Symmetry 2D 3

Symmetry in 2D
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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
Outlook
Symmetry: definitions, unit cell choice

Symmetry operations in 2D
Symmetry combinations
Plane Point groups
Plane (space) groups
Finding the plane group: examples
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Symmetry
Symmetry is the preservation of form and configuration across a
point, a line, or a plane.
The techniques that are used to "take a shape and match it exactly to
another are called transformations
Inorganic crystals usually have the shape which reflects their internal
symmetry
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Lattice = an array of points repeating periodically in space (2D or 3D).

Motif/Basis = the repeating unit of a pattern (ex. an atom, a group of
atoms, a molecule etc.)
Unit cell = The smallest repetitive volume of the crystal, which when
stacked together with replication reproduces the whole crystal
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Unit cell convention

By convention the unit cell is chosen so that it is as small as possible
while reflecting the full symmetry of the lattice
(b) to (e) correct unit cell: choice of origin is arbitrary but the cells should be identical;
(f) incorrect unit cell: not permissible to isolate unit cells from each other (1 and 2 are
not identical)
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A. West: Solid state chemistry and its applications
Some Definitions
Symmetry element: An imaginary geometric entity (line, point,
plane) about which a symmetry operation takes place
Symmetry Operation: a permutation of atoms such that an object
(molecule or crystal) is transformed into a state indistinguishable
from the starting state
Invariant point: point that maps onto itself

Asymmetric unit: The minimum unit from which the structure can be
generated by symmetry operations
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From molecular point group to space groups

Complete consideration of all symmetry elements and translation yields
to the space groups
benzene
D6h or 6/mmm
Point group
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graphene
p6mm
Plane group = point
group symmetry +
in plane translation
graphite
P63/mmc
Space group = point
group symmetry +
in 3D translation
Symmetry operations in 2D*: 1. translation

2. rotations
3. reflections
4. glide reflections
Symmetry operations in 3D: the same as in 2D
+
inversion center, rotoinversions and
screw axes
* Besides identity
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1. Translation (move)
Translation moves all the points in the asymmetric unit the same
distance in the same direction.
There are no invariant points (points that map

onto themselves) under a translation.
Translation has no effect on the chirality of
figures in the plane.
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2. Rotations
A rotation turns all the points in the asymmetric unit around one
axis, the center of rotation.
The center of rotation is the only

invariant point.
A rotation does not change the chirality
of figures.
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Symbols for symmetry axes

Drawn
symbol
One fold rotation axis
two fold rotation axis
--- (monad)
(diad) Axes perpendicular to the plane
Axes parallel to the plane

three fold rotation axis
four fold rotation axis
six fold rotation axis
(triad)
(Tetrad)
(Hexad)
MOLECULES
CRYSTALS
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3. Reflections
A reflection flips all points in the asymmetric unit over a line called
mirror.
The points along the mirror line are all
invariant points
A reflection changes the chirality of any
figures in the asymmetric unit
Symbol: m
Representation: a solid line
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4. Glide Reflections
Glide reflection reflects the asymmetric unit across a mirror and
then translates it parallel to the mirror
There are no invariant points under a glide

reflection.
A glide plane changes the chirality of figures in
the asymmetric unit.
Symbol: g
Representation: a dashed line
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Point group symmetry

Point group = the collection of symmetry elements of an isolated
shape
Point group symmetry does not consider translation!
The symmetry operations must leave every point in the lattice
identical therefore the lattice symmetry is also described as the
lattice point symmetry
Plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group is a
mathematical classification of a two-dimensional repetitive pattern,
based on the symmetries in the pattern
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Examples of plane symmetry in architecture
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Crystallographic plane point groups = 10

1.
1 (one fold axis)
2.
2 (two fold axis)
3.
3 (three fold axis)
4.
4 (four fold axis)
5.
6 (six fold axis)

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6.
7.
m (mirror line)
2 mm (two mirror lines

and a 2-fold axis)*
8.
3 m (one 3-fold axis and

three mirror lines)
9.
4 mm (4-fold axis and

four mirror lines)*
10.
6 mm (6-fold axis
and 6 mirror lines)*
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* Second m in the symbol refers to the second type of mirror line
Non-periodic 2D patterns
5-fold , 7-fold, etc. axes are not compatible with translation non-periodic two
dimensional patterns
Ex:
Starfish
5m (five fold axis + mirror)
Wikipedia.org
A Penrose tiling
Group of atoms or viruses can form quasicrystals (quasicristals = ordered structural forms
that are non-periodic)
Electron diffraction of a Al-Mn
quasicrystal showing 5-fold
symmetry by Dan Shechtman
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http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/press.html
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Combining symmetry operations

