Anatomy

Subject:
Date:
Anatomy in Motion
Title:
Lecturer:
Ma. Cristina S. Elma-Zulueta, M.D., M.S.P.H.
Sem/ A.Y.:
Transcribers: Alcantara, P., Alcoreza, Alejandro, Alipao, Allanigue, Almonte
Trans Subject Head: Chong, C. (09157473138/ uerm2018a.anatomy@gmail.com)

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June 18, 2014

2nd/A.Y. 2014-2015

I.
OUTLINE
Approaches to studying anatomy
Anatomedical terminology
a. Anatomical position
b. Anatomical planes
c. Terms of relationship and comparison
d. Terms of laterality
e. Terms of movement
Integumentary System
Fascias, fascial compartments, bursae, and potential spaces
Skeletal System
a. Bone markings and formation
b. Bone development
c. Vasculature and innervation of bones
Joints
a. Joint vascular innervation
Muscle tissue and the muscular system
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Functions of muscles
Figure 1: Anatomical Position

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J.

II. OBJECTIVES
Enumerate and describe the functional parts of the skeletal
system.
Classify bones and give examples.
Enumerate bony markings and give examples.
Describe the anatomical position.
Define anatomical planes and terms of relationship, laterality
and movement.
Classify joints and give examples of each.
Classify synovial joints and give examples of each.
Enumerate and describe the type of muscles.
Classify muscle based on the shape and give examples.
Describe the coordinated action of muscle group.

ANATOMICAL PLANES:

III. ANATOMY IN MOTION

A. ANATOMY

The study of body structure

Figure 2: Anatomical Planes

Approaches to studying Anatomy

REGIONAL ANATOMY: body segments

o SURFACE ANATOMY: under the skin
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY: organ system and functions
(dermatology, angiology)
CLINICAL ANATOMY: regional + systemic + clinical
applications

o
o
o

Anatomedical Terminology

ANATOMICAL POSITION:
o Body positioning: upright
o Head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly.
o Arms to the side, palms facing anteriorly.
o Lower limbs close together; feet parallel with toes
facing anteriorly.

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MEDIAL: vertical line passing longitudinally, dividing the

body into equal left and right portions.

Hand: 3rd digit

Foot: 2nd toe

SAGITTAL: vertical plane parallel to the medial plane.
PARAMEDIAN PLANE: sagittal plane nearest to the
median plane.
FRONTAL/CORONAL: vertical line at right angle to the
median plane, dividing the body into front
(anterior/ventral) and back parts (posterior/dorsal).
TRANSVERSE/AXIAL: horizontal planes at right angles
to the frontal and median planes, dividing the body into
upper (superior) and lower parts (inferior)

ANATOMICAL PLANES:
o LONGITUDINAL: lengthwise and parallel to long axis
o TRANSVERSE: cross section (right angle to the
longitudinal)
o OBLIQUE: slanted

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Figure 3: Anatomical Sections

TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP AND COMPARISON:

o SUPERFICIAL, INTERMEDIATE, DEEP: position of
structure relative to the surface
o MEDIAL: near the median plane
o LATERAL: farther from the median plane
o EXTERNAL/INTERNAL: far or near organ
o POSTERIOR: dorsal/back
o ANTERIOR: ventral/front.
o ROSTRAL: same as anterior but for brain
o INFERIOR: nearer sole of feet
o CAUDAL: tail region
o CRANIAL: toward head
o SUPERIOR: vertex, top of cranium
o INFEROMEDIAL: nearer feet and medial plane
o SUPEROLATERAL: near head and far from the medial
plane
o PROXIMAL: near limb
o DISTAL: far limb
o DORSUM: superior and posterior surface of anything
that protrudes anteriorly (tongue, foot, penis and hand
when walking on all fours)
o SOLE: bottom of foot.
o PALM: flat of hand.

