Subject:

Anatomy

Date:

June 18, 2014

Title:
Lecturer:

1.2 Anatomy in Motion

Ma. Cristina S. Elma-Zulueta, M.D., M.S.P.H.

Sem/ A.Y.:

1st Semester AY 2014-2015

Transcribers: Alcantara, P., Alcoreza, A., Alejandro, A., Alipao, A., Allanigue, C., & Almonte, K.
Trans Subject Head: Jacinto Christian C. (09157536686/ccjacinto15@gmail.com)

a.
b.

c.

d.

A. OUTLINE
Approaches to studying anatomy
Anatomedical terminology
1. Anatomical position
2. Anatomical planes
3. Sections
4. Terms of relationship and comparison
5. Terms of laterality
6. Terms of movement
Skeletal system
1. 2 Functional Parts
2. Cartilage and Bones
3. Types of bones
4. Classification of bones
5. Bone markings and formation
6. Joints
7. Structural Classifications of Joints
Muscle tissue and the muscular system
1. Types of Muscle Tissue
2. Forms Skeletal Muscle
3. Contractions
4. General Anatomy
5. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles
6. Functions of Muscles
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Enumerate and describe the functional parts of the
skeletal system.
2. Classify bones and give examples.
3. Enumerate bony markings and give examples.
4. Describe the anatomical position.
5. Define anatomical planes and terms of relationship,
laterality and movement.
6. Classify joints and give examples of each.
7. Classify synovial joints and give examples of each.
8. Enumerate and describe the type of muscles.
9. Classify muscle based on the shape and give
examples.
10. Describe the coordinated action of muscle group.
III. ANATOMY IN MOTION

ANATOMICAL PLANES:

MEDIAL: vertical line passing longitudinally, dividing the body

into equal left and right portions.
Hand: 3rd digit
Foot: 2nd toe
SAGITTAL: vertical plane parallel to the medial plane.
PARAMEDIAN PLANE: sagittal plane nearest to the median
plane.
FRONTAL/CORONAL: vertical line at right angle to the
median plane, dividing the body into front (anterior/ventral)
and back parts (posterior/dorsal).
TRANSVERSE/AXIAL: horizontal planes at right angles to
the frontal and median planes, dividing the body into upper
(superior) and lower parts (inferior)

SECTIONS:

LONGITUDINAL: lengthwise and parallel to long axis

TRANSVERSE: cross section (right angle to the longitudinal)

OBLIQUE: slanted

A. APPROACHES TO STUDYING ANATOMY

REGIONAL ANATOMY: body segments

o
SURFACE ANATOMY: under the skin
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY: organ system and functions
(dermatology, angiology)
CLINICAL ANATOMY: regional + systemic + clinical
applications
B.

ANATOMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

ANATOMICAL POSITION:
Body positioning (upright)
Head, eyes and toes directed
anteriorly.
Arms to the side, palms facing
anteriorly. Lower limbs close
together; feet parallel with toes
sfacing anteriorly.

2018-A

TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP AND COMPARISON:

SUPERFICIAL, INTERMEDIATE, DEEP: position of structure

relative to the surface

MEDIAL: near the median plane

LATERAL: farther from the median plane

EXTERNAL/INTERNAL: far or near organ

POSTERIOR: dorsal/back

ANTERIOR: ventral/front.

ROSTRAL: same as anterior but for brain

INFERIOR: nearer sole of feet

CAUDAL: tail region

CRANIAL: toward head

ALCANTARA, P., ALCOREZA, A., ALEJANDRO, A., ALIPAO, A., ALLANIGUE, C., & ALMONTE, K.

1OF4

ANATOMY 1.2 Anatomy in Motion

SUPERIOR: vertex, top of cranium

INFEROMEDIAL: nearer feet and medial plane
SUPEROLATERAL: near head and far from the medial plane
PROXIMAL: near limb
DISTAL: far limb
DORSUM: superior and posterior surface of anything that
protrudes anteriorly (tongue, foot, penis and hand when
walking on all fours)
SOLE: bottom of foot.
PALM: flat of hand.

