Egyptian Journal of Petroleum (2015) 24, 461468

H O S T E D BY

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute

Egyptian Journal of Petroleum

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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE

Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble

cellulosic material as lost circulation control
additives in water-based drilling fluid
Ahmed Mohamed Alsabagh a, Mahmoud Ibrahim Abdou a, Hany El-sayed Ahmed a,
Ahmed Abdel-salam Khalil b, Amany Ayman Aboulrous a,*
a
b

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

Faculty of Science, Banha University, Egypt

Received 29 October 2014; revised 5 December 2014; accepted 18 December 2014

Available online 3 November 2015

KEYWORDS
Natural cellulosic materials;
Spurt loss;
Permeability plugging apparatus;
Rheological properties

Abstract Circulation losses have always been a serious and expensive problem to the drilling
industry. Even with the best drilling practices circulation losses do occur. In order to reduce such
losses to acceptable level fluid Loss Control Material (LCM) is used.
In this work, three natural water-insoluble cellulosic materials; peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust
were investigated as lost circulation control materials. One hundred and eight different LCM samples made of various materials were tested with mud. The experiments were conducted in a permeability plugging apparatus (PPA) at a differential pressure of 100 psi and 300 psi, using 10, 60 and
90 ceramic discs. The performance of each LCM sample was determined based on the amount of
spurt loss and total fluid loss of the mud according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The obtained results showed that, the amount of the fluid loss depends on the LCM material,
concentration and size distribution, testing results show that, the peanut gives the best results
among the bagasse and sawdust, especially fine size which exhibited better results in the filtration
characteristics due to the better filling properties of this size. Peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust
show a slight effect on the rheological properties of the mud. The results were discussed on light
of particle size distribution.
2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research
Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

* Corresponding author.
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research
Institute.

To function properly, a drilling fluid must be circulated

through the well and back to the surface. Occasionally, highly
permeable or cavernous formations and fractured zones, both
natural and induced by the mud pressure, are encountered and
circulation is partially or completely lost [1]. Loss of drilling

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.06.004
1110-0621 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

462

A.M. Alsabagh et al.

Table 1 The chemical composition and its abbreviations for

materials used in this paper.
Material
used

Chemical composition/structure

Abbreviation

Peanut
hulls

Cellulose (25%), Crude fibre

(60%), Water (8%), Crude
protein (6%), Ash (2%) and Fat
(1%)

Bagasse

Cellulose (55%), Hemicellulose

(25%), Lignin (24%), Ash (4%)
and Waxes (61%)

Sawdust

Cellulose (58.2%), Lignin

(28.4%), OCH3 (5.1%),
Moisture (4.8%) and Ash
(0.21%)

Mud with peanut

hull with fine size
(PF)
Mud with peanut
hull with coarse size
(PC)
Mud with peanut
hulls (MP)
Mud with bagasse
with fine size (BF)
Mud with bagasse
with coarse size
(BC)
Mud with Bagasse
(MB)
Mud with sawdust
with fine size (SF)
Mud with sawdust
with coarse size
(SC)
Mud with sawdust
(MS)

fluid, owing to openings in the formation, can result in the loss

of hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the hole and allow
influx of formation fluids and possibly loss of well control.
It is essential that circulation be regained for drilling to
continue [2]. Most common thief zones are highly permeable
formations. Because of higher permeability (because of large
pore size), loss of drilling fluid into formation initiates [3].
Depending on loss rate, different kinds of solutions could be
applied, and most common among them is the use of particulate lost circulation control agents (LCM) [4]. Properly sized
LCM is added to the drilling fluid which plugs the pores of
the permeable formation and arrests the losses [5]. A wide
variety of materials can be added to the drilling fluid to reduce
the loss of drilling fluids in the high permeable zones [6,7]. A
fibrous materials; peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust, to be
acceptable as a lost circulation control additive, must possess
the properties of high tensile strength, great flexibility, being
chemically neutral and it is extremely desirable that the material shall be economical with regard to cost [8,9]. The particle
sizes of these materials are much larger than the particle sizes
of solids normally suspended in the mud [10].