Ten different plane point groups :
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, m, 2 mm, 3 m, 4 mm, 6 mm
Five different cell lattice types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
oblique(parallelogram) (a b, 90)
Rectangular (a b, 90)
Square (a = b, 90)
Centered rectangular or diamond (a b, 90)
Rhombic or hexagonal (a = b, 120)
When point group symmetries are combined with the possible lattice
cells 17 plane groups.
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1. Combining rotation with translation

1.
The rotations will always be to the plane (the space in 2D)
2. An -fold rotation followed by translation to it gives another

rotation of the same angle (same order), in the same sense
3.
The new rotation will be located at a distance x = T/2 x cotg /2 along

perpendicular bisector of T (T=cell edge translation)
Ex: 2-fold rotation followed by translation (=180)

1
180 A
2
is the motif
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B
x
The second rotation will be on T in the middle at B
Steps:
1. 2-fold rotation through A moves the motif from 1 to 2
2. translation by T moves the motif from 2 to 3
Or
1. 2-fold rotation through B moves the motif from 1 to 3
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2-fold axis combined with translation

1
Pair of motifs:
T1
6
T2
T1
T1+T2
T2
4
7
2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 1 gives the rotation 6 (rotation 6 is translated
to 7 by T2)
2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 2 gives the rotation 8 (rotation 8 is translated
to 9 by T1)
2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 1+T2 gives the rotation in the middle
The blue, red, green and yellow marked are independent 2-fold axes:
they relate different objects pair-wise in the pattern no any pair of
the blue and one of the red, green or yellow 2-fold axis describe the
same
pair-wise relationship L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
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6-fold axis combined with translation
6-fold axis contains 2/6, 2/3, 2/2 rotations
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All the operations of

a 3-fold axis
combined with
translation and of a
2-fold axis combined
with translation will
be included for a p6
plane group
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Combination of the rotation axes with a plane lattice =

translation
Two fold axis
Three fold axis
Four non-equivalent 2-fold axes to the plane

(0 0; , 0, 0 )
Four fold axis
Three non-equivalent 3-fold axes to the plane

00, 2/3 1/3, 1/3 2/3)
Six fold axis
Two non-equivalent 4-fold axes to the plane;

One non-equivalent 2-fold axis to the plane;
(00, ) and ( 0, 0 )
One non-equivalent 6-fold axes to the plane;

One non-equivalent 3-fold axis to the plane;
(0 0) ; (2/3 1/3 , 1/3 2/3) and ( 0)
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Martin Buerger: An introduction to fundamental geometric features of crystals
23
2. Combining a reflection with translation

A reflection combined with a translation to it is another reflection at
of that perpendicular translation
1. A rectangular cell
1
1
2
- Pair of motifs
1 2 3
2
3
Translation
*2
*the mirror 2 is situated at distance of the translation
The mirror 2 is independent from 1 because the position of the objects (1 and 2)
relative to the mirror in the center (2)of the cell is distinct from the position of the
same objects relative to the first mirror (1)
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2. A centered rectangular cell

1 and 2 are equivalent because we must have a motif in the center
A glide line results in here

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- Pair of motifs
22
11 1
2
2
12
A glide is the result of a reflection and a translation
T
T
*T(T+T)=glide plane
The glide will be at the half distance of T
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3. Combining a glide with a translation

1. A rectangular cell
1 gliding
2 Translatio
n 3
g1
2
g2
gliding by g2
The glide g2 is situated at half of the translation which is

perpendicular to it
- Motif
g1
2
g2
3
T()
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Reflecting 1 by a
mirror in the
center of the
edges gives 3;
Gliding 3 half of
Tparallel gives 3
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2. A centered rectangular cell

Combining a glide plane with a translation in a centered rectangular
lattice gives a mirror plane situated at of T/2.
g1
2
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g2
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4. Combining two reflections
The operation of applying two reflections in which the mirror planes (1 and 2) are
making an angle with each other is the same with the rotation by an 2 angle
1
1
Guide to the eye
Two reflections:
1 1 by reflection on 1
1 2 by reflection on 2
One rotation:
1 2 by two times rotation
1
1 1' 2
rotation by 2
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5. Combining a rotation with a reflection

A rotation by followed by a reflection 1 will result in another
reflection which will be situated at an angle /2 relative to the first
reflection
1
2
rotationby
reflection by 1
1 2 3
reflection by 2
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Combining symmetry operations

