Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKSHOP...............................................................1
What Can You Gain from the Workshop?......................................................................1
Objectives of the Workshop and this Publication...........................................................3
Target Audience/Prerequisite............................................................................................4
Content of the Workshop..................................................................................................4
Chief Course Instructor and Biodata...............................................................................4
Author, Publisher and Copyright.....................................................................................5
Contact Details...................................................................................................................5
Request for Login Name and Password to MEMBERS ONLY area............................6
Free eCourse.......................................................................................................................6
Training Certificate...........................................................................................................6
BEM/CPD Accreditation...................................................................................................6
Notations Used in this Publication...................................................................................7
1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................8
1.1
General....................................................................................................................8
1.2
1.3
Design for Quantity Control.................................................................................9
1.3.1
Major and Minor Systems...............................................................................9
1.3.2
Major and Minor Storms...............................................................................12
1.3.3
Major and Minor Systems Design Concepts.................................................12
1.3.4
Devices for Quantity Control.........................................................................13
1.3.4.1 Detention Storage..................................................................................13
1.3.4.2
Retention Storage...................................................................................14
1.4
Design for Quality Control..................................................................................15
1.4.1
Quality control criteria...................................................................................15
1.4.2
Differences between design for Quantity and Quality Control.....................15
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ii
1.5
1.6
1.7
Summary Sheet....................................................................................................19
2.
2.1
Review of Level Pool Routing Procedure..........................................................21
2.1.1
Storage Routing Method................................................................................21
2.1.2
Worked Example 2.1- Level Pool Routing Through A Reservoir.................25
2.1.3
Notes about the Spreadsheet Computation....................................................29
2.1.4
Changes from the Planning and Design Procedure No. 1.............................30
2.1.5
Relevant Sections in MSMAM.......................................................................30
2.2
Detention Basin Routing.....................................................................................31
2.2.1
Theory............................................................................................................31
2.2.2
Worked Example 2.2......................................................................................31
2.2.2.1 Problem.................................................................................................31
Determine design storm criteria for the basin.....................................32
2.2.2.3
2.2.2.4
2.2.2.5
2.2.2.6
2.2.2.7
2.2.2.8
2.2.2.9
2.2.2.10
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.2.2
2.3
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iii
Ipoh
67
2.4.2.3
3.
3.1
Definition..............................................................................................................71
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.6.2.3
3.7
3.8
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3.9
3.10
3.11
Appendix 3.1- Design of Silt Trap Using the Planning and Design Procedure No. 1Incorporating an Overflow Weir and Bypass Channel................................................92
4.
DESIGN OF CULVERTS.........................................................................114
4.1
Inlet Control.......................................................................................................114
4.2
Outlet Control....................................................................................................114
4.2.1
Theory..........................................................................................................115
4.2.1.1 Velocity head (Hv)........................................................................................115
4.2.1.2 Entrance loss (He)........................................................................................115
4.2.1.3 Friction loss (Hf)..........................................................................................116
4.2.1.4 Total Energy Head (H).................................................................................116
4.2.1.5 Determining Headwater (HW).....................................................................117
4.3
Work Example 4.1 (Concrete Box Culvert).....................................................118
4.3.1
Case Study...................................................................................................118
4.3.2
Design for 50 years ARI..............................................................................118
4.3.3
Design for 100 years ARI............................................................................120
4.3.4
Spreadsheet Computation............................................................................122
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.
REFERENCES:.......................................................................................126
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1 software at http://www.msmam.com
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2 software at http://www.msmam.com
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3 software at http://www.msmam.com
To provide a resource material in urban drainage design for all participants of the
Workshop.
Target Audience/Prerequisite
The course is suitable for engineers/graduates in civil/environmental engineering. The
basic requirement is a degree in the above disciplines.
There is no prerequisite for Workshop No. 1 and 2. However, the prerequisite for
Workshop No. 3 is Workshop No. 1.
Content of the Workshop
Following are the major topics covered in this Workshop:
1. Design concept for quantity and quality control.
2. Design of detention basin.
3. Design of dry and wet sediment basins.
4. Design of culvert.
Chief Course Instructor and Biodata
The chief course instructor is Ir. Dr. Quek Keng Hong, who is a consulting engineer by
practice and the principal of Dr. Quek & Associates. He obtained his Civil Engineering,
Master of Engineering Science and Ph.D. degrees from the University of NSW, Australia.
He has over 20 years of post-graduate experience mainly in consultancy work. He
specialises in the field of water resources including hydrologic and hydraulic modelling
and environmental management.
Dr. Quek is a regular contributor of engineering journals, seminars and conferences, with
more than 30 publications to his credit. He has conducted regular workshops, seminars
and talks in his fields of expertise.
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5 software at http://www.msmam.com
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
General
Workshop 3 covers the following:
Design of culvert
1.2
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FIGURE 1.1 MAJOR AND MINOR SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS (DID, 2000)
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10
Rare major
storm, severe
damage and
loss of life
Major System
(Major drains or planned
drainage routes)
Frequent minor
storm, nuisance
flooding
Minor System
(Kerbs, gutters, inlets,
open drains and pipes)
TABLE 1.1 MAJOR AND MINOR SYSTEM DESIGN OBJECTIVES (DID, 2000)
MAJOR SYSTEM
MINOR SYSTEM
Reduced injury and loss of life
Improved aesthetics
Reduced disruption to normal business
Reduction in minor traffic accidents
activities
Reduced damage to infrastructure services Reduced health hazards (mosquitoes, flies)
Reduced emergency services costs
Reduced personal inconvenience
Reduced flood damage
Reduced roadway maintenance
Reduced loss of production
Reduced clean-up costs
Increased feeling of security
Increased land values
Improved aesthetics and recreational
opportunities
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11 software at http://www.msmam.com
1.3.3
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12 software at http://www.msmam.com
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13 software at http://www.msmam.com
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14 software at http://www.msmam.com
1.4.2
Quantity
Runoff peak
Landuse % imperviousness
Management of infrequent storms
Multi storm ARI design approach
(major/minor)
Detention/retention may not perform in
repeated/multiple storms
Event and continuous (retention only)
modeling
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Quality
Runoff volume
Landuse activities
Management of frequent storms
Single storm ARI design approach
Ponds may not be efficient in infrequent
storms
Annual average load modelling
Free
15 software at http://www.msmam.com
Quantity Control
1.4.3
Quality Control
Gross Pollutant Trap- Remove coarse sediment (and other pollutants e.g.,
nutrients and metals attached to sediment), litter and debris. Examples:
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
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Constructed Ponds and Wetlands- function both for water quality control and
flood control. Only remove fine sediment. Not suitable for coarse sediment.
Provide temporary flood storage to reduce downstream flow peaks. Improve
water quality by sedimentation and biological processes.
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1.5
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Following are the relevant sections of the MSMAM manual referred to in this
Section:
Chapter 4- design criteria
Chapter 11- Hydrologic design concepts
Chapters 19 and 20- Detention Storage
Chapters 21 and 22- Retention Storage
1.7
Summary Sheet
1. The major changes in MSMAM include:
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I Q
S
t
(2.1)
where
I
I j 1
2
Q j 1
2
S j 1 S j
t
(2.2)
where
j, j+1 are time steps j and j+1, respectively.
t
The above equation can be rearranged such that all known variables are placed on
the left side of the equation and all unknown variables on the right as follows:
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Initial
Conditions
Si & Qi
Continuity Equation
Outflow Hydrograph
Qp
Qp
Qp
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Design Storm
Calculate IDF data
I
Hydrograph Method
Time Area Method or
Runoff Routing Method
Reservoir Routing
Level Pool Routing Through
Detention Storage
Detention Basin
Calculate Water Level
(Workshop 2)
Use HEC-RAS model to
calculate water level in drain
EOpen Drain
Qp
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2Sj
I j 1
2 S j 1
Q j
Q j 1
t
t
(2.3)
It is evident from the above equation that a second equation is necessary to solve
the two unknown variables of Qj+1 and Sj+1. This second equation is referred to as
the storage function, which expresses the relationship between the storage in the
basin and the discharge from the basin in the form of Q = f(S).
The storage function represents the combined effect of:
1. The discharge characteristics or the rating curve as represented by Q=f(H)
2. The topography of the site i.e., the geometric properties as represented by the
storage curve or H versus S data of the storage facility, expressed as H= f(S).
