN SAMOA
ARKANSAS NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
301
302
ARKANSAS NORTH
ARKANSAS SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
302
ARKANSAS SOUTH
L.C.C.
401
CALIFORNIA I
L.C.C.
401
402
CALIFORNIA I
CALIFORNIA II
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
402
403
CALIFORNIA II
CALIFORNIA III
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
403
CALIFORNIA III
L.C.C.
404
CALIFORNIA IV
L.C.C.
404
405
CALIFORNIA IV
CALIFORNIAV
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
405
406
CALIFORNIA V
CALIFORNIAVI
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
406
CALIFORNIAVI
L.C.C.
502
COLORADO CENTRAL
L.C.C.
407
502
CALIFORNIAVII
COLORADO CENTRAL
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
501
503
COLORADO NORTH
COLORADO SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
501
COLORADO NORTH
L.C.C.
600
CONNECTICUT
L.C.C.
503
600
COLORADO SOUTH
CONNECTICUT
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
903
1401
FLORIDA NORTH
IOWA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
903
FLORIDA NORTH
L.C.C.
1402
IOWA SOUTH
L.C.C.
1401
1402
IOWA NORTH
IOWA SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
1501
1502
KANSAS NORTH
KANSAS SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
1501
KANSAS NORTH
L.C.C.
1601
KENTUCKY NORTH
L.C.C.
1502
1601
KANSAS SOUTH
KENTUCKY NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
1602
1701
KENTUCKY SOUTH
LOUISIANA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
1602
KENTUCKY SOUTH
L.C.C.
1703
LOUISIANA OFFSHORE
L.C.C.
1701
1703
LOUISIANA NORTH
LOUISIANA OFFSHORE
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
1702
1900
LOUISIANA SOUTH
MARYLAND
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
1702
LOUISIANA SOUTH
L.C.C.
2002
MASSACHUSETTS ISLAND
L.C.C.
1900
2002
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS ISLAND
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
2001
2112
MASSACHUSETTS MAINLAND
MICHIGAN CENTRAL/L
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
2001
MASSACHUSETTS MAINLAND
L.C.C.
2111
MICHIGAN NORTH
L.C.C.
2112
2111
MICHIGAN CENTRAL/L
MICHIGAN NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
2113
2202
MICHIGAN SOUTH
MINNESOTA CENTRAL
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
2113
MICHIGAN SOUTH
L.C.C.
2201
MINNESOTA NORTH
L.C.C.
2202
2201
MINNESOTA CENTRAL
MINNESOTA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
2203
2500
MINNESOTA SOUTH
MONTANA
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
2203
MINNESOTA SOUTH
L.C.C.
2600
NEBRASKA
L.C.C.
H.O.M. = Hotine oblique mercator, L.C.C. = Lambert conformal conic, T.M. = Transverse mercator, P = Polyconic
4-6
Spectrum Survey

NAD27
NAD83
2502
2501
MONTANA CENTRAL
MONTANA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3104
3200
NEW YORK LONG ISLAND

NORTH CAROLINA
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
2503
MONTANA SOUTH
L.C.C.
3301
NORTH DAKOTA NORTH
L.C.C.
2601
2602
NEBRASKA NORTH
NEBRASKA SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3302
3401
NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH

OHIO NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3104
NEW YORK LONG ISLAND
L.C.C.
3402
OHIO SOUTH
L.C.C.
3200
3301
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3501
3502
OKLAHOMA NORTH
OKLAHOMA SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3302
NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH
L.C.C.
3601
OREGON NORTH
L.C.C.
3401
3402
OHIO NORTH
OHIO SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3602
3701
OREGON SOUTH
PENNSYLVANIA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3501
OKLAHOMA NORTH
L.C.C.
3702
PENNSYLVANIA SOUTH
L.C.C.
3502
3601
OKLAHOMA SOUTH
OREGON NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
5200
3900
PUERTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS L.C.C.

SOUTH CAROLINA
L.C.C.
3602
OREGON SOUTH
L.C.C.
4001
SOUTH DAKOTA NORTH
3701
PENNSYLVANIA NORTH
L.C.C.
4002
SOUTH DAKOTA SOUTH
L.C.C.
3702
5201
PENNSYLVANIA SOUTH
L.C.C.
PUERTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS L.C.C.
4100
4203
TENNESSEE
TEXAS CENTRAL
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
3901
SOUTH CAROLINA NORTH
L.C.C.
4201
TEXAS NORTH
L.C.C.
3902
4001
SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH

SOUTH DAKOTA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4202
4205
TEXAS N. CENTRAL
TEXAS SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4002
SOUTH DAKOTA SOUTH
L.C.C.
4204
TEXAS S. CENTRAL
L.C.C.
4100
4203
TENNESSEE
TEXAS CENTRAL
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4302
4301
UTAH CENTRAL
UTAH NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4201
TEXAS NORTH
L.C.C.
4303
UTAH SOUTH
L.C.C.
4202
4205
TEXAS N. CENTRAL
TEXAS SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4501
4502
VIRGINIA NORTH
VIRGINIA SOUTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4204
TEXAS S. CENTRAL
L.C.C.
4601
WASHINGTON NORTH
L.C.C.
4302
4301
UTAH CENTRAL
UTAH NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4602
4701
WASHINGTON SOUTH
WEST VIRGINIA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4303
UTAH SOUTH
L.C.C.
4702
WEST VIRGINIA SOUTH
L.C.C.
5202
4501
VIRGIN ISLANDS ST. CROIX

VIRGINIA NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4802
4801
WISCONSIN CENTRAL
WISCONSIN NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
4502
VIRGINIA SOUTH
L.C.C.
4803
WISCONSIN SOUTH
L.C.C.
4601
WASHINGTON NORTH
L.C.C.
101
ALABAMA EAST
T.M.
4602
WASHINGTON SOUTH
L.C.C.
102
ALABAMA WEST
T.M.
4701
WEST VIRGINIA NORTH
L.C.C.
5002
ALASKA ZONE NO. 2
T.M.
4702
WEST VIRGINIA SOUTH
L.C.C.
5003
ALASKA ZONE NO. 3
T.M.
Spectrum Survey
4-7

NAD27
NAD83
4802
4801
WISCONSIN CENTRAL
WISCONSIN NORTH
L.C.C.
L.C.C.
5004
5005
ALASKA ZONE NO. 4

ALASKA ZONE NO. 5
T.M.
T.M.
4803
WISCONSIN SOUTH
L.C.C.
5006
ALASKA ZONE NO. 6
T.M.
5400
101
GUAM ISLAND
ALABAMA EAST
P
T.M.
5007
5008
ALASKA ZONE NO. 7