1. Oblique (parallelogram) (a b, 90)
p1
p2
Plane groups p1 and p2

p stands for the fact that we have only one lattice point per cell primitive lattice
Examples of motifs having point group 1:
(The motif itself should have no symmetry)
Examples of motifs having point group 2:
(The motif itself should have a 2-fold axis)
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and
and
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Plane group symbol rules/meaning

1. First letter: p or c translation symmetry + type of centering
2.
The orientation of the symmetry elements: to coordinate system x, y and z.
The highest multiplicity axis or if only one symmetry axis present they are on z
Ex: p4mm: 4-fold axis in the z direction; p3m1: 3-fold axis in the z direction
The highest symmetry axis is mentioned first and the rest are omitted
ex: p4mmm: 4-fold axis on z and two 2-fold axes are omitted
If highest multiplicity axis is 2-fold the sequence is x-y-z
ex: pmm2; pgm2; cmm2: 2-fold axis on z

3.
The addition of 1 is often used as a place holder to ensure the mirror or glide line
is correctly placed
ex: p3m1 and p31m
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my
m x
m z
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2. Rectangular (a b, 90)
Plane groups: pm, pg, pmg2, pmm2 and pgg2
pmg2
Possible motifs:
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pmm2
pgg2
2mm
32
2. Examples of Rectangular plane groups with glide lines

motif:
motif:
pmg2
pgg2
pmg2
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pgg2
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3. Square (a = b, 90)
Plane groups: p4, p4mm and p4gm
Possible motifs:
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4mm
34
Questions to recognize a square plane

group
1. Is there a 4-fold axis?
It should be otherwise it cannot be a square lattice
2. Is there a mirror line in there?
If No, then is a p4 plane group
If Yes,
3. Is the mirror line passing through a 4-fold axis?
If Yes then the plane group is p4mm
If No then the group is a p4mg
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4. Centered rectangular (a b, 90)
The dash lined cell is known as diamond or rhombus cell
Plane groups: cm and cmm2
cmm2
Possible motifs:
m
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2mm
36
Diamond vs. centered rectangular
The diamond lattice has a mirror

through it such that always a = b
but the angle is general
The centered rectangular

lattice has now 2 atoms per
unit cell
a
a=b
The centered rectangular lattice has 2-fold redundancy (two

diamond unit cells) but it has the big advantage of an
orthogonal coordinate system. Therefore it is the standard cell
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5. Rhombic or hexagonal (a = b, 120)
Plane groups:
p3, p31m, p3m1, p6 and p6mm
Possible motifs:
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6mm
3m
38
How the motifs are oriented in p3m plane

group
p3m1
The mirrors are to the translation
(the translation comes in the middle of the
mirrors)
p31m
The translation is along
the mirror planes
On the second place in the plane group symbol comes what is to

the cell edge and on the third place comes what is to the cell edge
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When we have translations which are inclined to the mirrors like in

p3m1 plane group, a glide is always interleaved between the two
mirrors
The glide is parallel to the mirrors at half distance between them
1
a) the inclination of translation

relative to the mirrors
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b) the location of glide (between the

mirrors at the half distance)
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When we have translations which are inclined to the mirrors like in

p31m plane group, a glide is always interleaved between the two
mirrors.
The glide is parallel to the mirrors at half distance between them.
a) The inclination of the translation

relative to the mirrors
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b) The location of the glides (between

the mirrors at the half distance)
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The p6mm plane group has the symmetry elements of both p3m1 and
p31m groups because both of these groups are present
simultaneously in p6mm plane group.
p3m1 +p31m
When we add the symmetry elements we should make sure that all the symmetry
elements are left invariant (we dont create additional translations or consequently
more axes and planes;
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Symmetry Elements of the 2D Space Groups
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Unit cell edge

mirror line
glide line
2, 3, 4, 6 fold axes
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The equivalence of atom positions results from translation

y
x
x
y
The atom will be then moved by

translation to every lattice point
The atom at the lattice

point has the
coordinates: (x, y)
The 2 fold axes place the atoms
at the opposite direction
It is possible to say also 1-x 1-y

y
But is more esthetic to give the

positions x y and
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1-y
1-x
xy
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1. Highest
order
rotation?
6-fold
4-fold
3-fold
2-fold
2. Has reflection?
Yes
No
p6mm
3. Has mirrors at 45?
Yes: p4mm
No: p4gm
3. Has rot. centre off mirrors?
Yes: p31m
No: p3m1
3. Has perpendicular reflections?
Yes
No
p6
Has rot. centre off mirrors?