By combining Q=f(H) and H= f(S), the storage-discharge relationship for the
basin or the storage function can be derived as Q = f(S).
The discharge characteristics for a basin with spillway outlet can be represented
by the following spillway discharge equation:
Q s cL( H H s ) 3 / 2
(2.4)
where
Qs
is the weir coefficient for the spillway (ranging from 1.45 m 0.5/s for a
broad crested weir to 2.15 m0.5/s for an ogee crested weir)
Hs
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2.1.2
j 1
2Sj
Q j
which are all known. (Col. 4+Col. 5= Col. 6)- See purple cells.
2. Prepare a table of Stage-Discharge-Storage data as referred to above and
2S
compute
level (which is the sum of stage and the basin elevation at zero stage) by
interpolating the table in (2). (Interpolate Col. 6, 7 & 8 from Col. 12, 10 & 9.)
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Q j 1 which is equal to
2 S j 1
t
Q j 1
10
11
12
t
T (min) I
Ij+I(j+1) (2Sj/dt) (2S(j+1)/dt) Q(j+1)
WL(mRL)=H H (m)
Q (m3/s) S (m3)
(2S/dt)+Q
(min)
-Qj
+Q(j+1)
+Datum
J
12
0 0.0000
0
0
0
99.5
0.00
0.00
0
0.000
j+1
13 0.4375 0.4375 0.2335
0.4375
0.102
99.55
0.025
0.051
4.500
0.201
j+2
14 0.875 1.3125 0.832
1.546
0.357
99.675
0.050
0.102
9.000
0.402
j+3
15 1.3125 2.1875 1.8115
3.0195
0.604
99.775
0.075
0.153
13.500
0.603
j+4
16 1.75 3.0625 3.102
4.874
0.886
99.85
0.100
0.204
18.000
0.804
j+5
17 2.1875 3.9375 4.5155
7.0395
1.262
99.95
0.125
0.255
22.500
1.005
j+6
18 2.625 4.8125 6.186
9.328
1.571
100.025
0.150
0.306
27.000
1.206
j+7
19 3.0625 5.6875 8.0055
11.8735
1.934
100.1
0.175
0.357
31.500
1.407
j+8
20
3.5 6.5625 9.974
14.568
2.297
100.175
0.200
0.408
36.000
1.608
j+9
21 4.14 7.6400 12.294
17.614
2.66
100.25
0.225
0.459
40.500
1.809
j+10
22 4.78 8.9200 15.41
21.214
2.902
100.3
0.25
0.51
45
2.010
j+11
23 5.42 10.2000 19.08
25.61
3.265
100.375
0.275
0.604
59.500
2.587
j+12
24 6.06 11.4800 23.062
30.56
3.749
100.475
0.300
0.698
74.000
3.165
j+13
25
6.7 12.7600 27.888
35.822
3.967
100.525
0.325
0.792
88.500
3.742
j+14
26 7.34 14.0400 33.412
41.928
4.258
100.6
0.350
0.886
103.000
4.319
j+15
27 7.98 15.3200 39.828
48.732
4.452
100.65
0.375
0.980
117.500
4.897
j+16
28 8.62 16.6000 46.942
56.428
4.743
100.725
0.400
1.074
132.000
5.474
j+17
29 9.26 17.8800 54.948
64.822
4.937
100.775
0.425
1.168
146.500
6.051
j+18
30
9.9 19.1600 63.846
74.108
5.131
100.825
0.450
1.262
161.000
6.629
j+19
31 10.45 20.3500 73.352
84.196
5.422
100.9
0.475
1.356
175.500
7.206
j+20
32
11 21.4500 83.57
94.802
5.616
100.95
0.50
1.45
190
7.783
j+21
33 11.55 22.5500
94.5
106.12
5.81
101
0.525
1.571
215.400
8.751
j+22
34 12.1 23.6500 106.15
118.15
6
101.05
0.550
1.692
240.800
9.719
j+23
35 12.65 24.7500 118.52
130.9
6.19
101.1
0.575
1.813
266.200
10.686
j+24
36 13.2 25.8500 131.61
144.37
6.38
101.15
0.600
1.934
291.600
11.654
j+25
37 13.75 26.9500 145.42
158.56
6.57
101.2
0.625
2.055
317.000
12.622
j+26
38 14.3 28.0500 159.95
173.47
6.76
101.25
0.650
2.176
342.400
13.589
j+27
39 14.85 29.1500 175.466
189.1
6.817
101.275
0.675
2.297
367.800
14.557
j+28
40 15.4 30.2500 191.854
205.716
6.931
101.325
0.700
2.418
393.200
15.525
j+29
41 14.62 30.0200 207.784
221.874
7.045
101.375
0.725
2.539
418.600
16.492
j+30
42 13.84 28.4600 222.04
236.244
7.102
101.4
0.75
2.66
444
17.460
j+31
43 13.06 26.9000 234.508
248.94
7.216
101.45
0.775
2.781
482.900
18.878
j+32
44 12.28 25.3400 245.302
259.848
7.273
101.475
0.800
2.902
521.800
20.295
j+33
45 11.5 23.7800 254.422
269.082
7.33
101.5
0.825
3.023
560.700
21.713
j+34
46 10.72 22.2200 261.872
276.642
7.385
101.525
0.850
3.144
599.600
23.131
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47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
9.94
9.16
8.38
7.6
7.16
6.72
6.28
5.84
5.4
4.96
4.52
4.08
3.64
3.2
2.98
2.76
2.54
2.32
2.1
1.88
1.66
1.44
1.22
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
20.6600
19.1000
17.5400
15.9800
14.7600
13.8800
13.0000
12.1200
11.2400
10.3600
9.4800
8.6000
7.7200
6.8400
6.1800
5.7400
5.3000
4.8600
4.4200
3.9800
3.5400
3.1000
2.6600
2.2200
1.9000
1.7000
1.5000
1.3000
1.1000
0.9000
0.7000
0.5000
0.3000
0.1000
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
267.762
272.092
274.752
275.852
275.732
274.732
272.962
270.312
266.782
262.372
257.192
251.132
244.306
236.714
228.576
220.112
211.322
202.206
192.764
182.996
172.902
162.482
151.812
141.082
130.412
119.732
109.232
98.722
88.396
78.258
68.502
58.934
49.554
40.556
282.532
286.862
289.632
290.732
290.612
289.612
287.732
285.082
281.552
277.142
271.852
265.792
258.852
251.146
242.894
234.316
225.412
216.182
206.626
196.744
186.536
176.002
165.142
154.032
142.982
132.112
121.232
110.532
99.822
89.296
78.958
69.002
59.234
49.654
7.385
7.385
7.44
7.44
7.44
7.44
7.385
7.385
7.385
7.385
7.33
7.33
7.273
7.216
7.159
7.102
7.045
6.988
6.931
6.874
6.817
6.76
6.665
6.475
6.285
6.19
6
5.905
5.713
5.519
5.228
5.034
4.84
4.549
101.525
101.525
101.55
101.55
101.55
101.55
101.525
101.525
101.525
101.525
101.5
101.5
101.475
101.45
101.425
101.4
101.375
101.35
101.325
101.3
101.275
101.25
101.225
101.175
101.125
101.1
101.05
101.025
100.975
100.925
100.85
100.8
100.75
100.675
0.875
0.900
0.925
0.950
0.975
1.00
1.025
1.050
1.075
1.100
1.125
1.150
1.175
1.200
1.225
1.25
1.275
1.300
1.325
1.350
1.375
1.400
1.425
1.450
1.475
1.50
1.525
1.550
1.575
1.600
1.625
1.650
1.675
1.700
1.725
1.75
1.775
1.800
1.825
1.850
1.875
1.900
1.925
1.950
1.975
2.00
2.025
2.050
2.075
2.100
2.125
2.150
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27 software at http://www.msmam.com
3.265
3.386
3.507
3.628
3.749
3.87
3.967
4.064
4.161
4.258
4.355
4.452
4.549
4.646
4.743
4.84
4.937
5.034
5.131
5.228
5.325
5.422
5.519
5.616
5.713
5.81
5.905
6.000
6.095
6.190
6.285
6.380
6.475
6.570
6.665
6.76
6.817
6.874
6.931
6.988
7.045
7.102
7.159
7.216
7.273
7.33
7.385
7.440
7.495
7.550
7.605
7.660
638.500
677.400
716.300
755.200
794.100
833
905.900
978.800
1051.700
1124.600
1197.500
1270.400
1343.300
1416.200
1489.100
1562
1694.500
1827.000
1959.500
2092.000
2224.500
2357.000
2489.500
2622.000
2754.500
2887
3091.000
3295.000
3499.000
3703.000
3907.000
4111.000
4315.000
4519.000
4723.000
4927
5206.500
5486.000
5765.500
6045.000
6324.500
6604.000
6883.500
7163.000
7442.500
7722
8069.900
8417.800
8765.700
9113.600
9461.500
9809.400
24.548
25.966
27.384
28.801
30.219
31.637
34.164
36.691
39.218
41.745
44.272
46.799
49.326
51.853
54.380
56.907
61.420
65.934
70.448
74.961
79.475
83.989
88.502
93.016
97.530
102.043
108.938
115.833
122.728
129.623
136.518
143.413
150.308
157.203
164.098
170.993
180.367
189.741
199.114
208.488
217.862
227.235
236.609
245.983
255.356
264.730
276.382
288.033
299.685
311.337
322.988
334.640
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28 software at http://www.msmam.com
7.715
7.770
7.825
7.88
7.932
7.984
8.036
8.088
8.140
8.192
8.244
8.296
8.348
8.40
8.451
8.502
8.553
8.604
8.655
8.706
8.757
8.808
8.859
8.91