Table 2
Conc. gm

2. Experimental & techniques

2.1. Preparation of sawdust, bagasse and peanut hulls
Sawdust, bagasse and peanut hulls were cleaned by water at
45 C for about 34 h. The dried materials were then ground
and sieved into different sizes. The grain size which was
selected for this work was situated between 3.35 mm and
0.037 mm by using (400, 270, 200, 70 and 6 mesh) US Sieves.
A dry Screen Analysis for fine and coarse size of sawdust,
bagasse and peanut hulls is shown in Fig. 1.
2.2. Preparation of water-based drilling fluids
The base component of the water-based muds was prepared by
adding 350 ml of fresh water into a cup then 22.5 g of
bentonite was measured and poured into the fresh water while
mixing by using Hamilton-Beach mixer for 20 min [15]. At the
end of the mixing, the different investigated materials were
added at different concentrations. When high permeable
formations (simulated by ceramic discs with mean pore throat
10, 60 and 90 micron) are drilled with this local mud, a seepage
loss occurs. The results are shown in Table 2.
2.3. Permeability plugging test (PPT Test)
The lost circulation control materials were evaluated by using
Fann permeability plugging apparatus [15]. This work was
carried out using the ceramic discs with Mean Pore Throat

Filtration parameters for local water-base mud* using different ceramic discs at different pressures.
V7.5

min

100 psi

[ml]

V30
300 psi

At 10 micron ceramic discs

6.4%
80
130
At 60 micron ceramic discs
6.4%
90
150
At 90 micron ceramic discs
6.4%
112
170
*

Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of LCM is the most

important criterion on which treatments are designed [11].
The optimum size of the LCM combinations is selected based
on several models like Abrams Median Particle-Size Rule as
Abrams [12] suggested that; the particle size of the bridging
material should be at least equal to or greater than one-third
of the medium pore openings of the reservoir rock and the
concentration of the sized particles should be in abundance
of at least 5% by volume of the solids in the final mud composition, including drill solids.
In this work, three natural water-insoluble cellulosic
materials were investigated as lost circulation control material
depending on their physical and chemical structure. The work
should be extended to investigate the rheological properties.
The structure of the three materials [13,14] and its abbreviation
are shown in Table 1.

min

[ml]

PPT value [ml]

Spurt loss [ml]

Static filtration [ml/min1/2]

100 psi

300 psi

100 psi

300 psi

100 psi

300 psi

100 psi

300 psi

100

160

200

320

120

200

14.6

21.9

122

200

244

400

116

200

23.3

36.5

151

235

302

470

146

210

28.5

47.5

Mud formulation: 22.5 gm bentonite + 350 ml distilled water.

Filtration parameters for peanut hulls (fine & coarse size) using different ceramic discs at different pressures.
V7.5

min

[ml]

V30

min

[ml]

PPT value [ml]

Spurt loss [ml]

Static filtration [ml/min

1/2

300 psi

Conc. %

V7.5

min

[ml]

V30

min

[ml]

PPT value [ml]

Spurt loss [ml]

Static filtration
rate [ml/min1/2]

100 psi

At 10 micron ceramic discs

PC
PF
1.5
40
20
3.0
32.2
17.2
6.0
23
15.4
At 60 micron ceramic discs
1.5
45.3
22
3.0
35
19.8
6.0
25.2
15.1
At 90 micron ceramic discs
1.5
52
22.2
3.0
40.2
19.9
6.0
30.6
15.2

Table 4

PC
47
38.8
29

PF
25
21.3
18.8

PC
94
77.6
58

PF
50
42.6
37.6

PC
66
51.2
34

PF
30
26.2
24

PC
5.1
4.8
4.3

PF
3.7
2.9
2.5

PC
19
14
11

PF
15
12
10

PC
25
19
15

PF
20
15.5
12.8

PC
50
38
30

PF
40
31
25.6

PC
26
18
14

PF
20
17
14.4

PC
4.4
3.6
2.9

PF
3.7
2.5
2.0

52.9
42
31.7

27.8
24.7
19.2

105.8
84
63.4

55.6
49.4
38.4

75.4
56
37.4

32.4
29.8
22

5.5
5.1
4.7

4.2
3.6
2.9

22
20
18

16.2
13.5
11.6

28
25
22

21.2
17.4
15

56
50
44

42.2
34.8
30

32
30
28

22.4
19.2
16.4

4.4
3.6
2.9

3.7
2.8
2.4

59.9
47.7
37.6

28.2
24.9
19.7

191.8
95.4
75.2

56.4
49.8
39.4

88.2
65.4
47.2

32.4
29.8
21.4

5.8
5.4
5.1

4.4
3.7
3.3

27
24
21

16.6
13.9
12.1

34
30
26

21.9
18
15.7

68
60
52

43.8
36
31.4

40
36
32

22.6
19.6
17

5.1
4.4
3.6

3.9
2.9
2.6

[ml]