TERMS OF LATERALITY:

BILATERAL: pair (kidney)

UNILATERAL: one side of the body (spleen)

IPSILATERAL: occur on the same side as the other (toe

and thumb)

CONTRALATERAL: occur on opposite sides of the body

(right and left hand)

TERMS OF MOVEMENT:

FLEXION: bending or decreasing the angle between bones

Most joints (elbow): anterior direction but knee:
posterior

DORSIFLEXION: flexion at angle joint

PLANTARFLEXION: foot towards plantar surface (tip toe).

EXTENSION: straightening or increasing angle

HYPEREXTENSION: extension beyond normal limit.

ABDUCTION: move away from the medial plane in frontal

plane. (Moving away upper limb from side of body, moving
away other finger from 3rd finger)

ADDUCTION: move toward median plane in frontal plane

CIRCUMDUCTION: circular movement (flexion, extension,

abduction and adduction; i.e. hip).

ROTATION: turning/revolving part around a longitudinal axis.

MEDIAL: internal rotation; brings anterior
surface of limb along median plane.
LATERAL: external rotation; anterior surface
away from medial plane.

PRONATION: rotational movement of hand and forearm that

swings the radius medially around longitudinal axis. (Palm:
posterior; back of hand: anterior).

SUPINATION: opposite of pronation; back to anatomical

position.

OPPOSITION: thumb to other finger (pinching).

REPOSITION: thumb away from other fingers.

PROTRUSION: anterior

RETRUSION: posterior

PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION: anterior and posterior

for shoulder.

ELEVATION: Move parts superiorly.

DEPRESSION: moves inferiorly.

EVERSION: sole of foot away from the medial plane (fully

everted; dorsiflexed).

2018-A

INVERSION: sole of foot towards median plane (fully

inverted: plantarflexed).
OPPOSITION: pad of 1st digit brought to another digit pad
REPOSITION: movement from opposition back to anatomical
position
C.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

2 FUNCTIONAL PARTS:

AXIAL SKELETON: head (skull), neck (hyoid bone and

cervical vertebrae), trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae and
sacrum).

APPENDICULAR SKELETON: limb, shoulder (pectoral) and

pelvic.
CARTILAGE AND BONES:

CARTILAGE: connective tissue that forms part of the

skeleton where flexibility is required.
o No blood vessels
o Obtain oxygen through diffusions

PERICHONDRIUM: tissue surrounding cartilage.

BONE: supporting tissue of the body,

o Serves as clinical landmarks
o Typical adult count: 206 bones
o At birth: about 270 bones
o Fusion of bones: late adolescence or early 20s
o Protection for vital structures o Basis for movement
o Storage for salts (calcium)
o Continuous supply of new blood cells

PERIOSTEUM: tissue surrounding bones.

TYPES OF BONES:

COMPACT: strength for weight bearing.

SPONGY
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES:

LONG BONES: rigidity and attachments of muscles and

ligaments.
o Tubular (arm ligaments)

SHORT BONES: cuboidal (ankle=tarsus; wrist=carpus).

FLAT BONES: protection (cranium, scapula, sternum and

ribs).

IRREGULAR BONES: various shapes (face).

SESAMOID BONES: (patella/knee cap)

o
Helps avoid wear and tear

ACCESSORY BONES: replacement bones (sutural bones)

HETEROTOPIC BONES: form soft tissues (horse rider bones

in the thigh).
BONE MARKINGS AND FORMATION:
Where the tendons, arteries, ligaments and fascias are attached.

CAPITULUM: small and round headed.

CONDYLE: rounded and knuckle like (by pairs).

CREST: ridge of bone.

EPICONDYLE: eminence superior to condyle.

FACET: smooth flat area, covered with cartilage, where bone

articulates another.

FORAMEN: passage through bone.

FOSSA: hollow depressed area.

GROOVE: elongated depression/furrow.

HEAD: large, round articular end

LINE: linear elevation.

MALLEOLUS: rounded process

NOTCH: indentation at bone edge

PRETUBERANCE: projection of bone

SPINE: thorn like process

SPINOUS PROCESS: spine like part

TROCHANTER: blunt elevation

TROCHLEA: spool like; acts as pulley

ALCANTARA, P., ALCOREZA, A., ALEJANDRO, A., ALIPAO, A., ALLANIGUE, C., & ALMONTE, K.