8.958
9.006
9.054
9.102
9.150
9.198
9.246
9.294
9.342
9.39
9.437
9.484
9.531
9.578
9.625
9.672
9.719
9.766
9.813
9.86
9.906
9.952
9.998
10.044
10.090
10.136
10.182
10.228
10157.300
10505.200
10853.100
11201
11594.900
11988.800
12382.700
12776.600
13170.500
13564.400
13958.300
14352.200
14746.100
15140
15558.400
15976.800
16395.200
16813.600
17232.000
17650.400
18068.800
18487.200
18905.600
19324
19757.900
20191.800
20625.700
21059.600
21493.500
21927.400
22361.300
22795.200
23229.100
23663
24116.500
24570.000
25023.500
25477.000
25930.500
26384.000
26837.500
27291.000
27744.500
28198
28699.500
29201.000
29702.500
30204.000
30705.500
31207.000
31708.500
32210.000
346.292
357.943
369.595
381.247
394.429
407.611
420.793
433.975
447.157
460.339
473.521
486.703
499.885
513.067
527.064
541.062
555.060
569.057
583.055
597.053
611.050
625.048
639.046
653.043
667.555
682.066
696.577
711.089
725.600
740.111
754.623
769.134
783.645
798.157
813.320
828.484
843.648
858.811
873.975
889.139
904.302
919.466
934.630
949.793
966.556
983.319
1000.081
1016.844
1033.607
1050.369
1067.132
1083.895
2.1.3
10.274
10.32
32711.500 1100.657
33213 1117.420
The outflow hydrograph has the highest peak discharge of 7.44 m3/s at 101.55
m RL.
The highest peak discharge is compared to and found to be less than the predevelopment peak.
The highest water level of 101.55 m RL is found to be lower than the top of
the reservoir, thus will not cause overtopping of the reservoir.
Two worksheets are included: SHORTHSQ (with a shorter H-S-Q table) and
LONGHSQ (with a longer H-S-Q table). Notice both give identical answer.
So a short H-S-Q is good enough in this case.
2.1.4
2.1.5
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Theory
This section provides guidelines for the design of the community/regional based
stormwater detention facilities. Some of the requirements for the design of a dry
detention basin are as follows:
The primary outlets for detention basins shall be designed to reduce the
post-development peak flows to below the pre-development peak flows
for both the minor and major system design storm ARI.
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2.2.2
2.2.2.1 Problem
Design a dry detention basin for a catchment as follows:
Location= Ipoh
Flow will be directed to the basin via a grassed floodway along the
alignment of an existing stream.
A low flow pipe system with a capacity of 2.1 m3/s will bypass the basin
and combine with the basin outflow in the downstream floodway.
No.
Worksheet Name
Purpose
1
2
ShortDuration
IDF
5yr30minPreDev, 50yr30minPreDev
Compute
culvert1
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Spillway
11
rout5yr30min, rout50yr30min,
rout100yr30min
Time
(min)
0
Pre
Development
Pre
Pre
Dev
Dev
5 yr
50 yr
30
30
min
min
0.00
0.00
Post Development
Post
Dev
5 yr
15
min
0.00
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Post
Dev
5 yr
30
min
0.00
Post Development
Post
Dev
5 yr
60
min
0.00
Post
Dev
50 yr
15
min
0.00
Post
Dev
50 yr
30
min
0.00
Post Development
Post
Dev
50 yr
60
min
0.00
Post
Dev
100 yr
15
min
0.00
Post
Dev
100 yr
30
min
0.00
Free
32 software at http://www.msmam.com
Post
Dev
100 yr
60
min
0.00
0.00
0.36
0.78
1.44
4.12
6.14
4.79
2.96
1.78
0.77
0.15
0.00
0.12
0.58
1.33
2.77
6.17
8.35
6.33
3.90
2.35
1.01
0.19
0.00
0.55
1.42
2.53
6.74
11.01
8.86
3.55
0.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.89
2.15
4.86
8.84
10.87
8.00
4.94
2.97
1.28
0.25
0.00
0.06
0.27
0.86
1.81
4.30
7.03
8.42
9.49
8.02
5.69
3.94
2.93
2.11
1.57
1.04
0.45
0.09
0.00
0.75
1.90
3.40
9.08
14.72
11.79
4.70
0.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.46
1.19
2.88
6.54
11.76
14.35
10.54
6.50
3.91
1.69
0.32
0.00
0.10
0.37
1.17
2.50
5.73
9.24
11.02
12.43
10.49
7.45
5.16
3.84
2.77
2.05
1.37
0.58
0.12
0.00
0.83
2.09
3.75
10.01
16.18
12.95
5.16
0.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
1.30
3.16
7.20
12.89
15.70
11.53
7.11
4.28
1.84
0.35
0.00
0.11
0.41
1.29
2.78
6.29
10.10
12.04
13.57
11.46
8.13
5.63
4.19
3.02
2.24
1.49
0.64
0.13
0.00
Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Pre
Development
subtract low
flow
5 yr
50 yr
30
30
min
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.67
2.02
4.07
4.04
6.25
2.69
4.23
0.86
1.80
0.00
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Post Development
Post Development
Post Development
5 yr
15
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.43
4.64
8.91
6.76
1.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5 yr
30
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
2.76
6.74
8.77
5.90
2.84
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
5 yr
60
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.20
4.93
6.32
7.39
5.92
3.59
1.84
0.83
50 yr
15
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.30
6.98
12.62
9.69
2.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
50 yr
30
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.78
4.44
9.66
12.25
8.44
4.40
1.81
0.00
0.00
0.00
50 yr
60
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.40
3.63
7.14
8.92
10.33
8.39
5.35
3.06
1.74
100 yr
15
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.65
7.91
14.08
10.85
3.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100 yr
30
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.06
5.10
10.79
13.60
9.43
5.01
2.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
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100 yr
60
min
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.68
4.19
8.00
9.94
11.47
9.36
6.03
3.53
2.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.92
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Qo 0.753 t i 0.411
)
( )
Qi
tp
(2.5)
where
V
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Q
o
The basin volume is estimated for each basin inflow hydrographs as shown in
Table 2.4 and the largest value selected.
TABLE 2.4 PRELIMINARY DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL STORM
50 yr ARI
Parameter
Vi (m3)
Qi (m3/s)
Qo (m3/s)
ti (min)
tp (min)
Vs/Vi
Prelim Vs (m3)
60
14889
10.33
6.25
70
40
0.510
7590.6
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S (m3)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
0
45
190
444
833
1562
2887
4927
7722
11201
15140
19324
23663
28198
33213
5 YR
Q
(m3/s)
0.000
0.725
1.418
2.081
2.714
3.316
3.887
4.427
4.937
5.416
5.864
6.282
6.669
7.025
7.351
50 YR
Q
(m3/s)
0.00
0.72
1.42
2.08
2.71
3.32
3.89
5.59
7.21
8.74
10.18
11.53
12.79
13.97
15.06
100 YR
Q (m3/s)
0.00
0.72
1.42
2.08
2.71
3.32
3.89
5.59
7.21
9.13
11.49
14.08
16.82
19.69
22.65
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102
101
100
V1, 2 (
A1 A2
) d
2
(2.6)
where
V
1,2
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
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Routing the basin inflow hydrograph through the basin to determine the
maximum outflow and water level produced.
