Assignment 1

QUESTION 1
There are 5 different type of hydropower based on capacity and there
have different application depend on the capacity. Type of hydropower
plant based on capacity are;
a. Large Hydropower plant type.
Capacity : More than 100 MW
Application : Feeding into a large electricity grid.
Example:
Name of Dam

Capacity
22 500 MW

Three Gorges,China
14 000 MW

Purpose
-Produce
electricity
-Reduce the
potential for flood
downstream
-Intended to
increase the
Yangtze River
shipping capacity.
-To supply
electricity to both
country ( Brazil
and Paraguay)

Itaipu Dam, Between Brazil

and Paraguay
2400 MW

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

The purpose the

dam was to meet
growing demand
for electricity and
the most demand
was from
peninsular

Assignment 1

Bakun Dam, Malaysia

Malaysia.

b. Medium Hydropower plant

Capacity : Less than 100MW but more than 25MW
Application: Feeding into a large electricity grid
Example:
Name of Dam

Capacity
66 MW

Purpose
-For Electricity
purpose in
Sabah , Malaysia

40.5 MW

-For electricity at
Perak (oldest
Power Station in
Malaysia)

Tenom Pangi Dam

(Sabah) ,Malaysia

Chenderoh Power Station

(Perak) , Malaysia

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

Assignment 1

c. Small Hydropower Plant

Capacity : Between 1 MW to 25 MW
Application: Feeding into a large electricity grid.
Example:
Name Of Dam

Capacity
3.2 MW

Purpose
- For Electricity at
Pakpattan
district,Pakistan

3.75 MW

- For Electricity at
Ames area since
year 1905.

Pakpattan ,Pakistan

Ames Hydroelectric ,
Colorado

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

Assignment 1

d. Mini Hydropower Plant

Capacity : between 100 kW to 1 MW
Application : Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into
the grid
Example:
Name of Dam

Capacity
0.57 MW

Purpose
-To provide
electricity to the
Malibu Club in
Canada.

0.70 MW

- Produce
sustainable power to
local area.
-It has essential
removed
independence on
diesel generators
and on fuel
transported from the
Republic of South
Africa.

Malibu Hydro, Canada

Zengamina Hydro , Zambia

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

Assignment 1

e. Micro Hydropower Plant

Capacity : between 5 kW to 100 kW
Application : Usually provided power for a small community or rural
industry in remote area away from the grid.
Example:
Name of Dam

Capacity
40 kW

Purpose
- For Electricity at
rural area of
Pancuang Taba,West
Sumatra ,Indonesia

Taba Hydro, West

Sumatra,Indonesia
11 kW

For electricity at
remote community

Palangaran,Indonesia
f. Pico Hydropower plant
Capacity : Less than 5 kW
Application: Supply electricity to remote area away from the grid
Example:
Name of Dam

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

Capacity

Purpose

Assignment 1

1 kW- 20 kW

Providing 4 to
100 houses
with enough
electricity for
light only.

Humla Region, Nepal,

India

QUESTION 2
a Turbine is an essential machine in hydropower system, used to extract
energy from a fluid, usually flowing water, which results in a decrease
of fluid pressure but not necessarily a decrease of fluid velocity across
the turbine. There are two types of turbines based on the hydraulic
action, which are impact turbines and reaction turbines.
b Different types of hydraulic turbines have different efficiencies, as their
operations vary due to the designs and specifications. Factors affecting
the efficiency of hydraulic turbine includes the diameter of the runner,
turbine housing and quality of the components used. In general,
Francis turbine which is under reaction turbine, is one of the most
efficient turbine invented, with typical efficiency of 90%, due to
utilization of axial and radial flow concepts. On the other hand, Kaplan
turbine only utilizes the axial flow of the fluid, therefore the efficiency
is less than that of Francis turbine.
c 2 major reaction turbines used in hydroelectric power stations:
i
Kaplan turbines

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

Assignment 1

ii

Francis turbines

d Main difference

between

impulse and reaction turbine in terms of operation:

Impulse Turbine
Uses the fluid velocity in order to
move the runner, which discharges to
atmospheric pressure. Usually applied
for higher head and lower water flow.

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

Reaction Turbine
Uses both the action of fluid velocity
and pressure to move the runner.
Usually applied for lower head and
higher water flow.

Assignment 1

QUESTION 3
Transmission line losses include conductor loss, radiation loss, dielectric
heating loss, coupling loss and corona. In order to reduce conductor loss
simply shorten the transmission line or use larger diameter wire.
Conductor loss depends somewhat called the skin effect. For radiation losses,
if the separation between conductors in a metallic transmission line is
appreciable fraction of wavelength this will cause the line to act as if it were
an antenna and transfer energy to any nearby conductive material. It can be
reduces by properly shielding the cable e.g. STP and coaxial has less
radiation loss.
Coupling loss occurs whenever a connection is made to or from transmission
line or when two sections of transmission line are connected together. The
effect of this coupling is often reduced by performing a transposition of the
transmission lines at set interval. The transposition governs the relative
positioning of the transmission lines. Each phase is allowed to occupy a
position, relative to the other two phases, for only one third of a distance.
Then the phases are rotated so their positions, relative to one another,
change. By proper rotation of the lines, a net effect of significantly reducing
the mutual inductance is realized.
Corona is luminous discharge that occurs between the two conductors of a
transmission line when difference of potential between them exceeds the
breakdown voltage of the dielectric insulator. Corona can be avoided by
minimizing the voltage stress and electric field gradient. This is done by
using utilizing good high voltage design practices, maximizing the distance
between conductors that have large voltage differentials, using conductors

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015

Assignment 1

with large radii, and avoiding parts that have sharp edges. Corona inception
voltage can sometimes be increased by using surface treatment, such as a
semiconductor layer, high voltage putty or corona dope.

KNU2043 Introduction to Hydro Power System

Semester 2 2014/2015