FIRST AID in the Campus

Module 1: Introduction to First Aid

First Aid
Is an immediate care given to a person who
has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
Role and responsibilities of the First Aider
Bridge the gap between the victim and the
physician
Ensure personal safety and that of
patient/bystander
Gain access to the victim
Determine any threats to the patients life
Summon more advanced medical care as
needed
Provide needed care for the patient
Assist Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)
and medical personnel
Record all assessments and care given to
the patient
Objectives of First Aid
To alleviate suffering
To prevent added/further injury or danger
To prolong life
Characteristics of a good First Aider
Gentle
Resourceful
Observant
Tactful
Empathic
Respectable/Respectful
Hindrances in giving First Aid
Unfavorable surroundings

Presence of crowds
Pressure from victim or relatives

Transmission of diseases and the First

Aiders
1.Direct contact transmission
Occurs when a person touches an infected
persons body fluids
2.Indirect contact transmission
Occurs when a person touches objects that
have been contaminated by the blood or
another body fluid of an infected person
3.Airborne transmission
Occurs when a person inhales infected
droplets that have become airborne as an
infected person coughs or sneezes
4.Vector transmission
when an animal such as a dog or an insect,
such as tick, transmits a pathogen into the
body through a bite occurs
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Are precautions taken to isolate or prevent
risk of exposure from any other type of bodily
substance.
Basic precautions and practices
Personal hygiene
Protective equipment
Equipment cleaning and disinfecting
Module 2: Guidelines in Giving Emergency
Care
Plan of Action
Gathering of needed materials

Initial Response
- Ask for help
- Intervene
- Do no further harm
Instruction to helper/s

Emergency Action Principle

1. Survey the scene
> is the scene safe?
> what happened?
> how many are injured?
> are there bystanders who can help?
> identify yourself as a trained first aider
> get consent to give care
2. Do a Primary Survey
In every emergency situation, you must first
find out if there are conditions that are an
immediate threat to the victims life.
a.
Check
for
Consciousness
(Activate
Medical Assistance & Transport Facilities)
In some emergency, you will have enough time to
call
for
specific
medical
advice
before
administering first aid. But in some situations, you
will need to attend to the victim first.
Call First:
if a lone responder finds an
unresponsive adult (no movement or response to
stimulation given); cause is likely to be cardiac
related. The responder should activate EMS (call
the local emergency number), get an AED (if
available) and return to the victim to give care
Care First:

if a lone responder is giving care to an

unresponsive victim of a drowning or other
incident that is likely to be a respiratory-related
event, he or she should give 5 cycles or about 2
minutes of CPR before leaving the victim to
activate EMS
b. check for airway
- head tilt-chin lift maneuver
- jaw thrust maneuver
(for patients suspected with head / spinal cord
injury)
c. check for breathing (LLF position)
d. check for circulation
3. Do a Secondary Survey of the victim
interview the victim
ask what happened
ask the SAMPLE history
S signs and symptoms of the
episode
A

allergies,
particularly
to
medication
M medications
P past medical history
L last oral intake (food, drinks,
meds.)
E events leading to the episode
- Check the vital signs
pulse
Adult
60-90/min
Child
80-100/min
Infant
100-120/min
respiration
Adult
12-20/min

Child
18-25/min
Infant
25-35/min
skin appearance
pupils
blood pressure
- Do head-to-toe exam
D deformity
C contusions
A abrasions
P punctures
B burn/bleeding
T tenderness
L laceration
S swelling
Golden Rules in giving emergency care
What to DO:
Do obtain consent, when possible
Do think the worst, its better to administer
1st aid for the gravest possibility
Do remember to identify yourself to the
victim
Do provide comfort and emotional support
Do respect the victims modesty and
physical privacy
Do be as calm and as direct as possible
Do care for the most serious injuries first
Do assist the victim with his or her
prescription medication
Do keep onlookers away from the injured
person
Do handle the victim to a minimum
Do loosen tight clothing
What NOT to DO:

Do not let the victim see his/her own injury

Do not leave the victim alone except to get
help
Do not assume that the victims obvious
injuries are the only ones
Do not make any unrealistic promises
Do not trust the judgment of a confused
victim and require them to make decision

Module 3: Patient / Casualty Handlin

Emergency Rescue
Is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe
place to a place of safety
Emergency Transfer
Is moving a patient from one place to
another after giving first aid
Methods of Transfer
1. One-man assist/carries/drags
Assist to walk
Carry in arms (cradle)
Pack-strap carry
Firemans carry
Feet drag
Armpit/Shoulder Drag
Firemans Drag
2. Two-man assist/carries
Assist to walk
Four-hand seat
Hands as a litter
Carry by extremities