ALASKA ZONE NO. 8
T.M.
T.M.
102
ALABAMA WEST
T.M.
5009
ALASKA ZONE NO. 9
T.M.
5002
5003
ALASKA ZONE NO. 2

ALASKA ZONE NO. 3
T.M.
T.M.
202
201
ARIZONA CENTRAL
ARIZONA EAST
T.M.
T.M.
5004
ALASKA ZONE NO. 4
T.M.
203
ARIZONA WEST
T.M.
5005
5006
ALASKA ZONE NO. 5

ALASKA ZONE NO. 6
T.M.
T.M.
700
901
DELAWARE
FLORIDA EAST
T.M.
T.M.
5007
ALASKA ZONE NO. 7
T.M.
902
FLORIDA WEST
T.M.
5008
5009
ALASKA ZONE NO. 8

ALASKA ZONE NO. 9
T.M.
T.M.
1001
1002
GEORGIA EAST
GEORGIA WEST
T.M.
T.M.
202
ARIZONA CENTRAL
T.M.
5101
HAWAII1
T.M.
201
ARIZONA EAST
T.M.
5102
HAWAII2
T.M.
203
700
ARIZONA WEST
DELAWARE
T.M.
T.M.
5103
5104
HAWAII3
HAWAII4
T.M.
T.M.
901
FLORIDA EAST
T.M.
5105
HAWAII5
T.M.
902
1001
FLORIDA WEST
GEORGIA EAST
T.M.
T.M.
1102
1101
IDAHO CENTRAL
IDAHO EAST
T.M.
T.M.
1002
GEORGIA WEST
T.M.
1103
IDAHO WEST
T.M.
5101
5102
HAWAII1
HAWAII2
T.M.
T.M.
1201
1202
ILLINOIS EAST
ILLINOIS WEST
T.M.
T.M.
5103
HAWAII3
T.M.
1301
INDIANA EAST
T.M.
5104
5105
HAWAII4
HAWAII5
T.M.
T.M.
1302
1801
INDIANA WEST
MAINE EAST
T.M.
T.M.
1102
IDAHO CENTRAL
T.M.
1802
MAINE WEST
T.M.
1101
1103
IDAHO EAST
IDAHO WEST
T.M.
T.M.
2301
2302
MISSISSIPPI EAST
MISSISSIPPI WEST
T.M.
T.M.
1201
ILLINOIS EAST
T.M.
2402
MISSOURI CENTRAL
T.M.
1202
1301
ILLINOIS WEST
INDIANA EAST
T.M.
T.M.
2401
2403
MISSOURI EAST
MISSOURI WEST
T.M.
T.M.
1302
INDIANA WEST
T.M.
2702
NEVADA CENTRAL
T.M.
1801
MAINE EAST
T.M.
2701
NEVADA EAST
T.M.
1802
MAINE WEST
T.M.
2703
NEVADA WEST
T.M.
2102
MICHIGAN CENTRAL/M
T.M.
2800
NEW HAMPSHIRE
T.M.
2101
MICHIGAN EAST
T.M.
2900
NEW JERSEY
T.M.
4-8
Spectrum Survey

NAD27
2103
2301
NAD83
MICHIGAN WEST
MISSISSIPPI EAST
T.M.
T.M.
3002
3001
NEW MEXICO CENTRAL

NEW MEXICO EAST
T.M.
T.M.
2302
MISSISSIPPI WEST
T.M.
3003
NEW MEXICO WEST
T.M.
2402
2401
MISSOURI CENTRAL
MISSOURI EAST
T.M.
T.M.
3102
3101
NEW YORK CENTRAL

NEW YORK EAST
T.M.
T.M.
2403
MISSOURI WEST
T.M.
3103
NEW YORK WEST
T.M.
2702
2701
NEVADA CENTRAL
NEVADA EAST
T.M.
T.M.
3800
4400
RHODE ISLAND
VERMONT
T.M.
T.M.
2703
NEVADA WEST
T.M.
4901
WYOMING EAST
T.M.
2800
2900
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
T.M.
T.M.
4902
4904
WYOMING E. CENTRAL
WYOMING WEST
T.M.
T.M.
3002
NEW MEXICO CENTRAL
T.M.
4903
WYOMING W. CENTRAL
T.M.
3001
3003
NEW MEXICO EAST

NEW MEXICO WEST
T.M.
T.M.
3102
NEW YORK CENTRAL
T.M.
3101
NEW YORK EAST
T.M.
3103
3800
NEW YORK WEST

RHODE ISLAND
T.M.
T.M.
4400
VERMONT
T.M.
4901
4902
WYOMING EAST
WYOMING E. CENTRAL
T.M.
T.M.
4904
WYOMING WEST
T.M.
4903
WYOMING W. CENTRAL
T.M.
Spectrum Survey
4-9
4-10
Spectrum Survey
Section 5
System Messages
This appendix describes the various system messages that
Spectrum Survey generates. Spectrum Survey provides three types
of messages to provide information:
5.1
import messages
adjustment messages
system messages
Import Messages
Spectrum Survey checks for deficiencies in the contents of each solution file prior to import. Import messages inform you of issues associated with importing based on both Spectrum Surveys logical import
checks and the import tolerances you set. These import checks verify
your data before saving the point and vector information to the
project database.
For more information on Spectrum Surveys logical import check

and setting import limits, refer to Chapter 7 of the Spectrum Survey Reference Manual.
Message
Spectrum Survey
Description
Vector has duplicate endpoints
The solution file in question does not have

two unique points in it.
The number of points imported into

the project exceeds the limit of
1000.
Spectrum Survey project databases cannot

contain more than 1000 different point IDs.
The project is too large and should be subdivided.
5-1
Message
Description
The number of vectors connected

to point **** exceeds the limit of
120.
No more than 120 vectors may be associated with any one point ID in Spectrum Survey.
The TO point has too many characters
The solution files TO point ID exceeds four

characters. Return to the originating program and reconcile the point ID to four
characters.
The FROM point has too many

characters
The solution files FROM point ID exceeds

four characters. Return to the originating
program and reconcile the point ID to four
characters.
The TO point ID may be incorrect.

