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QUIZ 1
Lecture 1:
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Lecture 2:
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Lecture 3:
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Lecture 4:
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At a given site, air quality varies even though emissions are constant
Troposphere: (10-16 km) 80-90% of the gas
Troposphere + stratosphere: (~50 km) <99% of the gas
Troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere exosphere
Troposphere decreases in (temp, density, pressure, water content) w/
increasing distance fr/ sea level b/c increasing distance from heated ground
Stratosphere increases in temp w/ increasing distance fr/ sea level b/c
absorption of solar radiation by O3
Wind speed increases in troposphere w/ increase in elevation
Large scale motion in the atmosphere is driven by:
o Heating by sunlight (buoyancy)
o Rotation of the earth (friction)
Tilt angle of the earth influences region of max solar insolation (seasons)
For stationary, uniform planet, solar radiation strongest at equator
o Air moves from poles to equator
o Air rises at equator due to convergence and convection
For uniform, rotating planet
o Regions of rising air: low pressure, moist unstable air, storms
o Regions of subsiding air: stable, dry air, high pressure, fair weather,
low rainfall
o Circulation patterns distribute solar energy
Vertical motion is driven by temperature profile
Stable air wants to stay at its current height
Unstable air wants to rise or sink and causes mixing
Troposphere = generally unstable
Stratosphere = stable
Minimal mixing between troposphere and stratosphere
Relative thickness of earths atmosphere (1/4 thick pancake w/ 11 ft
diameter) promotes horizontal over vertical motion
Large scale circulation patterns stem from earths rotation
Adiabatic lapse rate can be used to determine whether an air mass is stable
or unstable.
Adiabatic lapse rate = = -dT/dz = g/cp = 9.76 degC/km ~ 1 degC/100 m
If - (dT/dz)real > unstable mixing
QUIZ 2
Lecture 5:
1. Why is an atmosphere with (dTamb/dZ) < stable?
-Parcels of air moved above will be higher density and higher temperature,
bringing them back down. Parcels of air moved below will be lower density
and lower temperature, bringing them back up.
2. Why is the average atmospheric lapse rate lower than the adiabatic lapse
rate?
-There is water vapor in the atmosphere and that water absorbs IR radiation.
When this water condenses it releases heat.
3. How can temperature inversions form?
-Forms daily. When the sun begins to sets, the earth cools by radiation and
the air near the ground cools first. This inversion then happens on clear and
very slightly clouded skies.
-Happens at night, in valleys, sea breeze, air over mountain, drainage, and
subsidence (sinking air mass).
4. Define mixing height.
-Average height below which mixing occurs. Can have negligible vertical
mixing above it.
-Pollutant layer and the top layer of cloud.
5. How are wind, temperature profiles, mixing height, and stability related?
Lecture 6:
1. Explain the phrase, All models are wrong, some models are useful.
-Models are really just simplifications.
-These are not all valid assumptions because, by logic, the wind speed will
not be constant, secondary pollution can occur, the terrain is not constant,
and the emission rate can vary.
2. Where do the sigmaY and sigmaZ values come from?
-The two values are functions of x, depend on atmospheric stability, and are
experimentally derived.
3. How accurate are these predictions?
-Within a factor of 2.
4. What is the FLLS and how do I derive it from the usual Gaussian plume
equation?
-Finite Length Line Source, based on highways. Uses the Gaussian distribution
for calculations.
QUIZ 3
Lecture 11:
1. What are three strategies that can be used to deal with pollution?
a. Improve dispersion (build higher stacks, pollute intermittently, move
the problem)
b. Change the process (solvent based paint to water based, disposal of
waste SO2 stream to make H2SO4)
c. Add downstream pollution control devices
2. What is the preferred solution of the three?
-Change the process to produce no pollutants
3. Why do we worry about flow rates and pressure drops in pollution control
equipment?
-Determines the amount of power required to control deposition. Higher
pressure drop and higher flow rate consumes more power.
4. How are efficiency and penetration related?
-Efficiency = 1 Penetration.
5. Why use one over the other?
- Penetration is easier to use for the math of multiple control devices.
a. For devices in series, just multiply the Penetrations. Poverall = 1
Noverall = P1*P2
6. What is a non-homogenous pollutant?
-Many types of a specific pollutant based on different charges, sizes,
densities, compositions, or phases.
Lecture 12:
1. What is combustion?
-Oxidation of a fuel by reaction with O2 present in the air.
2. Why should we study combustion?
-Combustion is a major form of pollutants such as CO, NOx, SO2, PM
3. Are all air fuel mixtures combustible?
-No, not all air fuel mixtures are combustible.
4. What are some measures used to characterize combustible mixtures?
-Air to fuel ratio -> equivalence ratio ()
Lecture 15:
1. How must particles be collected?
-On the surface without making a large pressure drop
2. What strategies can we use?
-Bring a particle close to the surface (add a force)
-Bring surface close to the particle (divide the flow)
3. What forces may be involved?
-Gravity, centrifugal, electrostatic
4. In a gravity settler, what do we assume about the flow?
-Particles enter a long, wide chamber and settle to the bottom by gravity.
-Area of chamber / Area of inlet >> 1 in order to slow the flow... increasing
residence time... and to spread the flow
-ASSUMPTIONS:
a. Plug flow: no mixing vertically or axially
b. Mixed flow: no axial mixing, but does have perfect vertical mixing
(due to turbulence)
5. If two particles have the same collection efficiency, what else is the same?
-Properties of the particles, such as the diameter and density of the particles
6. Why do cyclones work?
-Cyclones are separators that rely on centrifugal forces
7. How did we derive the efficiency equations?
-> block efficiency = [settling velocity * Distance traveled in settler (L)] / [gas
velocity * height of the settler]
-Using the angular form from the gravity settling equations, in conjunction
with stokes law, such as:
-> L = pi*(Number of turns by outer gas in helix)*Diameter
-> H = Width of inlet
8. What are some advantages associated with cyclones?
-Built to either have high throughput (big particles only) or high efficiency
(small particles with higher velocities)
-Mositure is okay
-Low pressure drop
-Low capital costs
-High temp and pressure