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DORSIFLEXION: flexion at angle joint

PLANTARFLEXION: foot towards plantar surface (tip
toe).
EXTENSION: straightening or increasing angle
HYPEREXTENSION: extension beyond normal limit.
ABDUCTION: move away from the medial plane in
frontal plane. (Moving away upper limb from side of
body, moving away other finger from 3rd finger)
ADDUCTION: move toward median plane in frontal
plane
CIRCUMDUCTION: circular movement (flexion,
extension, abduction and adduction; i.e. hip).
ROTATION: turning/revolving part around a longitudinal
axis.

MEDIAL: internal rotation; brings anterior surface of

limb along median plane.

LATERAL: external rotation; anterior surface away

from medial plane.
PRONATION: rotational movement of hand and forearm
that swings the radius medially around longitudinal axis.
(Palm: posterior; back of hand: anterior).
SUPINATION: opposite of pronation; back to anatomical
position.
OPPOSITION: thumb to other finger (pinching).
REPOSITION: thumb away from other fingers.
PROTRUSION: anterior
RETRUSION: posterior
PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION: anterior and
posterior for shoulder.
ELEVATION: Move parts superiorly.
DEPRESSION: moves inferiorly.
EVERSION: sole of foot away from the medial plane
(fully everted; dorsiflexed).
INVERSION: sole of foot towards median plane (fully
inverted: plantarflexed).
OPPOSITION: pad of 1st digit brought to another digit
pad
REPOSITION: movement from opposition back to
anatomical position
B.

Figure 4: Terms of Relationship and Comparison

TERMS OF LATERALITY:
o
BILATERAL: pair (kidney)
o
UNILATERAL: one side of the body (spleen)
o
IPSILATERAL: occur on the same side as the other (toe
and thumb)
o
CONTRALATERAL: occur on opposite sides of the body
(right and left hand)
TERMS OF MOVEMENT:
o
FLEXION: bending or decreasing the angle between
bones

Most joints (elbow): anterior direction but knee:

posterior

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

2 FUNCTIONAL PARTS:
o
AXIAL SKELETON: head (skull), neck (hyoid bone and
cervical vertebrae), trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae and
sacrum).
o
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: limb, shoulder (pectoral)
and pelvic.

CARTILAGE AND BONES:

o
CARTILAGE: connective tissue that forms part of the
skeleton where flexibility is required.

No blood vessels

Obtain oxygen through diffusions

o
PERICHONDRIUM: tissue surrounding cartilage.
o
BONE: supporting tissue of the body,

Serves as clinical landmarks

Typical adult count: 206 bones

At birth: about 270 bones

Fusion of bones: late adolescence or early 20s

Protection for vital structures

Basis for movement

Storage for salts (calcium)

Continuous supply of new blood cells

o
PERIOSTEUM: tissue surrounding bones.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES:
LONG BONES: rigidity and attachments of muscles and
ligaments.
o Tubular (arm ligaments)
SHORT BONES: cuboidal (ankle=tarsus; wrist=carpus).
FLAT BONES: protection (cranium, scapula, sternum and
ribs).
IRREGULAR BONES: various shapes (face).

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SESAMOID BONES: (patella/knee cap)
o Helps avoid wear and tear
ACCESSORY BONES: replacement bones (sutural bones)
HETEROTOPIC BONES: form soft tissues (horse rider bones

o
o
o

in the thigh).
BONE MARKINGS AND FORMATION:
- Where the tendons, arteries, ligaments and fascia are attached.
CAPITULUM: small and round headed.
CONDYLE: rounded and knuckle like (by pairs).
CREST: ridge of bone.
EPICONDYLE: eminence superior to condyle.
FACET: smooth flat area, covered with cartilage, where bone
articulates another.
FORAMEN: passage through bone.
FOSSA: hollow depressed area.
GROOVE: elongated depression/furrow.
HEAD: large, round articular end
LINE: linear elevation.
MALLEOLUS: rounded process
NOTCH: indentation at bone edge
PRETUBERANCE: projection of bone
SPINE: thorn like process
SPINOUS PROCESS: spine like part
TROCHANTER: blunt elevation
TROCHLEA: spool like; acts as pulley
TUBERCLE: small raised eminence
TUBEROSITY: large rounded elevation
ALVEOLUS: Socket of teeth.
SULCI: shallow depression.
MEATUS: canal like passageway.
JOINTS
Junction between 2 or more bones.
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:
1. SYNOVIAL JOINT: united by a joint capsule enclosing the
articular cavity (potential space that contains lubrication
secreted by the synovial membrane).
o
Most common type of joint.
o
Provide free movement between joined bones.
o
Joints of locomotion.
o
Typically in limb joints.
o
ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS: reinforce synovial
joints.

