THE EXECUTIVE AND

LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES

QUALIFICATIONS
(PRESIDENT)
Natural-born citizen

Qualifications of the President and Vice-President

Powers and Duties of the President

Able to read and write

The Vice-President

At least forty years of age on the day

of the election

The Philippine Congress

Parliamentary Immunities

How a Bill Becomes a Law

Registered voter

A resident of the Philippines for at

least ten years immediately
preceding such election

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POWERS AND DUTIES OF

THE PRESIDENT

POWERS AND DUTIES OF

THE PRESIDENT

Execute and enforce laws

The President is mandated by the Constitution to enforce/execute
laws and not to legislate laws although there are times when he
has the power to create laws through presidential decrees.
The determination whether a particular law is constitutional or
not is within the mandate of the judiciary (as represented by the
Supreme Court of the Philippines).

Appoint government officials

The President has the sole power to control the actions of his/her
appointed cabinet officials. These members are nominated and
appointed to perform various executive functions of the
President.
The members of the Cabinet are also called secretaries of the
President in their respective executive departments.
If the President has the appointing power, he also has the removal
power. The President may remove a member of his cabinet due
to loss of confidence.

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POWERS AND DUTIES OF

THE PRESIDENT
Assume as the Commander-in-Chief of the AFP

POWERS AND DUTIES OF

THE PRESIDENT
Execute presidential pardon to prisoners

The President is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of

the Philippines.

The pardoning power of the President is also known as

executive clemency.

The rationale of granting the highest military power in the

President is provided in Article II Section 3 of the Constitution,
which states that the civilian authority should be supreme over
the military.

The President may also give reprieves and commutation of

sentence.

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The pardoning power of the President should only be applied to

the convicted prisoner by final judgment.

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POWERS AND DUTIES OF

THE PRESIDENT
Other powers
Borrowing power comes with the economic power of the
President in order to ensure that the benefits of the essential
projects are delivered to the people
Diplomatic power the President is the Philippines foremost
representative in the international community

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LEGISLATIVE POWER
It refers to the authority under the constitution to
make laws and to alter or repeal them.

UNICAMERAL AND
BICAMERAL CONGRESS
A unicameral (uni, one +
camera, chamber)
congress is a legislature
which consists of only one
house or chamber.
A bicameral (bi, two +
camera, chamber)
congress is a legislature
which consists of two
houses or chambers.

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ARTICLE VI SECTION 2
(1987 CONSTITUTION)

QUALIFICATIONS
(SENATORS)

The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four

Senators who shall be elected at large by the
qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be
provided by law.

Natural-born citizen of the

Philippines
At least 35 years old on the day of
the election
Able to read and write
A registered voter

A resident of the Philippines for not

less than two years immediately
preceding the day of the election

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ARTICLE VI SECTION 5.1

(1987 CONSTITUTION)
The House of Representatives shall be composed of
not more than two hundred and fifty members,
unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected
from legislative districts apportioned among the
provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila are in
accordance with the number of their respective
inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and
progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by
law, shall be elected through a party-list system of
registered national and sectoral parties or
organizations.

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PARLIAMENTARY
IMMUNITIES

ARTICLE VI SECTION 11
(1987 CONSTITUTION)
A Senator or Member of the House of
Representatives shall, in all offenses punishable by
not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged
from arrest while the Congress is in session. No
member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any
other place for any speech or debate in the Congress
or in any committee thereof.

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ARTICLE VI SECTION 12
(1987 CONSTITUTION)

PRIVILEGE FROM
ARREST

PRIVILEGE OF
SPEECH AND
DEBATE

The Congress is in session.

The Congress is in session.

All offenses are punishable

by not more than six years
of imprisonment.

Such utterance must be

made in connection with
the discharge of legislative
duties.

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All members of the Senate and the House of

Representatives shall, upon assumption of office,
make a full disclosure of their financial and business
interest. They shall notify the House concerned for a
potential conflict of interest that may arise from the
filing of a proposed legislation of which they are
authors.

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TYPES OF LEGISLATION
Bills

These refer to general measures, which if passed upon, may

become laws.

Joint Resolutions
It has the force and effect of a law if approved.

It is used when dealing with a single item or issue, such as a

continuing or emergency appropriations bill.

TYPES OF LEGISLATION
Concurrent Resolutions

A concurrent resolution is used for matters affecting the

operations of both houses and must be passed in the same form
by both of them.

Simple Resolutions
A simple resolution deals with matters entirely within the
prerogative of one house of Congress, such as adopting or
receiving its own rules.
Simple resolutions are used occasionally to express the opinion of
a single house on a current issue.

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HOW A BILL BECOMES A

LAW

HOW A BILL BECOMES A

LAW

Step 1: A bill may be introduced in the House of

Representatives or the Senate.
Step 2: An appropriate legislative committee studies the bill
and conducts hearings on it. Therefore, a committee report is
prepared on the bill.
Step 3: On the 2nd Reading, a bill is subject to debate and
amendment before being placed in the 3rd Reading Calendar
for final passage.

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Step 4: After its passage by one house, the bill goes through
the same process in the other house (usually from the House
of Representatives to the Senate).
Step 5: When the bill is passed by both houses, it is signed by
their respective leaders (Senate President and Speaker of the
House of Representatives) and sent to the President for
approval.
Step 6: The President may sign the bill into law, or veto all or
part of it.

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