Its position is near the following
point(s)...
The proximity of the point in question to

other points is too close. Ensure that the
point is a unique point.
The FROM point ID may be incorrect. Its position is near the following point(s)...
5.2
The proximity of the point in question to

other points is too close. Ensure that the
point is a unique point.
Mismatches between this SGL file

and existing data (will include a
detailed description of the error
components)
Either the minimum point proximity or

maximum distance for matching point
IDs limit has been exceeded. The error
description will indicate which limit has
caused the error.
Mismatches between this SGL file

and existing data. This SGL file
has already been imported into this
network
The solution file in question has already

been imported into the project database.
Adjustment Messages
When the network adjustment is started, the input data will be
checked as much as possible before the actual adjustment is performed. If any error is detected in this logical check, an error message
will be displayed on the screen explaining the nature of the error
detected.
5-2
Spectrum Survey
If any error is found after the logical check has passed, a similar message will be displayed with a different process name according to the
process in which the error is found.
The error message will display a code, level and error message in the
following format:
Adjustment Log File (Logical Check Proc.)
code level
Error Message
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2020 Error At least one vertical and one horizontal fixed point needed.
Each error message has the following three components:

Code ..................................... code number associated with the
message
Level..................................... severity of the error. Warn indicates a
warning; calculations will continue.
Error indicates a fatal error; the
adjustment will abort.
Error Message .................... cause of the error
4120
Warn
Message
Individual Weight Scale other than one found although the
weight option does not require it. Scale will be changed in the
adjustment.
Description
This message appears when you select a weighting option
without individual scale when some observations have scales
other than 1.0.
4140
Warn
Message
GPS data which will not influence the results exists: from **** to **** (at ** th record).
Description
Both end points of the observation are fixed for vertical and
horizontal coordinates. It will be ignored in the adjustment.
Spectrum Survey
5-3
2020
Error
Message
At least one vertical and one horizontal fixed point are required
Description
Fix one vertical and one horizontal point to avoid this error.
2030
Error
Message
At least three vertical fixed points are needed in case Vertical
Deflections are estimated (only **** fixed).
Description
Vertical Deflections cannot be estimated if less than three
points are fixed vertically. Vertically fix additional points to
avoid this error.
2050
Error
Message
At least two horizontal fixed points are needed in case Scale
or Horizontal Rotation is estimated (only **** fixed).
Description
Scale and Horizontal Rotation cannot be estimated if less than
two points are fixed horizontally. Horizontally fix additional
points to avoid this error.
3020
Error
Message
Network Consists of more than one block
Description
A network should be one block connected by observations. If
two separate networks exist in a project (two blocks), they
should be separated into two projects.
4040
Error
Message
Number of connections to point no. **** exceeds the limit
(120).
Description
No more than 120 vectors may be associated with any one
point ID in Spectrum Survey.
5-4
Spectrum Survey
4050
Error
Message
Number of elements (****) in the Normal Equations exceeds
the limit (179,000).
Description
Maximum number of elements is limited to 179,000 in Spectrum Survey.
4150
Error
Message
Difference between observations and computed ****m
exceeds the limit ****m. (GPS X component) from **** to ****
(at the ****record).
Description
Difference in the X component exceeds the check value specified in Adjustment Settings.
4160
Error
Message
exceeds the limit ****m. (GPS Y component) from **** to ****
Description
Difference in the Y component exceeds the check value specified in Adjustment Settings.
4170
Error
Message
exceeds the limit ****m. (GPS Z component) from **** to ****
Description
Difference in the Z component exceeds the check value specified in Adjustment Settings.
Spectrum Survey
5-5
5010
Error
Message
The maximum iteration (**) has already been performed
although the maximum coordinate difference exceeds the limit
(****).
Description
The maximum coordinate difference is still bigger than the limit
specified, after maximum iterations have been performed.
Change Adjustment Settings and perform the adjustment iterations again.
5020
Error
Message
A GPS observation has abnormal covariance matrix from ****
to **** (at the ****th record). Input covariance matrix is not positive definite. The result of vector computation should be
checked.
Description
The variance value is smaller than the covariance value. Variance should always be larger than covariance.
5-6
Spectrum Survey
5.3
Software Messages
In addition to import and adjustment messages, Spectrum Survey
provides several other messages to inform you of issues related to the
performance of the software itself.
Spectrum Survey
Message
Description
Security error
This message is reported when Spectrum

Survey cannot detect a properly activated
Sokkia hardware security device for the
product or version. Check the connections
with the security device. If message continues, contact your Sokkia representative.
The security device was not found.

The security device may be attached
to a busy parallel port. The software
will continue to search the port. If a
security device is detected, this message will automatically disappear. If
you want to cancel the search for the
security device press <Cancel>.
This message will display when starting

Spectrum Survey and the parallel port with
a security device is busy (perhaps with a
print job). When the parallel port is busy,
Spectrum Survey cannot detect a properly
licensed Sokkia hardware security device
for the product or version.
The parallel port where the security

device is attached is busy. The software will continue to search the port.
If a security device is detected, this
message will automatically disappear. If you want to cancel the
search for the security device, press
<Cancel>. Note that this will close
the program.
This message will display when Spectrum