INTRINSIC: thickening portion of joint

capsule.

EXTRINSIC: separate

6 MAJOR TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

PLANE JOINTS: permit gliding and sliding
movements.
o
Numerous and small.
o
i.e. acromioclavicular joint.
HINGE JOINTS: flexion and extension.
o
Occur in sagittal plane around a single
axis that runs transversely.
o
Uniaxial joints.
o
i.e. elbow, knee and ankle joints
SADDLE JOINTS: abduction, adduction, flexion
and extension.
o
Axis at right angles to each other (sagittal
and frontal).
o
Movement in circular sequence is
possible.
o
i.e. carpometacarpal phalangeal joint of
the thumb
CONDYLOID JOINTS: flexion and extension as
well as abduction and adduction.
o
Biaxial

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Sagittal movement.
Circumduction is possible but limited.
i.e. Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle
joint)
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS: flexion, extension,
abduction and adduction, medial and lateral
rotation and circumduction
o
Multi axial
o
i.e. hip joint, shoulder joint (glenohumeral
joint)
PIVOT JOINTS: rotation around central axis.
o
Uniaxial.
o
Rotate within a ring.
o
i.e. atlantoaxial joint (atlas and axis of the
neck)

2.

FIBROUS JOINTS: united by fibrous tissue; interlocking or

overlapping.
3 TYPES OF FIBROUS JOINTS
SUTURES: found in the skull
SYNDESMOSIS TYPE: unites bones with a sheet
of fibrous tissue (ligament or fibrous membrane)
o
Partially moveable.
o
Found at the lower leg between the tibia
and fibula
GOMPHOSIS/DENTOALVEOLAR
SYNDESMOSIS: peg like process fits into a socket
articulation between the roof of a tooth and alveolar
process of the jaw.

3.

CARTILAGE JOINTS: united by hyaline cartilage or

fibrocartilage; no joint cavity; slightly moveable; usually found
in the axial skeleton
PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

SYNCHRONDROSES

By hyaline cartilage

Permits slight bending.

Temporary.

Found in epiphyseal plates

o
In long bones (humerus and femur)
o
Permit growth in bone length
SECONDARY CARTILAGIONOUS JOINTS

SYMPHYSES

By fibrocartilage

Found between the vertebrae (intervertebral discs)

and pubic symphysis of the pelvic girdle

Strong and slightly moveable.

Provide strength and shock absorption

C.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Figure 5: Types of Muscle

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TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE:

Distinguished based on these characteristics:
Voluntary vs. involuntary
Striated vs. smooth
Somatic vs. visceral

SKELETAL STRIATED MUSCLE: voluntary somatic muscle,

multi-striated, nucleus at periphery
o
Make up gross skeletal muscles that compose the
muscular system, moving or stabilizing bones.
o
i.e. biceps brachii

INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MUSCLES

INTRINSIC: origin & insertion are in the same region

o
i.e. Hand muscles

EXTRINSIC: acts upon a designated region but has its origin

elsewhere
o
i.e. Forearm muscles acting on the fingers

III.

CARDIAC STRIATED MUSCLE: involuntary visceral

muscles, branched , striated, intercalated discs, nucleus at
the center
o
Forms wall of the heart and adjacent parts of the
great vessels (aorta) and pumps blood.

1.

SMOOTH MUSCLE: unstriated, nucleus at the center,

fusiform or spindle shaped
o
Involuntary visceral muscle.
o
Forms walls of most vessels and hollow organs.
o
Moving substances through pulsation/contraction.