Results:
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The above is less than the permissible 4 m3/s for 5 year minor flow.
The basin inflow and outflow hydrographs for 5 year storm of duration 30
minutes are shown in Figure 2.3.
Routing the basin inflow hydrograph through the basin to determine the
maximum outflow and water level produced.
Results:
After trial and error, a box culvert of 4 m by 0.5 m situated at Stage of 1.5
m (101.50 m RL) (5 year minor flow maximum water level) was found to
be optimum. (See worksheet culvert2, culvert2a, culvert2b for trials
involved.) Follow the steps:
o Step 1- Using culvert spreadsheet, compute the Stage-Discharge
Curve for a range of culvert sizes. Derive the best-fit formula.
o Step 2- Using reservoir routing spreadsheet, enter the best-fit
formula and inflow hydrograph into the table and rout it through.
o Step 3- Repeat until the computed outflow from Step 2 is less than
the permissible flow.
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The stage discharge relationship is the sum of minor and major culvert
capacities as summarised in Table 2.5.
The above is less than the permissible 6.25 m3/s for 50 year major flow.
The basin inflow and outflow hydrographs for 50 year storm of duration
30 minutes are shown in Figure 2.4.
2.2.2.10
Routing the basin inflow hydrograph through the basin to determine the
maximum outflow and water level produced.
Results:
After trial and error, selected a 3 m wide broad-crested spillway with 3(H):
1 (V) side slopes as the secondary outlet. (See worksheet spillway for
trials involved.)
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The stage discharge relationship is the sum of minor and major culvert
plus spillway capacities are summarised in Table 2.5 and plotted in Figure
2.7b.
Maximum discharge of 5.6 m3/s with water level at 101.75 m RL from the
routing results summarised in Table 2.8. Note there is no change between
the Q50 and Q100 maximum outflow and water level due to low 100 year
storm intensity and hence basin inflow for this particular locality.
The basin inflow and outflow hydrographs for 100 year storm of duration
30 minutes are shown in Figure 2.5.
t
(min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Ij+I(j+1)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.59
1.13
1.68
2.22
2.76
3.56
4.35
5.15
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.029
0.049
0.068
0.088
0.640
1.725
2.809
3.894
4.978
6.317
7.909
9.502
(2Sj/dt)Qj
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.039
0.088
0.157
0.245
0.885
1.160
2.520
4.965
7.106
10.586
14.333
19.672
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
(2S(j+1)/dt)
+Q(j+1)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.039
0.088
0.157
0.245
0.885
2.609
3.969
6.414
9.943
13.423
18.496
23.835
Q
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.725
0.725
0.725
1.418
1.418
2.081
2.081
W.L.
(m RL)
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.500
100.500
100.750
100.750
H
(m)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
Q
(m3/s)
0.000
0.725
1.418
2.081
2.714
3.316
3.887
4.427
4.937
5.416
5.864
6.282
6.669
7.025
7.351
Free
41 software at http://www.msmam.com
S
(m3)
0
45
190
444
833
1562
2887
4927
7722
11201
15140
19324
23663
28198
33213
(2S/dt)+Q
0.00
2.22
7.75
16.88
30.48
55.38
100.12
168.66
262.34
378.78
510.53
650.42
795.44
946.96
1114.45
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
5.95
6.74
7.15
7.55
7.96
8.36
8.77
8.19
7.62
7.05
6.47
5.90
5.29
4.68
4.06
3.45
2.84
2.44
2.05
1.66
1.26
0.87
0.69
0.52
0.35
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11.095
12.688
13.889
14.698
15.508
16.317
17.127
16.959
15.813
14.668
13.522
12.377
11.191
9.965
8.739
7.513
6.287
5.281
4.493
3.705
2.918
2.130
1.563
1.215
0.868
0.521
0.174
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
25.339
32.599
41.060
49.127
58.003
67.689
78.185
88.512
96.552
103.447
109.196
113.799
117.217
119.409
120.374
120.114
118.628
116.135
112.855
108.787
103.931
98.288
93.219
87.803
82.040
75.930
69.472
62.841
56.209
49.578
44.150
38.722
33.295
27.867
23.704
19.541
15.378
12.541
9.705
6.868
5.419
3.970
2.521
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
30.767
38.027
46.488
55.758
64.634
74.320
84.816
95.143
104.326
111.220
116.969
121.572
124.990
127.182
128.148
127.888
126.402
123.909
120.628
116.560
111.704
106.061
99.850
94.434
88.671
82.561
76.103
69.472
62.841
56.209
49.578
44.150
38.722
33.295
27.867
23.704
19.541
15.378
12.541
9.705
6.868
5.419
3.970
2.521
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
2.714
2.714
2.714
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
2.714
2.714
2.714
2.714
2.081
2.081
2.081
1.418
1.418
1.418
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
101.000
101.000
101.000
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.000
101.000
101.000
101.000
100.750
100.750
100.750
100.500
100.500
100.500
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
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42 software at http://www.msmam.com
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.072
Outflow Qp=
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
3.886725
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
101.5
Free
43 software at http://www.msmam.com
t
(min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Ij+I(j+1)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.31
0.47
0.62
0.78
1.51
2.24
2.98
3.71
4.44
5.49
6.53
7.57
8.61
9.66
10.18
10.69
11.21
11.73
12.25
11.49
10.73
9.97
9.20
8.44
7.64
6.83
6.02
5.21
4.40
3.89
3.37
2.85
2.33
1.81
1.45
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.156
0.467
0.779
1.091
1.402
2.291
3.756
5.222
6.688
8.154
9.929
12.015
14.101
16.186
18.272
19.833
20.869
21.905
22.942
23.978
23.735
22.213
20.691
19.169
17.647
16.079
14.463
12.848
11.233
9.618
8.291
7.253
6.216
5.178
4.140
3.259
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
(2Sj/dt)Qj
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.156
0.623
1.402
1.044
0.997
1.838
4.146
6.531
10.383
14.373
20.140
26.727
35.400
46.158
57.799
71.000
85.238
99.370
114.538
130.743
146.704
161.144
170.653
178.640
185.105
190.002
193.283
194.949
194.999
193.435
190.543
186.615
181.648
175.644
168.602
160.679
(2S(j+1)/dt)
+Q(j+1)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.156
0.623
1.402
2.493
2.446
3.287
5.595
9.368
13.219
18.536
24.303
32.155
40.828
51.586
64.430
77.632
91.870
107.144
122.312
138.516
154.478
168.917
181.835
189.822
196.287
201.184
204.465
206.131
206.182
204.617
201.726
197.797
192.830
186.826
179.784
171.861
Q
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
1.418
1.418
2.081
2.081
2.714
2.714
2.714
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
W.L.
