ANALYSIS :

In test phytochemicals in ginger rhizome extract has aims to identify chemical components
group of plants terpenoids, steroids, phenolic (antrakuino, tannins, and phenol), flavonoids
and alkaloids that contained in ginger rhizome extract. Before time was made curcuma
powder from fresh curcuma. This proses dry it and crush become powder. Drying curcuma
not in oven or under the sun. Because when drying in oven water contain in curcuma will
much evaporate. Under the sun light can make curcuma get ultra violet and conduct the
experiment result. The first experiment has aim to preparation methanol curcuma zanthorriza
extract. First step weigh 5 grams of ginger rhizome powder, pour into 100 mL beaker then
add 25 ml of methanol 60%-80%. Methanol is good solvent so in this experiment use
methanol. Much of alcohol group use as solvent in experiment. Heat in water bath until make
2 layer or wait until 5 minutes. Use water bath mean solution really easy evaporate, when use
water bath can degradation evaporation process and lower temperature in beaker glass.
Temperature in beaker glass was stabile and solution still get warm in the beaker glass. Then
filtered use bencher funnel. This filter process really need to get pure sample. Separated
sample and residue. Filtrate is sample.
Second experiment is test alkaloids. This experiment has aim identification alkaloid use
cuvenor fitzgerald method. First step prepare 1 ml samples pour into test tube added
chloroform and the solution become dark red. Chloroform addition aims to break the bond
between the acidic tannins and alkaloids ionic bonded N atom of the alkaloid which binds
each genolik stable with hydroxyl groups of tannin acid. With the breaking of this bond will
be free alkaloids, while the tannin acid will be bound by chloroform. Then added by
ammonia, the solution becomes brown and there is bad smile. Added ammonia is catalyst to
make breaking bond faster in alkaloid. Heated solution in water bath to make solution really
good separated. After that divided extraction into three test tubes, all test tube added 2 N
sulfuric acid and shaken vigorously in every test tubes. Addition 2N sulfuric acid used to tie
back become salt alkaloids, it can react with reagents specific for the heavy metals. If it are
alkaloids that produce complex insoluble inorganic salts that separate in secondary metabolic.
Addition 2N sulfuric acid resulted in a solution formed into two phases due to the different
levels of polarity between the polar aqueous phase and a relatively less polar chloroform.
Alkaloid salts will dissolve the top layer, while the chloroform layer is on the bottom layer
because it has a greater density. While shaking it firmly aimed at dissolving the compounds

in each layer precisely and perfectly. The top layer (upper layer sulfate) were tested with
reagent Meyer, Wagner and Dragendorf, this solution was dark red.
Test tube I, test with Meyer reagent. Reagent Meyer aims to detect alkaloids, which this
reagent binds to the alkaloids through coordination bonds between atoms N alkaloids and Hg
reagent Meyer resulting complex compounds of mercury that settles non polar white the
solution produces a brown and there is precipitate(+), it indicating alkaloids. N atom donating
the pair of free electrons and Hg atoms to form complex compounds containing N atom as a
ligand. Reaction:

K2[HgI4]

NK+

K2[HgI4]

Test tube II, test with dragendrof reagent. The solution added by Dragendorf reagent should
become bright red solution and brown precipitate to indicating alkaloid, in this experiment.
become brown solution and brown precipitate (++). Brown solution, may it cause light of
laboratory So, practical definition brown solution not bright red. It indicates positive alkaloid
because form brown precipitate (++). Reaction:

+ K[BiI4]

NK+

+ K[BiI4]-

Last tube, test with reagents Wagner. The solution added by reagents Wagner become brown
solution and not form precipitate. Positive test with reagents Warger is bright red and white
precipitate. This experiment result will be discusses. Reaction :

+ KI + I2

NK+

+ I3-

It is because, after we added H2SO4 2N and then permitted it than the solution become two
layers, and for dragendrof reagent test that used is upper layer, so we must separate upper
layer from lower layer, and upper layer that we added by dragendrof reagent still contain
lower layer, Upper layer that we take is not precisely. Because of it our test use dragendrof
reagent is negative.
Third test of flavonoids. This experiment has aim to identification flavonids in curcuma. First
step took 1 ml sample added by 3 mL of 70% ethanol solution, the solution become clear
orange. Added ethanol to solvent and increase volume sample. Its not conduct flavonid test.
Then heated, to make easy separate solution become filtrate and residue. After that filter
solution filtrate clear orange and residue orange. The filtrate added by 0,1 g Mg metal, then
added 2 drops of concentrated HCl. This step to detect presence of flavanoid compounds will
react with Mg, after that addition of HCl, solution turned into a red at ethanol layer. The
addition of Mg metal and HCl to detect the presence of flavonoid compounds which will
react with Mg. After addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid with a red color change
occurs because the light absorption of flavonoids undergo changes toward larger wavelengths
due to the reduction reaction by HCl. This positive flavonid test in curcuma. Reaction:
Mg (s) + 2 HCl MgCl2 (s) + H2 (g)
MgCl2 (s) + 6 ArOH [Mg(Oar)6]+ + 6H+ + 2ClFourth saponins test, this experiment has aim saponification test. Prepare 1 ml of sample and
boiled with 10 ml of aquadest. Shake after boiled if form foam its indicated positive saponin
test. But in curcuma not present foam, so its indicated curcuma negative test saponin. Foam
which indicates saponins, because saponins have similar properties glikosid that has
characteristics of skill bubbly when aqueous shocked. Saponin solution is a component of
polar lipids that are ampiphillyc (having hydrophilic groups and hydrophobic groups). In the
liquid system, liquid lipids spontaneously form micelles dispersed with phyllic tails that
intersect with the liquid. Misel medium can contain thousands of molecules of liquid lipida.
Lipida form a layer with a thickness of one molecule is a single layer. In such systems, the
hydrocarbon tail open so away from water and a hydrophilic layer that extends to the water is
polar, the system is called premises foam.

DISCUSSION :
Second experiment, identification alkaloid use cuvenor fitzgerald method. Last tube, test with
reagents Wagner. The solution added by reagents Wagner become brown solution and not
form precipitate. Positive test with reagents Warger is bright red and white precipitate.
Reaction :

+ KI + I2

NK+

+ I3-

This oddity because after added H2SO4 2N solution and leave solution become two layers,
practical must separate upper layer from lower layer. Because practical careless, upper layer
that added by dragendrof reagent still contain lower layer, Upper layer took not precisely.
This solution become brown solution and not form precipitate. Because it dragendrof reagent
is negative.

CONCLUSIONS:
From the experimental results that we do can be concluded that the extract of ginger rhizome
positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins, which are
characterized as follows:
1. Ginger is positive contains alkaloids that when there are: orange solution and there is
precipitate in Meyer test, brown solution+ precipitate in Wagner test, and white
solution on Drangendrof test
2. Ginger is positive contains flavonoids which is characterized by the formation of red
color
3. Ginger is negative contains saponins characterized by the presence of foam