PPT value [ml]

Spurt loss [ml]

Static filtration
rate [ml/min1/2]

Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic material

Table 3
Conc. %

Filtration parameters for bagasse (fine & coarse size) using different ceramic discs at different pressures.
V7.5

min

[ml]

V30

min

[ml]

PPT value [ml]

Spurt loss [ml]

Static filtration [ml/min1/2]

300 psi
At 10 micron ceramic discs
BC
BF
1.5
45.2
21.4
3.0
38
18.3
6.0
30.3
16.1
At 60 micron ceramic discs
1.5
50.2
23.1
3.0
44
18.9
6.0
40.2
16.9
At 90 micron ceramic discs
1.5
54.3
23.2
3.0
47.1
19.1
6.0
43.5
17.4

V7.5

min

[ml]

V30

min

100 psi
BC
53.1
45.5
37.3

BF
26.5
22.7
20

BC
106.2
91
74.6

BF
53
45.4
40

BC
74.6
61
46.6

BF
32.6
27.8
24.4

BC
5.8
5.5
5.1

BF
3.7
3.2
2.8

BC
22
17
14

BF
16.6
13.2
11.9

BC
29
23.5
19.6

BF
20.9
17.1
15

BC
58
47
39.2

BF
41.8
34.2
30

BC
30
21
16.8

BF
24.6
18.6
17.6

BC
5.1
4.7
4.0

BF
3.1
2.8
2.3

58.4
52
47.7

28.9
23.9
21.2

116.8
104
95.4

57.8
47.8
42.4

84
72
65.4

34.6
27.8
25.2

6
5.8
5.4

4.2
3.7
3.1

25
23
21

17.3
14.1
12.2

32
29.5
27

22.4
18.9
16.2

64
59
54

44.8
37.8
32.4

36
33
30

24.4
18.6
16.4

5.1
4.7
4.3

3.7
3.5
2.9

62.9
55.2
51.4

29.1
24.3
22.3

125.8
110.4
102.8

58.2
48.6
44.6

91.4
78
71.2

34.6
27.8
25

6.3
6.0
5.7

4.3
3.88
3.5

30
27
25

18.1
16.9
13.7

37.5
33.5
30.5

23.5
21.9
17.7

75
67
61

47
43.8
35.4

45
41
39

25.4
23.8
19.4

5.4
4.8
4.0

3.9
3.6
2.9

463

4.0
3.8
2.9
5.8
5.4
5.1
56
49
44
48.6
42.6
38

26.2
21.4
22

5.4
5.1
4.3
39
36
34
47
40.6
36.2

25.8
21
19.8

SF
3.5
2.9
2.2
SC
5.3
5.0
4.4
SC
33.6
22.6
20
SF
43.8
36.6
31.8

SF
24.6
20.6
19.8

Spurt loss [ml]

PPT value [ml]

3.8
3.5
2.9

A.M. Alsabagh et al.

Static filtration
rate [ml/min 1/2 ]

464

86
79
72
24.3
21.3
19

69
64
58
23.5
20.3
18.1

SC
62.4
50.2
44
SF
21.9
18.3
15.9

[ml]

SL 2  V7:5 min  V30 min  V7:5 min 

SFR 2  V30 min  V7:5 min =2:739

Where; PPT is the permeability plugging tester value(ml);

V30 min (ml) is the total filtrate collected in 30 min; SL is the
spurt loss (ml); V7.5 min (ml) is the filtrate collected in
7.5 min.; and the SFR is the static filtration rate (ml/min)

43
39.5
36
18.7
16
15

Drilling Fluids viscosity was measured using Chandler viscometer 3500 model [15]. Most successful drilling fluids are
non-Newtonian [17]. Pseudo plastic is a general type of shearthinning, but the non-Newtonian behaviour is the most desirable for drilling fluids [18]. Bingham plastic and power-law
models [19] describe the pseudo plastic behaviour. The viscosity
measurements started from low shear rates. The rheological
properties were measured over a shear range of 51022 s1.