Survey is running and the parallel port with
a security device becomes busy (perhaps
with a print job). When the parallel port is
busy, Spectrum Survey cannot detect a
properly licensed Sokkia hardware security
device for the product or version. You can
wait for the port to become available, or
press <Cancel> (Spectrum Survey will
close) and try running the program at a later
time.
5-7
Section 6
Glossary of Terms & Acronyms
*.txt Format:
Spectrum Survey file format for exporting a
comma-delimited ASCII file and for loop closure
report. This file extension can be used with
spreadsheet, CAD or GIS programs.
*.gsr Format:
File format captured with a GSR100, GSR2100,
GSR2200, or GSR2300 receiver, containing satellite
measured data and point occupation details.
*.gss Format:
File format captured with a GSS1A receiver,
containing satellite measured data and point
occupation details.
*.prt Format:
File format for a Spectrum Survey network
adjustment report.
*.rsd Format:
File format for a Spectrum Survey residuals
report.
*.log Format:
File format for a Spectrum Survey error log.
*.sdr Format:
File format used for exporting results to data
collectors and other software programs. Solved
and known coordinates will be exported.
*.SGL Format:
File format used by Spectrum Survey, Sokkias
network adjustment software. Processed baselines
may be exported from Spectrum Survey in this
format.
2DRMS:
Twice distance RMS, that is, twice the RMS of the
horizontal errors. For any GPS receiver in any
environment, the circle with a radius equal to
2DRMS contains between 95 98 percent of the
scatter. When HDOP is low, the percentage is
closer to 98%; when HDOP is high, it is closer to
95%.
Active view:
The active view is the one that currently has the
input focus. This window is displayed with a
caption of a different color. There can only be one
active view at a time.
Almanac:
Set of orbit parameters used to compute satellite
approximate positions and velocities at specific
epochs. It is collected from each satellite over the
course of 12.5 minutes. It contains orbital
parameter approximations for all satellites, GPS to
universal time conversion parameters, and singlefrequency ionospheric model parameters.
Moreover, for each set, there is a flag indicating if
these parameters are good or not (this flag is
known as health parameter).
Ambiguity:
The number of initial (often whole) cycles in a
single or double difference observation.
Antenna Editor:
Dialog box used to define how Spectrum Survey
converts measured survey heights to a true
vertical position.
Antenna Height:
The vertical distance between the position of the
observed point and the antenna phase center.
Spectrum Survey
6-1
Approximate Coordinates:
Coordinates for a point which are supplied by the
user strictly to initialize the processor.
Azimuth:
A horizontal angle measured clockwise from a
reference source. The reference, always from
north, is defined as zero.
Base:
A site whose position is fixed for the purpose of
generating a vector or a trajectory (collection of
epoch vectors).
Baseline:
A three-dimensional vector between two receivers
with concurrently tracked data.
Baseline Table:
The spreadsheet-like table that lists baseline
vectors generated by Spectrum Survey. Each
vector contains a fixed and a solution end for
relative positioning.
Blunder:
An observational error
C/A (Coarse/Acquisition) Code:
Standard GPS code transmitted on the L1
frequency. The sequence contains 1023
modulations per signal at a rate of 1.023 MHz. The
code reiterates every millisecond.
Carrier:
Radio wave with the characteristics of frequency,
amplitude and phase any of which may be
varied by modulation.
Carrier Phase Ambiguity (or sometimes ambiguity
for short):
The number of integer carrier phase cycles
between the user and the satellite at the start of
tracking.
Carrier Phase Measurements:
These are accumulated delta range
measurements. They contain the instantaneous
phase of the signal (modulo 1 cycle) plus some
arbitrary number of integer cycles. Once the
receiver is tracking the satellite, the integer
6-2
number of cycles correctly accumulates the

change in range seen by the receiver. When a lock
break occurs, this accumulated value can jump
an arbitrary integer number of cycles (this is called
a cycle slip).
Cartesian Coordinate System:
Also known as rectangular. Based on three
dimensions (x, y, z) and orientation axes.
Centroid:
Center of mass for all points in the system. The
coordinates of the centroid X, Y and Z are the
average X, Y, Z of all the points in the system.
CEP:
Circular error probable; a circles radius, centered
at the true antenna position, containing 50% of the
points in the horizontal scatter plot. Stated another
way, the CEP is the radius of a circle, centered at
your computed position, within which your true
position will be located a minimum of 50 percent
of the time. Note that CEP refers to horizontal
position only.
Channel:
Refers to the components of a GPS receiver
necessary to track the signal from one GPS
satellite. Those components consist of the radio
frequency, hardware and software.
Clock Errors:
Offsets inherent to the accuracies of the receiver
clocks (typically quartz), as well as the drift of the
atomic clocks on board the satellites.
Code Pseudorange:
GPS observable which involves using the code
broadcast by the satellites to measure distance.
The shift in time required to correlate a replica of
the code generated on the receiver with the code
being received from the satellite is determined.
Essentially, this is the difference between emission
(satellite time frame) and reception (receiver time
frame) of the satellite signal. This time is
multiplied by the speed of light to yield the
uncorrected distance from the satellite to the
receiver.
Spectrum Survey
COM1, COM2:
Serial communication ports on a computer.
Datum Transformation:
See transformation on Page 6-12.
Communication Device:
Source from which GPS files can be transferred
into the program, typically a GPS receiver or a
card reader.
Deflection of the Vertical:

The angle between the save point on the
ellipsoidal normal and the gravity field.
Deflections are separated into EW and NS
components.
Constellation:
See satellite constellation on Page 6-10.
Coordinates:
Linear or angular values describing a points
position relative to a specific reference frame.
Coordinate System:
A reference frame used to express a position,
usually in the form of ellipsoidal coordinates or
cartesian coordinates.
Coordinate Transformation:
Set of mathematical formulas used to transform a
set of geographic co-ordinate (latitude, longitude,
height) in rectangular co-ordinates (X, Y, Z).
Covariance:
A measure of the correlation of errors between
two observations or derived values.
Custom Report:
Method to present results and statistical data in a
custom report format.
Cycle:
One wavelength of a radio wave.
Cycle Slip:
When the carrier phase measurement jumps by an
arbitrary number of integer cycles. It is generally
caused by a break in the signal tracking due to
shading or some similar occurrence.
Dependent Baseline:
A baseline is dependent if its fixed end relies on
the solution of a previous baseline.
Dependent Point:
A point is dependent if it must rely on the relative
positioning of a solved baseline with a fixed end to
determine its coordinates.
Differential Processing:
See relative positioning on Page 6-9.
Digitizer:
A pointing device such as a mouse, pen, or finger
on a touch screen.
Dilution of Precision (DOP):
The geometrical contribution to the uncertainty in
a position. The DOP factor is related to the volume
of the geometric figure whose apex is the receiver
and whose sides are defined by the vectors from
the receiver to each of the satellites being tracked.
Data File:
Information file collected by a GPS receiver.
Datum:
In our context a datum could be defined as a set of
parameters (translations, rotations and scale) used
to establish the position of the reference ellipsoid
with respect to the earth center.
Spectrum Survey
EDOP Longitude of Easting (Onedimensional coordinate)