(m RL)
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.500
100.500
100.750
100.750
101.000
101.000
101.000
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
H
(m)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
Q
(m3/s)
0.00
0.72
1.42
2.08
2.71
3.32
3.89
5.59
7.21
8.74
10.18
11.53
12.79
13.97
15.06
Free
44 software at http://www.msmam.com
S
(m3)
0
45
190
444
833
1562
2887
4927
7722
11201
15140
19324
23663
28198
33213
(2S/dt)+Q
0.00
2.22
7.75
16.88
30.48
55.38
100.12
169.82
264.61
382.10
514.84
655.66
801.56
953.90
1122.16
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
1.09
0.72
0.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.535
1.811
1.086
0.362
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
155.440
149.478
142.791
135.379
127.606
119.832
112.059
104.286
96.512
89.881
83.250
76.618
69.987
63.356
56.724
50.093
44.665
39.237
33.810
28.382
24.219
20.056
15.893
13.056
10.220
7.383
5.934
4.485
3.036
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
163.214
157.251
150.564
143.153
135.379
127.606
119.832
112.059
104.286
96.512
89.881
83.250
76.618
69.987
63.356
56.724
50.093
44.665
39.237
33.810
28.382
24.219
20.056
15.893
13.056
10.220
7.383
5.934
4.485
3.036
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
1.587
Outflow Qp=
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
2.714
2.714
2.714
2.714
2.081
2.081
2.081
1.418
1.418
1.418
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.59
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.000
101.000
101.000
101.000
100.750
100.750
100.750
100.500
100.500
100.500
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
101.75
Free
45 software at http://www.msmam.com
t
(min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Ij+I(j+1)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.42
0.64
0.85
1.06
1.87
2.68
3.48
4.29
5.10
6.24
7.37
8.51
9.65
10.79
11.35
11.91
12.48
13.04
13.60
12.77
11.93
11.10
10.26
9.43
8.55
7.66
6.78
5.90
5.01
4.45
3.88
3.31
2.74
2.18
1.74
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.212
0.637
1.062
1.487
1.912
2.931
4.545
6.159
7.773
9.386
11.332
13.609
15.886
18.163
20.440
22.140
23.265
24.389
25.513
26.637
26.365
24.697
23.029
21.361
19.693
17.976
16.210
14.443
12.677
10.910
9.460
8.325
7.190
6.055
4.921
3.918
(2Sj/dt)Qj
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.212
0.850
1.912
1.950
2.414
3.896
5.605
8.927
13.863
19.086
26.255
34.436
44.894
56.425
70.233
85.742
101.233
117.849
135.588
154.452
169.635
183.150
194.997
205.176
213.687
220.481
225.508
228.769
230.263
229.991
228.269
225.412
221.419
216.293
210.031
202.767
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
(2S(j+1)/dt)
+Q(j+1)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.212
0.850
1.912
3.399
3.863
5.345
8.441
11.763
16.699
23.249
30.418
39.863
50.321
63.056
76.865
92.374
109.007
125.622
143.362
162.225
180.817
194.332
206.179
216.358
224.869
231.663
236.690
239.951
241.446
241.174
239.451
236.594
232.602
227.475
221.213
213.949
Q
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.725
0.725
0.725
1.418
1.418
1.418
2.081
2.081
2.714
2.714
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
W.L.
(m RL)
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.500
100.500
100.500
100.750
100.750
101.000
101.000
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
H
(m)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
Q
(m3/s)
0.00
0.72
1.42
2.08
2.71
3.32
3.89
5.59
7.21
9.13
11.49
14.08
16.82
19.69
22.65
Free
46 software at http://www.msmam.com
S
(m3)
0
45
190
444
833
1562
2887
4927
7722
11201
15140
19324
23663
28198
33213
(2S/dt)+Q
0.00
2.22
7.75
16.88
30.48
55.38
100.12
169.82
264.61
382.49
516.16
658.21
805.59
959.62
1129.75
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
1.31
0.87
0.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.047
2.177
1.306
0.435
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
194.632
185.626
175.750
165.003
157.229
149.456
141.682
133.909
126.135
118.362
110.589
102.815
95.042
88.410
81.779
75.148
68.516
61.885
55.254
49.826
44.398
38.970
33.543
28.115
23.952
19.789
15.626
12.789
9.953
7.116
5.667
4.218
2.769
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
205.814
196.808
186.932
176.185
165.003
157.229
149.456
141.682
133.909
126.135
118.362
110.589
102.815
95.042
88.410
81.779
75.148
68.516
61.885
55.254
49.826
44.398
38.970
33.543
28.115
23.952
19.789
15.626
12.789
9.953
7.116
5.667
4.218
2.769
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
1.320
Outflow Qp=
5.591
5.591
5.591
5.591
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.887
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
3.316
2.714
2.714
2.714
2.714
2.714
2.081
2.081
2.081
1.418
1.418
1.418
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.591119
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.750
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.500
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.250
101.000
101.000
101.000
101.000
101.000
100.750
100.750
100.750
100.500
100.500
100.500
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.250
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
101.75
Free
47 software at http://www.msmam.com
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
48 software at http://www.msmam.com
102
Downstream
Floodway
101
Secondary Outlet
(100 year ARI)
3 m broad crested weir
100
Primary Outlet
(5 year ARI)
2m x 0.75m Box Culvert
Primary Outlet
(50 year ARI)
4m x 0.5m Box Culvert
Basin Embankment
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
49 software at http://www.msmam.com
FIGURE 2.7 B
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
50 software at http://www.msmam.com
Spillway @ 102.05 m RL
50 yr WL= 101.75 m RL
4 m x 0.5 m BC
101.50 m RL
2 m X 0.75 m BC
2.2.3
Datum= 100 m RL
A low flow pipe system with a capacity of 2 m3/s will bypass the basin and
combine with the basin outflow in the downstream floodway.
The time area curve is as follows: 50000, 60000, 90000, 112000, 69000,
70000.
2.2.4
A low flow pipe system with a capacity of 2 m3/s will bypass the basin and
combine with the basin outflow in the downstream floodway.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
51 software at http://www.msmam.com
S
t
where
I
I j 1
2
Q j 1
2
S j 1 S j
t
where
j, j+1 are time steps j and j+1, respectively.
is the time interval defining the finite difference approximation of
2Sj
I j 1
2 S j 1
Q j
Q j 1
t
t
5. For solution of the above equation, we need a second equation- the storage
function, which expresses the relationship between the storage in the basin
and the discharge from the basin in the form of Q = f(S) which combines the
effect of:
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
52 software at http://www.msmam.com
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
53 software at http://www.msmam.com
Design Rainfall
2.1.1
where
R
= duration (minutes)
The fitted coefficients for the IDF curves for all the major cities are given in
Appendix 13.A of MSMAM.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
54 software at http://www.msmam.com
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
55 software at http://www.msmam.com
your name,
email address,
dates of attendance,
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Free
56 software at http://www.msmam.com
ARI A
HOUR
LN
(T)
2
5
10
20
50
100
30 min 60
0.5 hr 1.0
90
1.5
120
2.0
150
2.5
180
3.0
200
3.3
250
4.2
300
5.0
360
6.0
480
8.0
600
10.0
720
12.0
3.4012 4.0943 4.4998 4.7875 5.0106 5.1930 5.2983 5.5215 5.7038 5.8861 6.1738 6.3969 6.5793 6.9847 7.2724 7.9655 8.3710
5.2244 0.3853 -0.1970 0.0100 104.5
5.0007 0.6149 -0.2406 0.0127 122.5
5.0707 0.6515 -0.2522 0.0138 135.9
5.1150 0.6895 -0.2631 0.0147 147.7
4.9627 0.8489 -0.2966 0.0169 161.4
5.1068 0.8168 -0.2905 0.0165 176.5
65.8
78.0
86.3
93.4
102.1
111.5
48.4
57.6
63.6
68.7
74.9
81.7
38.5
45.8
50.6
54.5
59.3
64.7
32.0
38.0
42.1
45.3
49.2
53.6
27.5
32.6
36.1
38.8
42.1
45.8
25.1
29.8
33.0
35.5
38.4
41.8
20.7
24.5
27.2
29.2
31.6
34.4
17.6
20.8
23.2
24.9
26.9
29.3
15.0
17.7
19.7
21.2
22.9
24.9
11.6
13.7
15.3
16.5
17.7
19.3
9.4
11.2
12.6
13.6
14.6
15.9
8.0
9.5
10.7
11.6
12.5
13.5
5.5
6.6
7.5
8.2
8.9
9.6
4.3
5.1
5.9
6.5
7.0
7.6
2
Note: MS Excel spreadsheet filename: ipohIDF.xls (can be downloaded from Quek, 2002)
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
57
2.3
2.9
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.6
1.7
2.1
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.5
INTENSITY (MM/HR)
100
10
1
10
100
1000
10000
DURATION (MINUTES
2
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
10
58
20
50
100
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Rational Method
(Workshop 1)
Gives peak discharge
only, no hydrograph
Only applicable to area < 0.8
km2
For design only, not for
analysis
Not suitable if hydrograph
required eg., for routing
through a detention storage.
Simple empirical formula.