sB 0:48  R300  PV

4.4
3.9
3.6

2.4.1. Bingham plastic model

gapp: R600 =2

6.6
6.2
5.9

35
32
29

34.5
32
29
18.2
15.4
14
27
25
23

SC
31.2
25.1
22
SC
24
18.2
16

100 psi

SF
17.1
14.3
12.9

min

V30
[ml]
min

gpl: R600  R300

Where, gpl. is the plastic viscosity (cp), R600 is the dial reading
at 600 r/min, R300 is the dial reading at 300 r/min, sB is the
yield point (lb/100 ft2) and gapp. is the apparent viscosity
(cp).2.4.2. Power law model

300 psi

4.3
3.8
3.5

34.8
27.6
25
112
101
94
58.8
49.2
45
29.4
24.6
22.5
74
67.7
63.2

148
135.4
126.4

6.4
6.0
5.8
34.6
27.8
24.8
102.8
97.8
89.2
58.2
48.6
44.4
138
131
121.2
29.1
24.3
22.2
69
65.5
60.6

SF
34.6
27.8
25
SC
86
74
64.8
SF
58.2
48.6
44.6
SC
119.2
106
95.2
SF
29.1
24.3
22.3
SC
59.6
53
47.6

At 10 micron ceramic discs

SC
SF
1.5
51.3
23.2
3.0
45
19.1
6.0
40
17.4
At 60 micron ceramic discs
1.5
60.2
23.2
3.0
57.2
19.1
6.0
52.6
17.3
At 90 micron ceramic discs
1.5
65
23.4
3.0
59.2
19.2
6.0
55.1
17.5

V30

min

[ml]

PPT value [ml]

Spurt loss [ml]

SC
6.1
5.8
5.5

SF
4.3
3.8
3.5

Static filtration [ml/min

1/2

V7.5

PPT 2  V30 min

2.4. Rheological properties

[ml]
min

V7.5
Conc. %

Filtration parameters for sawdust (fine & coarse size) using different ceramic discs at different pressures.
Table 5

Diameter 10, 60 and 90 micron as a filter medium at

differential pressures 100 and 300 psi. The filtration parameters can be made from the data collected at 7.5 and 30 min
intervals according to the following formulas [16]:

s kcn

Where k, and n are consistency and flow index respectively, s is

the shear stress, and c is the shear rate.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effect of particles size distribution on filtration parameters
for investigated natural materials
From Tables 35, all fine sized materials have better results in
filtration volume, PPT value and spurt loss than the coarse
sized material which means that the particle size distribution
for the fine sized material gives better filling properties as
shown in Fig. 1. A bridge may be initiated when several particles of lost circulation material lodge against each other in the
pore throat [11]. The smaller particles then may bridge the
openings between the larger, previously bridged particles. This
process continues until the pore becomes quite small.
The fine sized materials have more surface area so they
possess more resistance to pressure and they can plug pore
throats. And these results agree with Abrams rule. As shown
in Figs. 24 which illustrate filtrate volume, PPT value and
spurt loss (respectively) versus concentration for fine and
coarse size of peanut hulls as representative example.

Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic material

% Through, approx

70

465

Coarse

60

Fine

60

50

50
40
25

30

20

15

20

10

10

10

400 mesh

270 mesh

200 mesh

70 mesh

6 mesh

Screen Size

Figure 1

Dry screen analysis for coarse and fine size of investigated materials.

PC (300 PSI)

PF (300 psi)

PC (100 psi)

PF (100 psi)

Filtrate Volume, ml

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0

Concentration, %

Figure 2

Filtrate volume (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls with 10 micron ceramic discs at different pressures.

PC (300 PSI)

PF (300 psi)

PC (100 psi)

PF (100 psi)

100

PPT Value, ml

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0

Concentration, %

Figure 3

PPT value (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls with 10 micron ceramic discs at different pressures.

PC (300 PSI)

PF (300 psi)

PC (100 psi)

PF (100 psi)

70

Spurt Loss, ml

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Concentration, %

Figure 4

Spurt loss (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls with 10 micron ceramic discs at different pressures.

466

A.M. Alsabagh et al.

Peanut Hulls

Bagasse

Sawdust

Filterate Volume, ml

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10

Concentration, %

Figure 5

Filtrate volume (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust (in fine size) with 10 micron ceramic discs at 100 psi.

Peanut Hulls

Bagasse

Sawdust

45

PPT Value, ml

40
35
30
25
20

Concentration, %

Figure 6

PPT value (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust (in fine size) with 10 micron ceramic discs at 100 psi.

Peanut Hulls

Bagasse

Sawdust

26

Spurt Loss, ml

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10

Figure 7

3
4
Concentration, %

Spurt loss (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust (in fine size) with 10 micron ceramic discs at 100 psi.