2.

FORMS SKELETAL MUSCLES:

FLAT: parallel fibers with aponeurosis.

o
i.e. sartorius muscle (longest muscle)

PENNATE: featherlike arrangement

o
Unipennate - Extensor digitorum longus
o
Bipennate - Rectus femoris
o
Multipennate - Biceps brachii

FUSIFORM: spindle shaped with round thick bellies and

tapered ends (i.e. rectus femoris)

CONVERGENT: from a broad area, it converge to form a

single tendon (i.e. pectoralis major)

QUADRATE: 4 equal sides (i.e. rectus abdominis)

CIRCULAR/SPHINCTERAL: surround orifice and constricting

it.

MULTI-HEADED: more than 1 head (i.e. biceps brachii)

HEAT PRODUCTION

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

GUIDE QUESTIONS

Which of the following is bilateral?

a. Liver
b. Heart
c. Kidney
d. Spleen
The ff. are true about bones except:
a. Protection for vital structures
b. Typical adult count of bones is 270
c. Storage for salts
d. Continuous supply of new blood cells
The ff. are the correct anatomical position of the body
except:
a. Upright body positioning
b. Palms facing posteriorly
c. Toes directed anteriorly
d. Feet parallel with toes facing anteriorly.
Enumerate the functional parts of the skeletal system.
Name and describe the structure of joints.
What are the different types of muscle tissues?
Differentiate one from the other.
Identify.

CONTRACTIONS:

REFLEXIVE CONTRACTION: automatic

TONIC CONTRACTION: slight contraction when relaxed.

PHASIC CONTRACTION:
o
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION: changes length in
relationship to production of movement
o
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION: movement occurs
as a result of muscle shortening
o
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION: contracting muscle
lengthens as It undergoes a controlled and gradual
relaxation while continuing to exert force

Coordinated functional movements

(walking).
o
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS: muscle length
remains the same, no movement occurs.
GENERAL ANATOMY

ORIGIN (head): attachment site that doesnt move during

contraction, usually a bone

INSERTION: moves during contraction

THICK BELLY: part where you cut in dissection

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES:

PRIME MOVER/AGONIST: responsible for producing a

specific movement in the body
o
Contracts to produce desired movement

SYNERGIST: assist prime mover

ANTAGONIST: opposes action of another muscle

o
Primary antagonists may directly oppose the prime
mover.

FIXATORS: steady proximal parts of the limb through

isometric contraption.

STABILITY

COMMUNICATION

CONTROL BODY OPENING AND PASSAGES

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8.

What is the difference between plantar flexion and

dorsiflexion?

Additional Study Questions:

1. How is laterality affected when you view the person from the front?
How is affected when the person is viewed from the back?
2. How are the function and movement of joints related?

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SUBJECT XX.XX: Lecture Title

ANSWERS:
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. Functional Parts:
Axial: skull, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum
Appendicular: extremities (appendages)
5. Structural Types of Joints:
Fibrous joints - articulating bones joined by fibrous
connective tissue
Cartilaginous joints - articulating bones joined by
fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Synovial joints - Joint capsule containing synovial
membrane and synovial fluid
6. Types:
SKELETAL MUSCLE: voluntary, multi-striated, nucleus
found at the periphery CARDIAC MUSCLE: involuntary,
striated, nucleus at the center, branched, intercalated discs
are present,
SMOOTH MUSCLE: involuntary, unstriated, nucleus at the
center, fusiform or spindle shaped
7. Terms of Movement:
A. Abduction
B. Adduction
C. Circumduction
D. Eversion
E. Inversion

F. Dorsiflexion
G. Plantar Flexion
H. Flexion
I. Extension

8.

IV. REFERENCES
Zulueta, C. (Lecturer). (2014). Anatomy in Motion. University of the East
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center.
2017A Trans. (2013). University of the East Ramon Magsaysay
Memorial Medical Center.

2018-A

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