Limited application.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Hydrograph Methods
Gives peak discharge + hydrograph
Time-Area Method
(Workshop 1)
Runoff-Routing Method
(Workshop 2)
2.4.2
2.4.2.1 Theory
MSMAM relates the peak discharge to the rainfall intensity and catchment area via
the Rational Method:
Qy
C y I t A
360
(2.4)
where
Qy
is the average intensity of the design rainstorm of duration equal to the time
It
The time of concentration, tc, in hours is the sum of the overland flow time, to, and
the time of flow in the stormwater conveyance system, td, as follows:
tc to td
(2.5)
The overland flow time to can be estimated using Friends Formula below or using
the Nomograph in Design Chart 14.1:
to
107 n L1 / 3
S 0.2
(2.6)
where
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Calculate I
tc>30 min IDF formula
tc<30 min short duration
Calculate C
Design Chart 14.3 & 14.4
(urban & rural)
depends on I & soil conditions
Calculate Qp
C y I t A
Qy
360
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
= Mannings roughness value for the surface (refer Table 14.2 of MSMAM)
And td, the total time of flow in the stormwater conveyance system, is given by:
t d t r t g t ch t p
(2.7)
tr
tg
tch
tp
The time of flow in open channel can be determined by dividing the length of the
channel by the average flow velocity which can be calculated from normal hydraulic
formula such as Mannings Formula, given the channel cross section, length,
roughness and slope.
t ch
nL
60 R 2 / 3 S 1 / 2 (2.8)
where
n
tch
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
tc
F L
c
1 / 10
S 1 / 5 (2.9)
where
tc
Fc
= Conversion factor=92.5
For small catchments up to 0.4 ha in area, the time of concentration can be assumed
to be 10 min instead of performing detailed calculation (refer Table 14.3 of
MSMAM.)
The runoff coefficient is a function of the ground cover and the rainfall intensity.
During a storm the actual runoff coefficient increases as the soil become saturated.
The greater the rainfall intensity, the greater is the runoff coefficient due to the
reducing relative amount of rainfall losses.
Recommended values of C may be obtained from Design Chart 14.3 for urban areas
and Design Chart 14.4 for rural areas.
The Rational Method is not recommended for catchment area greater than 80 ha (0.8
km2) and in situations where significant storage occurs in the catchment.
Assumptions inherent in the Rational Method are as follows:
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2.4.2.2 Worked Example 2.3- Rational Method for a minor drainage system in Ipoh
The objective of this worked example is to compute the design flow for a minor
drainage system of a residential area in Ipoh using the Rational Method in
MSMAM. Figure 2.5 shows a map of the catchment area.
Other information are as follows:
Area= 30 hectares.
Step 1- Calculate Tc
Overland flow time (To) is estimated using Friends Formula:
to
107 n L1 / 3
S 0.2
where
n= 0.011 from Table 14.2 for paved surface
S= 0.3%
L= Overland sheet flow path length in m (295 m for A, and 150 m for B).
Applying the Friends Formula, To= 9.97 min for A and 7.96 min for B.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
A
B
EOpen Drain Length (from here
to the Outlet)= 600m
ERive
r
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Note T should be based on the larger for A and B. In this case, the T for A
governs as it is the larger of the two. The reason for this is because in the Rational
c
Method, the peak discharge is based on the T value when the whole catchment
area is contributing. And this occurs only when a drop of water from the most
remote point of the catchment area enters the open drain and travels to the outlet
of the catchment. This affects the magnitude of the calculated peak discharge.
Step 2- Calculate I
The values of the coefficients for a, b, c and d in Table 13.A1 for ARI of 5 years
for Ipoh are as follows:
a= 5.0007, b= 0.6149, c= -0.2406, d= 0.0127
Substituting the above coefficients into:
ln( RI t ) a b ln(t ) c (ln(t )) 2 d (ln(t ))3
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
(2.10)
where
P30 and P60 are the 30 min and 60 min rainfall depths, respectively, obtained from the
published polynomial curves.
FD is the adjustment factor for storm duration based on Table 13.3.
Hence 5P20= 61.25-0.47*(78-61.25)= 53.4 mm
Therefore 5I20= 160 mm/hr
From Design Chart 14.3, for Category 3,
C= 0.86
Step 4- Calculate Qp
The peak discharge for ARI=5 years is computed using the Rational Method:
C y I t A
Qy
360
Open the spreadsheet for IDF curve computation for Ipoh: DrQuekIFD1a.zip.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
To the right hand side of the spreadsheet add the columns below for ARI=5
years.
3.
4.
5.
Calculate Tc = To +Td
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
C y I t A
360
3.
3.1
Definition
A sediment basin is a structure formed by excavation and/or construction of an
embankment across a waterway or other suitable location.
The purpose of a sediment basin is to collect and store sediment from sites cleared
during construction for extended periods of time before re-establishment of
permanent vegetation and/or construction of permanent drainage structures.
A sediment basin is designed to trap sediment before it leaves the construction
site. It is a temporary structure with a life span of 1 to 2 years.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Basins should be located where failure of the structure would not result in
loss of life or damage to roads and properties.
3.3
Side slopes should not be steeper than 2(H): 1 (V). to prevent sloughing.
Table 3.1 (Table 39.4) lists the three different soil types and the design
considerations which apply to sediment basin design and operation for
each soil type.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
3.4
Soil
Type
C
Basin
Type
Dry
Wet
Wet
Design Considerations
Settling velocity, sediment
storage.
Storm impoundment, sediment
storage.
Storm impoundment, sediment
storage, assisted flocculation.
Dry Sediment basins should be used on Type C soil (Table 3.1)- which is
characterized by a high percentage of coarse particles, where less than
one-third of particles are less than 0.02 mm in size.
For most construction situations, the design storm should be the 3 month
ARI event.
Volume of the settling zone and sediment storage zones should each be
half of the total basin volume.
For areas of high soil erodibility, the sediment storage volume should be
able to retain 2 month of soil loss from the catchment- calculated using the
Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Dry sediment basin should drain naturally after heavy rain through the
emabankment or outlet riser.
Table 3.2 (Table 39.5) summarises the dry sediment basin sizing
guidelines.
3.5
The design event is selected using a risk-based approach. The rainfall and
predicted runoff from that design event is used to size the settling zone
of the basin.
The duration of the design event should be 5 days- time needed to achieve
effective flocculation, settling and pumpout of the stormwater.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
The 75th percentile 5-day rainfall event should be used as the design event.
Refer Table 3.4 for Malaysia.
The 80th percentile 5-day event should be used if the construction site is
upstream of an environmentally sensitive area, or if the construction
period is more than 2 years.
For areas of high soil erodibility, the sediment storage volume should be
able to retain 2 month of soil loss from the catchment- calculated using the
Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation.
Sizing guidelines for wet sediment basins for normal situations are given
in Table 3.3 (Table 39.6)
Moderate-high runoff
Very high runoff
Moderate-high runoff
Very high runoff
3.6
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Compute overland flow time using Friends Formula where n=0.011, Lo=
50 m, S=0.3%.
3.6.1
Compute drain flow time for a Ld= 270 m and V=1 m/s.
Determine Tc
Overland flow time (To) is estimated using Friends Formula:
to
107 n L1 / 3
S 0.2
where
n= 0.011 from Table 14.2 for paved surface
S= 0.3%
L (Overland sheet flow path length) = 50 m.
Applying the Friends Formula, To= 5.5 min.
Td=L/V= 270/1= 270 s= 4.5 min.
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2596.7 m2 (OK)
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
(OK)
Try y2 (m)=
0.69
> 0.3 m OK
V2 (m3)=
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
0.69 m
Side slope, z= 2
3.6.3
m2
2 Aav y
t Cd 2g
24 60 60 0.6 2 9.81
0.024038614 m 2
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
10
Calculate C
According to MSMAM, the design rainfall depth Pd for a short duration d (min) is
given by:
Pd P30 FD ( P60 P30 )
where
P30 and P60 are the 30 min and 60 min rainfall depths, respectively, obtained from the
published polynomial curves.
FD is the adjustment factor for storm duration based on Table 13.3.
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332805715.doc (10/10/16)
> 3.57 m /s
3.7
Compute overland flow time using Friends Formula where n=0.01, Lo=
57.5 m, S=0.4%.
Compute drain flow time for a Ld= 450 m and V=1.1 m/s.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
y1 /2
Settling zone
y1
L1, W1
L2, W2
Storage zone
z
y2
Lb, Wb
Q 10
Spillway Head
Q Riser
Riser Head
Q Spillway
Settling Zone
Storage Zone
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
3.8
Area= 8 ha.
Compute overland flow time using Friends Formula where n=0.01, Lo=
47 m, S=0.4%.
3.8.1
Compute drain flow time for a Ld= 570 m and V=1 m/s.
Determine Tc
Overland flow time (To) is estimated using Friends Formula:
to
107 n L1 / 3
S 0.2
where
n= 0.01 from Table 14.2 for paved surface
S= 0.4%
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332805715.doc (10/10/16)
<200 (OK)
L1/W1=78.3/30= 2.61
>2
(OK)
Try y2 (m)=
0.35
> 0.3 m OK
V2 (m3)=
751
> 703 m3 OK
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
0.35 m
Side slope, z= 2
3.8.3
10
Calculate C
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
where
P30 and P60 are the 30 min and 60 min rainfall depths, respectively, obtained from the
published polynomial curves.