3.2. Effect of concentration on filtration parameters for

investigated natural materials

3.3. Effect of cellulosic content and chemical composition on

filtration parameters for investigated natural materials

From Tables 35, it can be concluded that the three investigated cellulosic materials whether in fine or coarse size exhibits
better performance in all filtration parameters; filter loss after
30 min, PPT value, spurt loss and static filtration rate at a concentration of 0.6%. These results agree with Abrams rule.
This concentration is considered to be optimum as it is the
best concentration with changing the applied differential pressure and the permeability of ceramic discs, but this concentration exhibits its best performance with using 10 micron ceramic
disc at 100 psi.

All filtration parameters; filter loss after 30 min, PPT value,

spurt loss and Static filtration rate enhanced with the all investigated materials in comparison with the mud before addition as
shown in Table 2 and for the static filtration (velocity of flow)
rate values indicate that, all materials decrease the flow rate
drastically after addition of the natural materials to the waterbase mud. The peanut hulls show the better performance in
reducing the loss circulation of drilling fluids than the bagasse
and sawdust as peanut hulls as shown in Figs. 57. These results
may be due to the peanut hulls containing crude fibre (60%) and

Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic material

467

Figure 8 Represents SEM for 60 M ceramic disc (a) before PPT, (b) after PPT (6% of fine sized peanut hulls), (c) after PPT (6% of fine
sized sawdust).

MP

MB

MS

3.4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the formed

internal filter cakes

Shear Stress, lb/100ft 2

70
65
60

After PPT some of the ceramic discs have been photographed

by SEM to investigate the plugging quantity of investigated
materials. Best filtration result of 60 l ceramic disc is shown
on Fig. 8(ac).

55
50
45
40
35
30

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Shear Rate, sec -1

Shear rate (vs.) shear stress for different muds.

Figure 9

the least content of cellulose (25%) and the sawdust is the worst
one because it has the highest content of cellulose (58.2%) and
that makes it more friable under pressure.

Table 6
Mud used

M
MP
MB
MS

3.5. Effect of lost circulation materials on the rheological

properties of mud
The rheological properties are one of the most important properties for the lost circulation materials [20]. From the results
achieved by using Eqs. (4)(7), it can be seen that a slight
increase in the rheological properties occurs, and (sB) yield
point, plastic viscosity (gpl.), apparent viscosity (gapp.) and
the gel strengths are increased slightly for all materials.

Rheological properties of water-base drilling fluid (M) and with peanut hulls (MP), bagasse (MB) and sawdust (MS).
Bingham Plastic Parameters

Power law parameters

Plastic
viscosity [cP]

Apparent
viscosity [cP]

Yield point
[lb/100 ft2]

(Gel strengths)in.
[lb/100 ft2]

(Gel strengths)10
[lb/100 ft2]

Thixotropy
[lb/100ft2]

Flow
index []

Consistency index
[lb.sn/100 ft2]

3
3
5
5

26.5
27.5
29
31

47
49
48
52

28
30
32
33

31
33
36
37

3
3
4
4

0.084
0.109
0.13
0.12

29.6
25.9
23.5
26.7

468
The pattern of the curves obtained from shear stress and
shear rate relationship for the various materials showed that
the shear stress and shear rate was nonlinear as shown in
Fig. 9. This nonlinear relationship between shear stress and
shear rate showed that the water-base muds obeyed the power
law model for non-Newtonian fluid. In addition, the nonlinear
relationship between shear stress and shear rate showed that
the water-base muds are pseudoplastic. According to [19], a
fluid is pseudoplastic when the consistency curve obtained
from shear stress and shear rate relationship passes through
the origin and is nonlinear. Table 6 shows the values of flow
index, n, and consistency index, k, obtained for the muds after
adding the various materials. It is observed also from Table 6
that the flow index, n, is less than 1 for the investigated muds.
These results are consistent with [21], and this means that the
mud which has n < 1, can be considered as a pseudoplastic
behaviour material.
4. Conclusion
The conclusion can be addressed in the following points;
 Particle size distribution (PSD), concentration and chemical
composition are important keys for performance of lost circulation control materials.
 Fine size of lost circulation control materials is better than
coarse size because fine size has better filling behaviour.
 When concentration of lost circulation agents increases, it
gives better results in its filtration parameters.
 Peanut hulls have the best results compared to bagasse and
sawdust as they have 60% crude fibre and the least content
of cellulose.

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