2OF4

ANATOMY 1.2 Anatomy in Motion

TUBERCLE: small raised eminence

TUBEROSITY: large rounded elevation
ALVEOLUS: Socket of teeth.
SULCI: shallow depression.
MEATUS: canal like passageway.

JOINTS
Junction between 2 or more bones.
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:
A. SYNOVIAL JOINT: united by a joint capsule enclosing the articular
cavity (potential space that contains lubrication secreted by the synovial
membrane).
o
Most common type of joint.
o
Provide free movement between joined bones.
o
Joints of locomotion.
o
Typically in limb joints.
o
ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS: reinforce synovial joints.
o
INTRINSIC: thickening portion of joint capsule.
o
EXTRINSIC: separate.
6 MAJOR TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
1. PLANE JOINTS: permit gliding and sliding movements.
o
Numerous and small.
o
i.e. acromioclavicular joint.
2. HINGE JOINTS: flexion and extension.
o
Occur in sagittal plane around a single axis that runs
transversely.
o
Uniaxial joints.
o
i.e. elbow, knee and ankle joints
3. SADDLE JOINTS: abduction, adduction, flexion and extension.
o
Axis at right angles to each other (sagittal and frontal).
o
Movement in circular sequence is possible.
o
i.e. carpometacarpal phalangeal joint of the thumb
4. CONDYLOID JOINTS: flexion and extension as well as
abduction and adduction.
o
Biaxial
o
Sagittal movement.
o
Circumduction is possible but limited.
o
i.e. Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle joint)
5. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS: flexion, extension, abduction
and adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction
o
Multi axial
o
i.e. hip joint, shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
6. PIVOT JOINTS: rotation around central axis.
o
Uniaxial.
o
Rotate within a ring.
o
i.e. atlantoaxial joint (atlas and axis of the neck)
B. FIBROUS JOINTS: united by fibrous tissue; interlocking or
overlapping.
3 TYPES OF FIBROUS JOINTS
1. SUTURES: found in the skull
2. SYNDESMOSIS TYPE: unites bones with a sheet of fibrous
tissue (ligament or fibrous membrane)
o
Partially moveable.
o
Found at the lower leg between the tibia and fibula
3. GOMPHOSIS/DENTOALVEOLAR SYNDESMOSIS: peg like
process fits into a socket articulation between the roof of a tooth
and alveolar process of the jaw.
3.
C. CARTILAGE JOINTS: united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage;
no joint cavity; slightly moveable; usually found in the axial skeleton
PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
o
SYNCHRONDROSES
o
By hyaline cartilage
o
Permits slight bending.
o
Temporary.

2018-A

Found in epiphyseal plates

o
In long bones (humerus and femur)
o
Permit growth in bone length
SECONDARY CARTILAGIONOUS JOINTS
o
SYMPHYSES
o
By fibrocartilage
o
Found between the vertebrae (intervertebral discs) and pubic
symphysis of the pelvic girdle
o
Strong and slightly moveable
o
Provide strength and shock absorption and

D.

MUSCLE TISSUE AND THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE:

Distinguished based on these characteristics:

Voluntary vs. involuntary

Striated vs. smooth

Somatic vs. visceral

SKELETAL STRIATED MUSCLE: voluntary somatic muscle,
multi-striated, nucleus at periphery
o Make up gross skeletal muscles that compose the
muscular system, moving or stabilizing bones.
o i.e. biceps brachii
CARDIAC STRIATED MUSCLE: involuntary visceral muscles,
branched , striated, intercalated discs, nucleus at the center
o Forms wall of the heart and adjacent parts of the
great vessels (aorta) and pumps blood.
SMOOTH MUSCLE: unstriated, nucleus at the center, fusiform or
spindle shaped
o Involuntary visceral muscle.
o Forms walls of most vessels and hollow organs.
o Moving substances through pulsation/contraction.
FORMS SKELETAL MUSCLES:

FLAT: parallel fibers with aponeurosis.

o
i.e. sartorius muscle (longest muscle)

PENNATE: featherlike arrangement

o
Unipennate - Extensor digitorum longus
o
Bipennate - Rectus femoris
o
Multipennate - Biceps brachii

FUSIFORM: spindle shaped with round thick bellies and

tapered ends (i.e. rectus femoris)
CONVERGENT: from a broad area, it converge to form a
single tendon (i.e. pectoralis major)

ALCANTARA, P., ALCOREZA, A., ALEJANDRO, A., ALIPAO, A., ALLANIGUE, C., & ALMONTE, K.

3OF4

ANATOMY 1.2 Anatomy in Motion

QUADRATE: 4 equal sides (i.e. rectus

abdominis)
CIRCULAR/SPHINCTERAL: surround orifice and
constricting it.
MULTI-HEADED: more than 1 head (i.e. biceps brachii)

7. Identify.

CONTRACTIONS:

REFLEXIVE CONTRACTION: automatic

TONIC CONTRACTION: slight contraction when relaxed.

PHASIC CONTRACTION:
o
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION: changes length in
relationship to production of movement
o
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION: movement
occurs as a result of muscle shortening
o
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION: contracting muscle
lengthens as It undergoes a controlled and gradual
relaxation while continuing to exert force
I.e Coordinated functional movements (walking).
o
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS: muscle length
remains the same, no movement occurs.
GENERAL ANATOMY

ORIGIN (head): attachment site that doesnt move during

contraction, usually a bone

INSERTION: moves during contraction

THICK BELLY: part where you cut in dissection

INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MUSCLES

INTRINSIC: origin & insertion are in the same region

o
i.e. Hand muscles

EXTRINSIC: acts upon a designated region but has its origin

elsewhere
o
i.e. Forearm muscles acting on the fingers
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES:

PRIME MOVER/AGONIST: responsible for producing a

specific movement in the body
o
Contracts to produce desired movement

SYNERGIST: assist prime mover

ANTAGONIST: opposes action of another muscle

o
Primary antagonists may directly oppose the prime
mover.

FIXATORS: steady proximal parts of the limb through

isometric contraption.

STABILITY

COMMUNICATION

CONTROL BODY OPENING AND PASSAGES

HEAT PRODUCTION
IV.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is bilateral?
a. Liver
b. Heart
c. Kidney
d. Spleen
2. The ff. are true about bones except:
a. Protection for vital structures
b. Typical adult count of bones is 270
c. Storage for salts
d. Continuous supply of new blood cells
3. The ff. are the correct anatomical position of the body except:
a. Upright body positioning
b. Palms facing posteriorly
c. Toes directed anteriorly
d. Feet parallel with toes facing anteriorly.
4. Enumerate the functional parts of the skeletal system.
5. Name and describe the structure of joints.
6. What are the different types of muscle tissues? Differentiate one
from the other.

2018-A

ANSWERS:
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. Functional Parts:
Axial: skull, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum
Appendicular: extremities (appendages)
5. Structural Types of Joints:
Fibrous joints - articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous joints - articulating bones joined by fibrocartilage or
hyaline cartilage Synovial joints - Joint capsule containing synovial
membrane and synovial fluid
6. Types:
SKELETAL MUSCLE: voluntary, multi-striated, nucleus found at the
periphery
CARDIAC MUSCLE: involuntary, striated, nucleus at the center,
branched, intercalated discs are present,
SMOOTH MUSCLE: involuntary, unstriated, nucleus at the center,
fusiform or spindle shaped
7. Terms of Movement: A. Abduction
B. Adduction
F. Dorsiflexion
C. Circumduction
G. Plantar Flexion
D. Eversion
H. Flexion
E. Inversion
I. Extension
V. REFERENCES

Moore, K. & Dalley, A. (2006)

Clinically Oriented Anatomy.
Lippincot Williams & Wilkins.

ALCANTARA, P., ALCOREZA, A., ALEJANDRO, A., ALIPAO, A., ALLANIGUE, C., & ALMONTE, K.

4OF4