GDOP General (Three-dimensional
coordinates plus clock offset)
HDOP Horizontal (Two-dimensional
coordinates)
NDOP Latitude of Northing (Onedimensional coordinate)
PDOP Position (Three-dimensional
coordinates)
TDOP Time (One-dimensional coordinate)
VDOP Vertical (Height only)
RDOP Relative (average of the
instantaneous PDOPs over
observation time)
6-3
Discrete Ambiguities:
Carrier phase ambiguities that are assumed to be
members of a set of discrete numbers. The most
common discrete ambiguities are integer
ambiguities, where only integer values are
allowed. Some linear combinations of integer
ambiguities (such as in iono-free observations)
also produce a set of discrete possible ambiguities,
although they are no longer integers.
DoD:
United States Department of Defense.
Double-Difference:
A position estimation algorithm that uses
observations that are differenced between receiver
channels and between the reference and remote
receivers.
Double-Difference Carrier Phase Ambiguity (or
sometimes double difference ambiguity or
ambiguity, for short):
Carrier phase ambiguities that are differenced
between receiver channels and between the
reference and remote receivers. They are
estimated when a double difference mechanism is
used for carrier phase positioning.
Dry Temperature:
Equilibrium temperature that a regular
thermometer (dry bulb) measures.
Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF):
A right-hand Cartesian co-ordinate system with
its origin located at the center of the earth. This coordinate system is centered on the WGS84
reference ellipsoid, has the Z axis aligned with the
Earths spin axis (through the North Pole), the X
axis runs through the intersection of the Prime
Meridian (Greenwich) and the Equator, and the Y
axis is in the equatorial plane rotated 90 east of
the X axis about the Z axis.
Edit Box:
Refers to a standard interface object used for entry
or modification of data displayed in a dialogue
box.
6-4
Elevation:
The angle of a satellite above the horizon. Directly
overhead equals 90 elevation.
Elevation Mask:
The lowest elevation at which a receiver will track
a satellite.
Ellipsoid:
Spheroid which is defined by two parameters: the
semi-major axis a and the semi-minor axis b.
This spheroid can be seen as a revolving ellipse. It
is used to approximate the shape of Earth (the
geoid). It is used as a reference surface for geodetic
surveys.
Ellipsoidal Coordinate System:
Coordinate system based on an ellipsoid
definition with the parameters of semi major axis
and flattening. The positions are described by (,
, ); latitude, longitude and height.
Ellipsoidal Height:
The height relative to the ellipsoid; the sum of the
geoidal height (or undulation) and the height
relative to the geoid (also called the orthometric
height).
Ephemeris:
A broadcast set of Keplerian orbital parameters
used to compute satellite positions.
Epoch:
Same as measurement time epoch. The local time
at which a GPS receiver takes a measurement.
Epoch Computation:
Process that computes Visibility Data for each
epoch of the planning time span (according to the
computation interval).
Error Ellipse:
A computed statistical representation of the
horizontal position and the error orientation.
Fixed Ambiguity Estimates:
Carrier phase ambiguity estimates that are set to a
given number and held constant. Usually they are
set to integers or values derived from linear
combinations of integers.
Spectrum Survey
Fixed Discrete Ambiguity Estimates:

Carrier phase ambiguities which are set to values
which are members of a predetermined set of
discrete possibilities, and then held constant.
Fixed End:
The end point of a baseline vector which is fixed
for relative positioning of the solution end. The
fixed coordinates may be known, observed or
solved from previous baseline.
Fixed Integer Ambiguity Estimates:
Carrier phase ambiguities that are set to integer
values and then held constant.
Fixed Point Source:
The source for the coordinates of the fixed end of
a baseline vector. The source can be automatically
selected from or explicitly set to known
coordinates / observed coordinates / solved
coordinates from a previous baseline.
Fixed Solution:
The carrier phase observation model in which the
ambiguities have been fixed to their integer
values.
Float Solution:
The equation found by normalizing the
pseudorange distance and the carrier phase
observation in which the ambiguities are real
values.
Floating Ambiguity Estimates:
Ambiguity estimates that are not held to a
constant value, but are allowed to gradually
converge to the correct solution.
Geoid:
The shape of the earth if it were considered as a sea
level surface extended continuously through the
continents. The geoid is an equipotential surface
coincident with mean sea level to which at every
point the plumb line (direction in which gravity
acts) is perpendicular. The geoid, affected by local
gravity disturbances, has an irregular shape. It is
approximated by mean sea level.
Spectrum Survey
Geoidal Height:
The separation between the geoid and the
ellipsoid; also called the undulation.
GDOP:
See dilution of precision (DOP) on Page 6-3.
Geoid Model:
A prediction of the Earths mean sea level surface
with respect to a mathematical ellipse.
Geometry Graph:
This graph shows the horizontal, vertical and
positional dilution of precision (DOP) as a
function of time. A value of 1 is the theoretical best
value. Higher values indicate weak satellite
geometry, resulting in lower accuracy. Generally a
value of 4 or less is good.
GIS (Geographic Information System):
A database which is used to input, sort, analyze
and display geographical data.
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time):
A time system based on the measure of the earths
rotation using the Prime Meridian (0 Longitude)
as the reference frame.
GPS:
Global Positioning System. A ranging system
from known positions of satellites in space to
unknown positions. GPS, developed by DoD, was
conceived to determine position, velocity, and
time on or near the earth on a continuous basis.
Ranging is accomplished by receiving and
processing signals transmitted by satellites with a
receiver at the position to be determined.
GPST (GPS time):
A time system based on atomic scales. UTC was
coincident with GPS time at the standard GPS
epoch. As of mid-1999, UTC differed by 13
seconds.
HDOP:
6-5
Horizontal Rotation:
The difference between the direction of north
estimated using GPS observations at a designated
point (taking the datum transformation
parameters into consideration) and the direction
of north of an existing network defined by
published values of fixed points.
Independent Baselines:
Baselines that were determined from independent
observation sessions.
Initialization:
The technique used at the start of a kinematic
survey to determine the phase ambiguities. The
techniques include known, static and antenna
swap.
Integer Ambiguity Estimates:
Carrier phase ambiguity estimates that are only
allowed to take on integer values.
Iono-free Carrier Phase Observation:
A linear combination of L1 and L2 carrier phase
measurements which provides an estimate of the
carrier phase observation on one frequency with
the effects of the ionosphere removed. It provides
a different ambiguity value (non-integer) than a
simple measurement on that frequency.
Ionosphere:
The charged outer region of the earths
atmosphere, from approximately 60 to 1,000 km.
Ionospheric Refraction:
Carrier phase advance which occurs as satellite
signals pass through the ionosphere.
Iteration:
A cycle of adjustment including a logical check of
the coordinates and mathematical computations
correcting the positioning or points and vectors in
the network.
Kinematic:
The users GPS antenna is moving. In GPS, this
term is typically used with precise carrier phase
positioning, and the term dynamic is used with
pseudorange positioning.
6-6
Kinematic Project:
A type of project using data collected from a
kinematic survey. This project type can contain
only a single reference file and a single dependent
file. The reference file can contain only one point.
Kinematic Survey:
A survey technique where one receiver remains
fixed while a second receiver alternatively stops
and moves between points during the observation
period.
Known Coordinate:
A point whose coordinates have been determined
to the required accuracy.
L1:
The primary frequency used by the GPS system,
1575.42 MHz.
L1 Fixed:
solution using L1-only carrier phase
measurements; fixed ambiguities
L1 Float:
measurements; floating ambiguities
L2:
The secondary frequency used by the GPS system,
1227.6 MHz.
L2 Fixed:
measurements; fixed ambiguities
L3 Iono-Free Fixed:
ionospheric-free solution using L1 & L2 carrier
phase measurements; fixed ambiguities
L3 Iono-Free Float:
ionospheric-free solution using L1 & L2 carrier
phase measurements; floating ambiguities
L4 Fixed Widelane:
solution using the L1-L2 widelane carrier phase
combination; fixed ambiguities
L5 Fixed Narrowlane:
solution using the L1+L2 narrowlane carrier phase
combination; fixed ambiguities
Spectrum Survey
L-Band:
The frequencies used by GPS are 1227.6 MHz and
1575.42 MHz, known as L1 and L2 respectively.
Lane:
A particular discrete ambiguity value on one
carrier phase range measurement or double
difference carrier phase observation. The type of
measurement is not specified (L1, L2, L1-L2, ionofree)
Latitude:
The angle measured at the center of the earth from
the equator to the point of interest. The latitude is
0 at the equator and 90 at the North pole; -90 at
the South pole.
Local Observation Set:
An observation set taken by the receiver on which
the software is operating as opposed to an
observation taken at another receiver (the
reference station) and transmitted through a radio
link.
Local Tangent Plane:
A coordinate system based on a plane tangent to
the ellipsoids surface at the users location. The
three coordinates are east, north and up. Latitude,
longitude and height positions operate in this
coordinate system.
Longitude:
The angle measured at the center of the earth from
the Prime Meridian to the meridian of interest.
East longitudes are positive; west longitudes are
negative.
Loop Closure:
A loop closure is a method for pin-pointing
vectors with errors within a small form.
Loss of Lock:
A discontinuity of an integer number of cycles
resulting from a temporary loss-of-lock in the
carrier tracking loop. Often caused by an
obstruction.
Spectrum Survey
Low-Latency Solution:
A position solution that is based on a prediction. A
model (based on previous reference station
observations) is used to estimate what the
observations will be at a given time epoch. These
estimated reference station observations are
combined with actual measurements taken at the
remote station to provide a position solution.
Matched Observation Set Pair:
It contains observations from both the reference
station and the local receiver which have been
matched by time epoch, contain the same
satellites, and are corrected for any known offsets.
Matrix:
Rectangular array of numbers organized in rows
and columns.
Media:
A data storage device including compact disks
and diskettes
Meridian:
A north-south line on the earth's surface
connecting the poles.
Measurement Time Epoch:
The local time at which a GPSCard takes a
measurement.
MSL Height:
Mean sea level height; see also geoidal height on
Page 6-5.
Multipath:
Radio frequency interference caused by satellite
signals which have traveled different paths to
reach the receiver. Most often caused by reflective
objects in proximity to the receiver antenna.
Narrowlane:
A particular integer ambiguity value on one
difference carrier phase observation when the sum
of the L1 and L2 measurements is used. It is a
carrier phase observable formed by adding L1 and
L2 carrier phase data: = 1 + 2. The
corresponding wavelength is 10.7 cm.
6-7
Network:
Series of linked vectors.
Network Adjustment:
A combination of mathematical equations that
modify, correct and confirm the positioning of a
connected series of points and vectors and to
correct survey data errors.
Observables:
Velocity, ranges or distances, which are derived
from measured time or from phase differences
between received signals and receiver-generated
signals.
Observation File:
A binary file that contains raw satellite
observations from a given receiver. This file will
also contain information regarding when the
receiver occupied a site and when it was roving.
Observation File ID:
This is a unique ID message used to reference a
specific observation file. The ID is derived from an
observation file name without the path or file
extension, and is shown in all caps. If necessary a
2-digit number in square brackets may be attached
to the end of the message if files of the same name
but different path are included in the same project.
(e.g. FILENAME[02]) Note that Observation File
IDs for rover data files are also used as the
names for rover objects in the project.
Observation Session
Period of time over which GPS data is
simultaneously collected by two or more
receivers.
Observation Set:
A set of measurements taken at a given time which
includes one time for all measurements, and the
following for each satellite tracked: PRN number,
pseudorange or carrier phase or both, lock time
count, signal strength, and tracking status. Either
L1-only or L1/L2 measurements are included in
the set. The observation set is assumed to contain
information indicating how many satellites it
contains and which ones have L1-only and which
ones have L1/L2 pairs.
6-8
Observed Coordinate:
A point whose coordinates were determined by
pseudoranging on the receiver; no postprocessing was applied.
Obstruction:
Objects such as trees, mountains and houses
limiting the sky visible at a site. The fewer
obstructions are present, the better the site.
Occupation:
Series of consecutive observations taken while
located at a given site.
Orbit File:
Refers to any ephemeris, precise clock, or precise
orbit data file.
Orthometric Height:
See ellipsoidal height on Page 6-4.
OTF:
The On-The-Fly algorithm allows ambiguity
resolution while the antenna is moving.
PC:
IBM-compatible personal computer
PDOP:
Plane (3D) Transformation:
Plan View:
Graphic view used to represent geographic
position (in 2D) of all sites (using the user-defined
coordinate system) related to a specific project.
Point ID:
The unique point identifier for a data point.
Point Positioning:
Technique that uses pseudoranges from several
satellites to determine the approximate position of
a receiver, in contrast to relative positioning.
Pointer:
Used to refer to the cursor on the screen
representing the pointing devices position. The
pointing device can be any type of device, but is
generally a mouse or a pen.
Spectrum Survey
Position:
The coordinate of a point.
Rectangular Coordinate System:

See cartesian coordinate system on Page 6-2.
Precise Orbits:
Timed satellite precise positions used for
polynomial generation of satellite positions.
Redundant Vector:
A vector measurement containing identical point
IDs as another vector contained in the current
network.
Project:
A series of data files organized in a data base as
well as occupation definitions to link the
observations to sites and site definitions to link the
occupations to an external reference and to items
whose position is required.
Projection:
PRN number:
A number assigned by the GPS system designers
to a given set of pseudorandom codes. Typically, a
particular satellite will keep its PRN (and hence its
code assignment) indefinitely, or least for a long
period of time. It is commonly used as a way to
label a particular satellite.
Propagation:
The process by which a wave travels through a
medium.
Pseudorandom Noise (PRN):
A code transmitted by GPS satellites which is
unique to each satellite. The code is used for
identification of satellites, as well as for
pseudoranging. Its near-random characteristics
allow it to be economically differentiated from
normal background noise so that it might be
correlated with the code generated on the receiver.
Pseudoranges (Raw):
Solution using code measurements
Pseudorange Measurements:
Measurements made using one of the
pseudorandom codes on the GPS signals. They
provide an unambiguous measure of the range to
the satellite including the effect of the satellite and
user clock biases.
RDOP:
Spectrum Survey
Reference Point:
A point used to initialize relative positioning for
one baseline or a series of dependent baselines.
The coordinates for the reference point may be
known or observed.
Reference Satellite:
In a double difference implementation,
measurements are differenced between different
satellites on one receiver in order to cancel the
clock bias effect. Usually one satellite is chosen as
the reference, and all others are differenced with
it.
Reference Station:
The GPS receiver that acts as the stationary
reference. It has a known position and transmits
messages for the "remote" receiver to use to
calculate its position.
Relative Humidity:
Measurement of moisture content in the air.
Relative Positioning:
Method of determining a points coordinates by
adding a vector to the coordinates of a known
point.
Relative Precision:
Precision of difference between two points with a
specific probability.
Remote Station:
A site that will be used as the position to solve in a
vector. It is the GPS receiver whose position is
unknown, and needs to receive measurements
from a reference station to calculate differential
GPS positions.
Residual:
The difference between the observed and
computed measurement
6-9
Residual Graph:
Graphical representation of the residual
associated with individual satellites.
Rover Station:
A GPS receiver (assumed to be mobile) which
generates a raw observation file. All raw
observations are considered to originate from a
rover, and can be processed accordingly.
RMS:
Root-mean-square, the square root of the average
of the squared errors. RMS may be considered
essentially equivalent to one sigma (1 standard
deviation).
n
( xi x )2
i=1
----------------------------n1
where
n = number of measurements
x = average of all measurements
x = individual measurement
i = index factor
RINEX (Receiver Independent Exchange):
Standard file format for data collected on a
receiver. This file format facilitates data sharing
among various post-processing programs.
Spectrum Survey can use as RINEX files as input
and can provide receiver file output to this format.
SA (Selective Availability):
Method used to limit full navigational accuracy of
GPS to civilians. This is accomplished by dithering
the satellite clocks and manipulating
ephemerides.
Satellite Azimuth Graph:
This graph plots the azimuth of individual
satellites. When this graph is maximized, the
multicolored lines are labeled with satellite
numbers. Azimuth changes are rapid when a
satellite passes overhead.
6-10
Satellite Azimuth/Elevation Table:

The Satellite Azimuth/Elevation table lists the
azimuth and elevation values of all GPS satellites
at 10-minute intervals.
Satellite Constellation:
The arrangement of satellites in space. GPS
satellites orbit the earth once every 12 hours. With
this constellation, at least four satellites can be
visible simultaneously from virtually anywhere in
the world.
Satellite Coverage:
The arrangement of satellites in space visible to a
GPS receiver at a given time. The optimum
coverage for calculating receiver position is one
that minimizes PDOP.
Satellite Elevation Graph:
This graph shows the elevation of individual
satellites as a function of time. The elevation mask
is shown as a horizontal gray strip at the bottom of
the graph. The elevation traces are labeled with
satellite numbers when this graph is maximized.
Satellite Primary Position:
A set of satellite positions computed along the
orbital arc associated to the planning period.
These positions are computed with an interval of 1
hour.
Satellite Visibility Graph:
This graph uses multicolored bars to indicate
when individual satellites are visible above the
elevation mask. Satellite numbers are displayed in
the graph when it is maximized.
Scenario:
A representation of survey conditions, used when
planning a survey.
Semi-Kinematic Survey:
A survey technique where one receiver remains
fixed while a second receiver alternatively stops
and moves between points during the observation
period.
Spectrum Survey
SEP:
Spherical error probable; a spheres radius,
centered at the true antenna position, containing
50% of the points in a three-dimensional scatter
plot.
Session Time:
The time span that defines what data is accessible
(editable, viewable, processable).
Skyplot Graph:
This graph uses multicolored lines to represent the
azimuth and elevation traces of satellites. The
elevation mask is shown as a gray ring at the
outside of the graph. The center of the graph
represents 90 elevation (directly overhead).
Simultaneous Observation:
Multiple receivers tracking satellites at the same
time; GPS time tags are the same for observations
from the receivers.
Single Difference:
When two receivers track the same satellite at the
same epoch, the difference of the phase
observables between the two receivers is
calculated as the single difference.
Site:
A site is a named geographic position, defined in
three-dimensional space. A site can have
obstructions attached to it, describing the visible
sky at that location. It could be defined in a
spherical co-ordinate system (latitude, longitude,
height) or in an ECEF co-ordinate system (X, Y, Z),
or in a defined coordinate system (x, y and H).
Site-Occupation:
A set of consecutive observations taken by a given
receiver while located at a site.
Solution End:
The end point of a baseline vector for which
coordinates will be determined by relative
positioning.
Solution Type:
Processor Settings field to identify the various
carrier phase combinations to be used in solving
the ambiguities.
Spectrum Survey
Standard Deviation of Unit Weight:

An index for indicating the compatibility between
applied weight and the precision estimated.
Standardized Residual:
The residual of a measurement divided by the
standard deviation of the residual.
Static:
The users GPS antenna does not move.
Static Project:
A type of project using data collected from a static
survey. This project type can contain multiple
reference files and dependent files.
Static Survey:
A surveying technique where two receivers
remain fixed in position during the observation
period.
Survey Log:
ASCII-formatted, baseline-specific report that
provides access to results and statistical data for
each processed baseline.
SV:
Space Vehicle ID, sometimes used as SVID; also
used interchangeably with Pseudo-Random Noise
Number (PRN).
Text box:
Refers to a standard interface object used to
display static text in a dialogue box. The user
may not modify the contents of a text box.
Time Zone:
A location based on the number of hours east of
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Spectrum
Survey uses an incremental factor of +1 for every
time zone east of the Prime Meridian and a factor
of -1 for every time zone west.
Tool Tips:
Small (one or two words) hints that are displayed
in a floating rectangular box near the pointer when
the cursor stays for a certain amount of time over
an area of the application. Generally used for
buttons on a toolbar.
6-11
Total Satellite Visibility Graph:

The Total Satellite Visibility graphs show the total
number of satellites visible above the elevation
mask as a function of time. Vertical white lines on
this graph represent a satellites rising or setting.
Periods of coverage outside the start and stop
times appear grayed. Colors are used to highlight
four available satellites, the minimum number
required to collect data.
Trajectory:
A series of consecutive vectors between a base
station (site occupation) and a rover over a given
time span.
Trajectory Name:
A trajectory will have a name that is derived from
its site and rover names with a hyphen separating
them. The site name with its occupation number in
brackets are first, followed by the rover name (For
example, SiteA (02)-RoverC [01]).
Trajectory-Trial:
A trajectory can be processed in more than one
way by using different parameters. A trial stores
these different processing attempts by saving both
the parameters and the results for each try.
Transformation:
The conversion of one type of coordinate system
to another. The transformation of one type of
coordinate system to a coordinate system of the
same type is defined as a datum transformation
(ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal) or a plane
transformation (rectangular to rectangular). A
transformation between two different coordinate
systems (ellipsoidal to rectangular) is defined as a
coordinate transformation which usually contains
some variation of a projection.
Triple Difference:
When two receivers track the same two satellites
for two or more epochs, the difference of the
double differences between the epochs is
calculated as the triple difference.
6-12
Troposphere:
The moisture-laden layer of the atmosphere
closest to the earths surface.
Tropospheric Model:
The atmospheric correction algorithm used to
account for the delay of GPS signals due to
barometric pressure.
Undulation:
See geoidal height on Page 6-12.
Unhealthy:
State in which a satellite is not used in Visibility
Data computation.
Variance Factor:
The standard deviation of the unit weight value
squared.
VDOP:
Vector:
A solution between two single observations (one
epoch) from different observation files.
Vector Name:
A vector will have a name that is derived from the
two site names with a hyphen separating them.
The site names will appear alphabetically, and will
include the site occupation number related to the
vector in question (For example, BaseA - RemoteB
Occ. [02]).
Vector-Occupation:
pair of simultaneous site occupations that define a
vector.
Vector-Trial:
A vector-occupation can be processed in more
than one way by using different parameters. A
trial stores these different processing attempts by
saving both the parameters and the results for
each try.
Vertical Offset:
An information field in the Antenna Editor dialog
indicating the phase center vertical offset for a
selected antenna.
Spectrum Survey
Visibility Data:
Contains the epoch. For visible satellites, this data
also contains the azimuth and elevation with
respect to the selected site and the satellites
Cartesian co-ordinates (X,Y,Z).
Wavelength:
The distance between two identical and successive
positions on a radio wave (i.e., crest to crest). The
L1 carrier has a wavelength of approximately
19cm; L2 is approximately 24cm.
Weight:
A method of assigning a numerical value to a
vector indicating the amount of error inherent or
allowable to the vector. Weight can be used a
measure of accuracy for specific vectors.
Spectrum Survey
WGS84 Coordinates:
World Geodetic System (1984); the ellipsoidal
coordinate system used by GPS.
Widelane:
A particular integer ambiguity value on one
difference carrier phase observation when the
difference of the L1 and L2 measurements is used.
It is a carrier phase observable formed by
subtracting L2 from L1 carrier phase data: = 1
- 2. The corresponding wavelength is 86.2 cm.
Zoom factor:
Magnification factor giving the relation between
logical units (such as device pixels) to real world
units (such as meters). Does not bind physical
units (screen pixels) to real world units directly.
6-13

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GPS SURVEY SOFTWARE

SPECTRUM SURVEY V3.20

Advanced Reference Materials

Part Number 750-E-0002 Rev 4

Reference Material Overview

Coordinate Systems Overview

Map Coordinate Systems ........................................................................................2-1

Transverse Mercator (or TM) ...................................................................2-2

Oblique Mercator .......................................................................................2-5

Lambert projection with one parallel ......................................................2-7

Lambert projection with two parallels....................................................2-8

Local Datums ............................................................................................................2-9

Geoid Models .......................................................................................................... 2-11

Height Transformation............................................................................ 2-12

Spectrum Survey Coordinate Systems

Coordinate System Selection...................................................................................3-1

Actual Earth and Local Datums .............................................................2-10

Map Projection Templates ........................................................................3-3

Datum & Ellipsoid Selection ................................................................................. 3-11

Map Projection, Ellipsoid and Datum Tables

Adjustment Messages ..............................................................................................5-2

Software Messages ...................................................................................................5-7

Glossary of Terms & Acronyms

Reference Material Overview

Coordinate Systems Overview

Map Coordinate Systems

Transverse mercator (see Page 2-2)

You can use projections to minimize the type of distortion inherent to

Transverse Mercator (or TM)

Note: Origin in the following explanations refers to the origin

FalseEasting............... A number added to the easting value, generally

FalseEasting............... A number added to the easting value, generally

Lambert projection with one parallel

FalseEasting............... A number added to the easting value, generally

Lambert projection with two parallels

FalseEasting............... A number added to the easting value, generally

Actual Earth and Local Datums

Earth-centered, Cartesian coordinates of stations based on these local

Spectrum Survey uses the following equation to transform the

Note: The rotation parameters in the equation are expressed in

Spectrum Survey Coordinate

Coordinate System Selection

Select a coordinate system and click on <OK> to make it the new

If you clicked on <Add> in the Coordinate System Selection dialog,

Map Projection Templates

Three templates have editors that are completely different: SPC,

State Plane Template

The State Plane Configuration dialog is used to create map

Divide the result in #1 above by 6

Round up the result in #2 above to the nearest whole number

Local Grid Template

The Coordinate List portion of the dialog consists of multiple rows

Figure 3-1: Local Grid Example

Datum & Ellipsoid Selection

For information on which datum to choose, see Table 1, Supported Map

Selecting a new datum from the Datum Definition dialog brings up

Important: It is recommended that only advanced users edit

Map Projection, Ellipsoid and Datum

Table 1: Supported Map Projections

Alaska (Conformal Stereographic Modified)

Equidistant Conic (1 standard parallel)

Hotine Oblique Mercator (2 points)

Hotine Oblique Mercator (Azimuth Angle)

Lambert Azimuthal (equal-area)