Engineering Material

Stress
-scientific area of applied mechanics
for study of strength material
-internal resistance applied by unit
area
Strain
-change per unit length in linear
direction
-deformation caused by stress
Stress
Simple Stress
-stress is constant
Bearing Stress
Forces acting perpendicular to the
area
Shearing Stress
-force acting parallel to the area
-also called modulus of rigidity
Proof Stress
-stress caused permanent deformation
Bending Stress
-perpendicular to its long axis
Ultimate Stress
-highest ordinate in stress strain curve
Mechanical Properties
Shear Strength
-maximum shear stress before rupture
Yield Strength
-plastic deformation of tensile test
Fatigue Strength
-can withstand stress in body
Bearing Strength
-pressure soil can withstand
(perpendicular)
Specific Strength
-ratio of ultimate strength to specific
wait
Creep Strength
-cause a specified quantity of creep in
a given time of constant temperature
Creep
-occurs over period of time w/
constant stress and temp

Modulus
Poisson Ratio
-ratio of unit lateral deformation to the
unit longitude deformation
-range 0.25 to 0.35
-theoretical max value
Modulus of Elasticity
-ratio of stress over strain
-measure of stiffness
-also called tensile modulus
-something about stretch and elastic
Bulk Modulus
-volumetric strain is proportional to
hydrostatic
-shape of elasticity of material
Modulus of Resilience
-limit of material is reached
Secant Modulus
-average ratio of stress and strain at
nonlinear region
Johnson Modulus
-point which natural tangent equal to
1
Dimensional Property
Camber - edge straightness
Out of Flat surface from a flat plane
Lay direction of predominating
surface pattern
Roughness - surface irregularities
Surface Finish - macro and
microscopic that describe the surface
Waviness wavelike variation
Stress Strain Diagram
Yield Point
-stress increases without
accompanying increase in stress
-yielding of material
-significant increase w/ little or no
stress
Elastic Limit
-stress without causing permanent
deformation
-without returning to original shape
after removal of load
Tensile Point
-highest value of apparent stress
Maximum Shear Stress
-occurs at highest point or lowest
point on the moment diagram

Engineering Material
-supported horizontally and carries
transverse load
Goodmans Line
-relationship of yield strength and
endurance limit
Cold Flow
-gradual extrusion of deformation of
non-elastic material
Resistance
Stiffness
-resistance of plastic bending
Hardness
-resistance to penetrator
Toughness
-absorb applied energy without failure
-resistance to fracture, break, rupture
Ductility
-sustain plastic deformation without
rupture
Endurance
-measure of ductility in tensile test
Strut
-prevent structure moving toward
each other
Force
Axial Force
-measure pulling or pushing action
perpendicular to the section
Shear Force
-resistance to sliding
Torque
-resistance to twisting
Direct Shear
-cutting action
Ductile Material
-greater than 5% percent elongation
Brittle Material
-Less than 5% of percent elongation
Shaft
-torque and twist
Beam
-bar that lie in a plane containing
longitudinal bar

Dilation
Sum of stress in 3 coordinates
direction
Damping
-decrease amplitude
Steiners Theorem
-parallel axis second moment
Method of joint/section/virtual
work
-determining bar of force in truss
Compressibility
-reciprocal of Bulk Modulus
Compression
-material tend to compact
Point of Contraflexure
-point which bending moment change
sign through zero value
Fatigue
-permanent structural change
Relaxation/Stress Relaxation
-rate of reduction of stress
Factor of Safety
-ratio of ultimate stress to allowable
stress
Mohrs Circle
-determine graphically the principal of
stress
Shear Strain
-distance of surface displaced in the
direction of force divide by thickness
of body
Endurance Limit
-endure infinite number of stress cycle
Magnet
Magnet attract iron

Engineering Material
Lodestone natural magnet
Diamagnetic slightly less
Paramagnetic slightly greater
Ferromagnetic very high
Polymeric Material
Crosslinking formed by strong
chemical bond
Homopolymer without additive
Copolymer two alternating mer
Elastomer rubber like properties
Steel
Steel carbon restricted within
concentration
Carbon Steel hardening agent
Alloy Steel significant addition of
element
Tool Steel hardened and tempered
Stainless Steel resist corrosion

Eutectoid 0.8% carbon and 100%

pearlite
Iron
-5% of earth crust
Gray Iron high carbon, iron carbon
silicon alloy / widely used
Malleable Iron - heat treated
White Iron hard and wear resistant
Ductile Iron Gangue earth and stone mixed with
iron oxide
Coke burned in an oxygen poor
environment
Zinc - common alloying ingredient