Yes: cmm2
none
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No: pmm2
pmg2
Has glide axis off mirrors?

Yes: cm
No: pm
p4
p3
Has glide reflection?
Yes: pgg2
No: p2
Has glide reflection?

Yes: pg
No: p1
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Fundamental Steps in Plane Groups

Identification
1.
Locate the motif present in the pattern. This can be a molecule, molecules, atom,
group of atoms, a shape or group of shapes. The motif can usually be discovered
by noting the periodicity of the pattern.
2.
Identify any symmetry elements in the motif.
3.
Locate a single lattice point for each occurrence of the motif. It is a good idea to
locate the lattice points at a symmetry element location.
4.
Connect the lattice points to form the unit cell.
5.
Determine the plane group by comparing the symmetry elements present to the
17 plane patterns.
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Finding the plane group
No symmetry besides translation: The lattice type is oblique, plane group p1. Each
unit mesh (unit cell) contains 1 white bird and 1 blue bird.
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No symmetry besides translation: The lattice type is oblique, plane group p1. Each
unit mesh (unit cell) contains 1 white bird and 1 blue bird.
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1. Highest order rotation?
A: 2
2. Has reflections?
A: yes
3. Has rotation centers off mirrors?
A: yes
4. Space group:
A: cmm2
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The unit cell is square.
Symmetry elements:
-2-fold axis
-Two mirror lines ( to each
other)
- Two glide lines
Plane group: cmm2
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A: 3
2. Has reflections?
A: yes
3. Has rotation centers off mirrors?
A: No
4. Space group:
A: p3m1
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A: 6
2. Has reflections?
A: yes
3. Space group:
A: p6mm
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4/23/2013
Christopher Hammond: The basics of crystallography and diffraction (third edition)
56
4/23/2013
Christopher Hammond: The basics of crystallography and diffraction (third edition)
57
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p4gm
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Symmetry 2D 3

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Symmetry 2D 3

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Symmetry in 2D

Symmetry: definitions, unit cell choice

Lattice = an array of points repeating periodically in space (2D or 3D).

Unit cell convention

Invariant point: point that maps onto itself

From molecular point group to space groups

Symmetry operations in 2D*: 1. translation

There are no invariant points (points that map

The center of rotation is the only

Symbols for symmetry axes

Axes parallel to the plane

There are no invariant points under a glide

Point group symmetry

Examples of plane symmetry in architecture

Crystallographic plane point groups = 10

1 (one fold axis)

2 (two fold axis)

3 (three fold axis)

4 (four fold axis)

6 (six fold axis)

2 mm (two mirror lines

3 m (one 3-fold axis and

4 mm (4-fold axis and

* Second m in the symbol refers to the second type of mirror line

5m (five fold axis + mirror)

Combining symmetry operations

1. Combining rotation with translation

The rotations will always be to the plane (the space in 2D)

2. An -fold rotation followed by translation to it gives another

The new rotation will be located at a distance x = T/2 x cotg /2 along

Ex: 2-fold rotation followed by translation (=180)

The second rotation will be on T in the middle at B

2-fold axis combined with translation

6-fold axis combined with translation

6-fold axis contains 2/6, 2/3, 2/2 rotations

All the operations of

Combination of the rotation axes with a plane lattice =

Three fold axis

Four non-equivalent 2-fold axes to the plane

Three non-equivalent 3-fold axes to the plane

Two non-equivalent 4-fold axes to the plane;

One non-equivalent 6-fold axes to the plane;

2. Combining a reflection with translation

2. A centered rectangular cell

A glide line results in here

A glide is the result of a reflection and a translation

3. Combining a glide with a translation

The glide g2 is situated at half of the translation which is

2. A centered rectangular cell

4. Combining two reflections

Guide to the eye

5. Combining a rotation with a reflection

Combining symmetry operations

Plane groups p1 and p2

Plane group symbol rules/meaning

The orientation of the symmetry elements: to coordinate system x, y and z.

If highest multiplicity axis is 2-fold the sequence is x-y-z

ex: pmm2; pgm2; cmm2: 2-fold axis on z

Plane groups: pm, pg, pmg2, pmm2 and pgg2

2. Examples of Rectangular plane groups with glide lines

Plane groups: p4, p4mm and p4gm

Questions to recognize a square plane

4. Centered rectangular (a b, 90)

The dash lined cell is known as diamond or rhombus cell