FD is the adjustment factor for storm duration based on Table 13.3.
Hence 10P14= 67.96-0.8*(86.3-67.96)= 53.3 mm
Therefore 10I14= 226.3 mm/hr
From Design Chart 14.3, for Category 3,
C= 0.88
Calculate Qp
The peak discharge for ARI=5 years is computed using the Rational Method:
Qy
C y I t A
360
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
> 3.82 m /s OK
3.9
Area= 8 ha.
Compute overland flow time using Friends Formula where n=0.015, Lo=
66 m, S=0.38%.
Compute drain flow time for a Ld= 422 m and V=1.0 m/s.
Refer Table 3.4 for the 75th percentile 5-day storm for Melaka.
3.10
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Compute overland flow time using Friends Formula where n=0.015, Lo=
77 m, S=0.5%.
3.11
Compute drain flow time for a Ld= 640 m and V=1.2 m/s.
Spillway basewidth, B = 10 m
Area= 5 ha.
Compute overland flow time using Friends Formula where n=0.015, Lo=
70 m, S=0.5%.
Compute drain flow time for a Ld= 511 m and V=1.1 m/s.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Q 10
Spillway Head
Q Spillway
Settling Zone
Storage Zone
Q10=Q Spillway
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Appendix 3.1- Design of Silt Trap Using the Planning and Design Procedure
No. 1- Incorporating an Overflow Weir and Bypass Channel
1.
INTRODUCTION
94
2
EXISTING PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF
SILT TRAP 96
2.1
Introduction...............................................................................................................
2.2
2.3
2.4
Design Discharge.......................................................................................................
2.5
WORK EXAMPLE 98
3.1
Introduction...............................................................................................................
3.2
Design Flows..............................................................................................................
3.3
3.4
Riser Design.............................................................................................................
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
3.6
3.7
Overflow Weir.........................................................................................................
3.8
Bypass Channel.......................................................................................................
3.9
Maintenance Requirement.....................................................................................
REFERENCES
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
113
1.
INTRODUCTION
(Comment by the Author: This paper was prepared in 1999- before the
introduction of MSMAM. Although it is based on the old procedure (PDP1), it
contains some useful reference on alternative design of Sediment BasinDr. Quek).
A silt trap is a device for controlling excessive siltation by the trapping and
storing of sediments which enter a stream from upstream catchment area and
deposited in downstream area. It is usually constructed either by the building of a
barrier or dam across a stream, or by excavation of a basin, or a combination of
both. The silt trap described here is a temporary structure during construction
stage and must be removed upon completion of the construction work.
Currently, the Planning and Design Procedure No. 1 (JPS, 1975) provides some
simplified guidelines for the design of silt trap. The approach is to design the
capacity of the silt trap based on a certain storage volume per unit catchment area
(126.5 m3 per hectare or 67 yd3 per acre of drainage area). The procedure
recommends desilting to be carried out when the storage capacity is reduced by
sedimentation to 40% of its design storage capacity (i.e., 51 m3 per hectare or 27
yd3 per acre of drainage area).
The limitations in the JPS (1975) approach are as follows:
1. The storage volume is not sized based on the design peak discharge from the
contributing catchment area. Hence it is not possible to relate the storage
volume which is dependent on the volume of runoff to the following factors:
land use, slope, stream length, time of concentration, catchment area, and
spatial variability of storm in different parts of the country.
2. The sizing of the silt trap does not take into account the size of sediment
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
2.1
Introduction
This section provides a brief review of the existing procedures and guidelines for
the design of silt trap.
2.2
2.3
2.4
Design Discharge
The procedure states that the runoff computations shall be based on the Modified
Rational Method, using the soil cover conditions expected to prevail in the
contributing drainage area during the anticipated lifespan of the structure. The
combined capacities of the principal and emergency spillways shall be sufficient
to pass the peak rate of runoff from a 10 year frequency storm.
2.5
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
WORK EXAMPLE
3.1
Introduction
A silt trap is proposed as shown in Figure 3.1 downstream of a construction site. A
worked example showing step-by-step calculations for the sizing of the silt trap is
given below.
FIGURE 3.1 PROJECT SITE
Construction
Site
River
Silt Trap
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Design Flows
The peak discharges can be calculated using the Modified Rational Method as
given in JPS (1975). The steps of calculation will not be covered here. Following
are the computed minor and major flows for an Average Recurrence Interval
(ARI) of 10 and 100 years, respectively:
Minor flow:
Major flow:
Note that the minor flow is the flow that will be routed through the silt trap. The
portion of the flow which is greater than the minor flow, but less than the major
flow will be diverted through a bypass channel.
3.3
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
C
B
Overflow Weir
Q major Q
minor
Inle
t
Pipe
Sediment Basin
Rip-Rap
Protection
To Suit
Outle
t
Pipe
A
Bypass Channel
C
W
Ground
Level
D
W
SECTION AA
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Q major Level
22.4 m
RL
22.1 m RL
Q minor
Level
Channel
Bypass Channel
Overflow Weir
Pipe Inlet To
Sedimentation
Basin
SECTION BB
2mx2m
Square Box Riser
Overflow
Weir
22.1 m
RL
22.7 m
RL
1.5 m
dia
20.1 m RL
21.9 m RL
22.5 m RL
21.5 m RL
20 m RL
19.7 m
RL
Lw
1.5 m
dia
L
SECTION CC
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
21.5 m
RL RL
18.5 m
RL
H Hv He H f
29 n 2 L v 2
1 k e
4
2g
3
R
2
Q
Q n P 23
A
L
1 .5
2 g A 53
3.1
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
where
Q
For outlet control type of flow, the depth of headwater (HW) is determined as
follows:
HW TW H S o L
3 0.3 0.02 60 2.1 m
3.2
where
TW
So
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
OK
Riser Design
Assuming a 2 m by 2 m box shaped riser inlet. The inlet level is fixed at the
maximum downstream water level of 21.5 m RL to prevent backflow. The
calculation for rise in water level associated with the riser is as follows:
L= 4*2 = 8 m
c= 1.4
Substituting the above into the weir equation:
Qs c L H
3.3
H=0.40 m
Taking into account the 0.4 m rise in water level in the basin associated with the
riser, the maximum water level in the basin is 21.5 + 0.4 = 21.9 m RL (>21.8 m
RL based on available head consideration).
Allowing a freeboard of 0.6 m, the minimum embankment height is 21.9 + 0.6 =
22.5 m RL.
Hence adopt a 2 m by 2 m box riser with grate inlet.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
OK
Q
A
H 1.5
2g
Q n P 23
L
A3
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
HW TW H S o L
1.9 0.24 0.002 30 2.1 m
The HW level reached is 21.9 + 0.24 = 22.1 m RL (check against the upstream
permissible tail water level)
Hence adopt 1 no concrete pipe @ 1.5 m diameter.
3.6
OK
Vp
Qp
A
3.4
where
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Vp
It follows from the above reasoning that all particles with settling velocities equal
to or greater than the overflow rate will be completely removed from the basin.
Also any particle with settling velocity Vp which is less than Vp will be removed
in the ratio of Vp/ Vp.
Equation 3.4 applies if the settling in the basin follows ideal settling behavior.
However, this is difficult to achieve in practice. In order to account for the effect
of non-ideal conditions including turbulence, a factor of 1.2 is applied to the
design discharge after rearranging as follows (note that the factor varies according
to the hydraulic design of the basin):
A 1.2
Qp
Vp
The settling of coarse sand can be determined from Figure 3.4, Vp=0.053 m/s
Hence A=63.4 m2
Assume basin depth D= 2 m
To prevent resuspension, the horizontal flow velocity (Vh) should be kept to
below 0.36 m/s which is the resuspension velocity of coarse sand. The width of
the basin is therefore determined as follows:
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
1.2 Q p
Vh D
1.2 2.8
4.6 m
0.36 2
3.5
13.8 m
4.6
3.6
L W D
Qp
13.8 4.6 2
45 s
2.8
3.7
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
OK
Note that for fine sand with a settling velocity of 0.011 m/s, the above procedure
gives the following values of area and volume:
A=305.5 m2
V=611 m3
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
EL
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
PLAN VIEW
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
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Overflow Weir
The aim of the overflow weir is to divert the major flow away from the sediment
basin which is designed only to cater for the minor flow. Just upstream from the
inlet to the basin, a diversion weir structure is provided such that any flow above
the minor flow will be diverted into the channel which is designed to cater up to
the capacity of the major flow. Hence the design flow for the overflow weir is Q100
- Q10.
Assuming flow over a broad crested weir, the weir equation is given by:
Qs c Lw H
3.8
By rearranging the above equation, the length of the weir can be determined as
follows:
Lw
Qs
c H
Where
Lw
Qs
The overflow weir level is fixed at 22.1 m RL which is the maximum HW level
upstream of the inlet for Q10.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
OK
Bypass Channel
The bypass channel is sized based on Mannings equation to discharge Q100 - Q10.
2
1
1
Q A R 3 S 2
n
3.9
where
Q
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Q100 Q10
A
1.9
0.7 m / s
2.7
3.9
OK
OK
Maintenance Requirement
Refer the earlier secton.
REFERENCES
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1975). Urban Drainage Design Standards and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1976). Flood Estimation for Urban Areas in
Peninsular Malaysia. Hydrological Procedure No. 16. Ministry of Agriculture,
Malaysia.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1982). Estimation of the Design Rainstorm in
Peninsular Malaysia (Revised and Updated). Hydrological Procedure No. 1.
Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
4.
4.1
DESIGN OF CULVERTS
Inlet Control
The major factors affecting culverts flowing under inlet control are:
1. Entrance conditions including type, headwalls and wingwalls.
2. Projection of the culvert into the headwater.
Following factors do not determine culvert capacity for culverts flowing under
inlet control:
1. Roughness of culvert.
2. Length of culvert.
3. Outlet conditions including depth of tailwater.
The figures below show three different types of culverts flowing under inlet
control (see Figure 27.6):
332805715.doc (10/10/16)
Outlet Control
Culverts flowing with outlet control can flow either with the culvert cell full, or
with the cell part full for all of the culvert length.
The following figures show different types of culverts flowing under outlet
control (see Figure 27.7):
1. Both inlet and outlet submerged
2. Inlet submerged but not the outlet
3. Inlet submerged and the cell part full over part of its length
4. Inlet and outlet not submerged and flowing part full over its entire length.
Theory
The head (H in m) required for a flow discharging full through the entire length of
a culvert with outlet control is the sum of:
(4.1)
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Hv
v2
2g
(4.2)
where
v= mean velocity.
g= acceleration due to gravity.
4.2.1.2 Entrance loss (He)
The entrance loss (He) is expressed as:
H e ke
v2
2g
(4.3)
The entrance loss coefficient Ke depends on the inlet geometry due to its effect on
the contraction of the flow.
Their values are determined from experiment and are given in Design Chart 27.2.
4.2.1.3 Friction loss (Hf)
The friction head (Hf) is the energy required to overcome the roughness of the
culvert barrel.
It can be expressed in several ways and the following expression is based on
Mannings n.
29 n 2 L v 2
(4.4)
4
2g
3
R
Hf
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H Hv He H f
29 n 2 L v 2
1 ke
4
2g
3
R
(4.5)
Q
2 2
A Q n P 3
(1 ke )
L
2 g A 53
where
Q
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(4.6)
where
ho
So
Case Study
It is proposed to lay a drainage box culvert under a main road in Bandar
MSMAM. The peak discharges at this location are as follows:
Q50 = 11.00 m3/s
Q100 = 12.40 m3/s
Estimated area A= Q50/V where V= 2 m/s
A= 11/2= 5.5 m2
Try 1 x 3000 (B) x 1500 (D) box culvert (Type 1).
Excel filename= DrQuekCulvert1a.xls
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1. Inlet Contro1
Assuming inlet control, from Design Chart 27.4,
Q/NB= 11/3= 3.67
HW/D= 1.20
HW= 1.8 m
2.
Outlet Control
ke= 0.2
L= 30 m
n= 0.012
A= 4.5 m2
From Design Chart 27.11, H= 0.44
Or using the following equation:
H Hv He H f
(1 k e )
Q
A
2g
Q n P 23
A
0.366 0.065 0.431
NB
hc 0.467
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2/3
1.11
HWi HWo
Outlet Velocity
Check outlet velocity.
Area of flow= 3 x 1.5 = 4.50 m2.
V= 2.4 m/s
4.
Froude Number
V
gD
0.64
4.3.3
1.
Inlet Control
Assuming inlet control, from Design Chart 27.4,
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2.
Outlet Control
ke= 0.2
L= 30 m
n= 0.012
A= 4.5 m2
H Hv He H f
2
(1 k e )
Q
A
2g
Q n P 23
Q
hc 0.467
NB
2/3
1.2
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HWi HWo
Outlet Velocity
Check outlet velocity.
Area of flow= 3 x 1.5 = 4.50 m2.
V= 2.76 m/s
4.
Froude Number
V
gD
0.72
Spreadsheet Computation
The above computation can be easily programmed using a spreadsheet e.g., MS
Excel.
Table 4.1 is an example of the computation using the spreadsheet software. This is
similar to Design Chart 27.1.
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CATCHMENT
CULVERT
NO.
Q50/Q100
(m3/s)
C1
C2
11.00
12.40
7.70
8.60
NO. OF
CELLS,
N
1
1
2
2
B
(M)
D
(M)
INLET CONTROL:
Q/NB
HW/D
(M3/S/M)
HW
(M)
P
(M)
H1
(M)
H2
(M)
H
(M)
(hc)
hc
(M)
(hc+D)/2
(HW)
S
(M/M)
HW
(M)
CONTROL
3.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
3.7
4.1
3.9
4.3
1.80
2.03
1.65
1.82
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
9
9
9.42
9.42
0.366
0.465
0.291
0.363
0.065
0.083
0.076
0.095
0.431
0.548
0.367
0.457
1.11
1.20
0.95
1.05
1.31
1.35
1.23
1.28
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
1.59
1.75
1.44
1.58
INLET
INLET
INLET
INLET
1.20
1.35
1.10
1.21
30
30
30
30
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
4.5
4.5
3.53
3.53
EMBANKMENT LEVEL:
CRI A (100 YR WL)
CRI B (50 YR WL + 0.3M)
0.300
0.600
0.525
0.150
0.450
0.315
NOTE: Culvert C1- Box culvert and Culvert C2- pipe culvert.
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CRI C (+ 1M)
GOVERNS
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
5.
REFERENCES:
Carroll (1995). "Aspects of the URBS Runoff Routing Model" Paper included in the
manual titled A Catchment Management & Flood Forecasting Rainfall Runoff
Routing Model Version 3.5i. Prepared by D. G. Carroll, Gutteridge Haskins &
Davey, Brisbane, Australia.
Carroll (1996). "A Catchment Management & Flood Forecasting Rainfall Runoff
Routing Model" Version 3.5i. Prepared by D. G. Carroll, Gutteridge Haskins & Davey,
Brisbane, Australia.
Chow V. T. (1973). Open-Channel Hydraulics McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1974) Rational Method of Flood Estimation for
Rural Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia. Hydrological Procedure No. 5. Ministry of
Agriculture, Malaysia.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1975) Urban Drainage Design Standards and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia. Planning and Design Procedure No. 1. Ministry of
Agriculture, Malaysia.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1976) Flood Estimation for Urban Areas in
Peninsular Malaysia. Hydrological Procedure No. 16. Ministry of Agriculture,
Malaysia.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1980) Design Flood Hydrograph Estimation for
Rural Catchments in Peninsular Malaysia. Hydrological Procedure No. 11. Ministry of
Agriculture, Malaysia.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1982) Estimation of the Design Rainstorm in
Peninsular Malaysia (Revised and Updated). Hydrological Procedure No. 1. Ministry
of Agriculture, Malaysia.
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200
180
140
Areas using DID Hydrological Procedures" Seminar on Drainage and Flood Issues
120
80
Quek K. H. (1999) Water Quality Modelling of Wetlands and Lake Journal of the
60
40
0
-2
-1
REDUCED VARIATE
(ARI 2 YR: 0.3665, 5 YR: 1.4999, 10 YR: 2.2504, 20 YR: 2.9702, 50 YR: 3.9019, 100 YR:
Hydrologic Engineering
4.6001) Center (1998) HEC-RAS River Analysis System- User
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