 Firemans Carry with Assistance

3. Three man Carry
Bearers Alongside
Hammock Carry
Module 4: Shock
Shock
Is a depressed condition of many body
functions due to failure of enough blood to
circulate throughout the body following serious
injury
Major causes of shock
Pump failure
Hypovolemia
Vasodilatation
Causes of shock
Severe bleeding
Crushing injury
Infection
Heart attack
Perforation
Shell bomb and bullet wound
Rupture of tubal pregnancies
Anaphylaxis
Starvation and disease
Factors which contribute to shock
P pain
R rough handling
I improper transfer
C continuous bleeding
E exposure to extreme heat or cold
F fatigue
Dangers of Shock

Lead to death
Predisposes body to infection
Lead to loss of body part
Signs and symptoms of shock
Early stage:
Face pale or cyanotic in color
Skin cold and clammy
Breathing irregular
Pulse rapid and weak
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness
Thirsty
Late stage:
Apathetic or relatively unresponsive
Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression
Pupils are dilated
Blood vessels may be congested producing
mottled appearances
Blood pressure has very low level
Unconsciousness
may
occur,
body
temperature falls
Objectives of first aid for shock:
To improve circulation of the blood
To ensure adequate supply of oxygen
To maintain normal body temperature
First aid and preventive management of
shock
P proper position
P proper body heat
P proper transfer
Module 5: Soft Tissue Injuries
Wound

Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body

either external or internal
Two classification of wounds
1.Closed wound
causes:
Blunt object result in contusion or bruises
Application of external forces
Signs and symptoms (closed wounds)
Pain and tenderness
Swelling
Discoloration
Hematoma
Uncontrolled restlessness
Thirst
Symptoms of shock
Vomiting or cough-up blood
Passage of blood in the urine or feces
Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear
canal
First aid management
I ice application
S splinting
2. Open wound
classification of open wound:
P puncture
A abrasion
L laceration
A avulsion
I incision

Dangers of open wounds

Hemorrhage
Infection
Shock
Kinds of bleeding
Arterial bleeding
Venous bleeding
Capillary bleeding
First Aid management (wound with severe
bleeding)
C control bleeding
C cover with dressing
C care for shock
C consult physician
Burns
Is an injury involving the skin, including
muscles, bones, nerve and blood vessels. This
results from heat, chemicals, electricity or solar,
or other forms of radiation
Factors to determine the seriousness of
burns:
1. Depth
First-degree burns (superficial)
Second-degree burns (partial thickness)
Third-degree burns (full-thickness)
2. Extent to the affected body surface area
3. Location of the burns
4. Victims age and medical condition
Types of burns
1. Thermal burns
2. Chemical burns

3. Electrical burns
First Aid management for thermal burns
1st and 2nd degree burns
a. Relieve pain by immersing in cold water. If
cold water is unavailable, use any cold
drinks you have to reduce the burned skin
temperature
b. Cover the burn with a dry, non-stick sterile
dressing or clean cloth
rd
3 degree thermal burns
c. Cover the burn with a dry, non-stick sterile
dressing or a clean cloth
d. Treat the patient for shock by elevating the
legs and keeping the patient warm by
covering with a dry clean sheet or blanket
Immediately remove the chemical by
flushing with water
Remove the victims clothing while flushing
with water
Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the
victim wash with mild soap before a final
rinse
Cover the burned area with a dry dressing,
or for large areas, with a clean pillow case
If the chemical is in the eye, flush it with
copious amount of water using low pressure
Seek medical attention immediately for all
chemical burns
Care for electrical burns
Unplug, disconnect, or turn off power. If that
is impossible, call the power company or ask
for help

Check the ABC. Provide CPR if necessary

If the victim fell, check for spinal injury
Treat the victim for shock
Seek medical attention immediately.
Electrical injuries are treated in burn centers
Specific body injuries
Blows to the eye
chemical burns
eye knocked out
foreign object
Nosebleeds
Knocked-out tooth
Impaled objects
Bandaging technique
1. Open Phase
Head (topside)
Chest; back of chest
Hand; foot
2. Cravat Phase
Forehead; eye
Ear; cheek; jaw
Shoulder; hip
Arm; leg
Elbow; knee (straight; bent)
Palm pressure bandage
Palm bandage of open hand
Module 7: Poisoning
Poison
Is any substance, solid liquid or gas, that
tends to impair health or cause death when
introduced into the body or onto the skin surface.

Causes:
common in suicide attempts
occasional accidental poisoning
Ways in which poisoning may occur:
Ingestion
Inhalation
Injection
Absorption
Common household poison
sleeping pills
pain relievers
insect and rodent poisons
kerosene
denatured alcohol
lye and acids including boric
poisonous plants
Contaminated water
fume
Ingested poison
Is one that is introduced into the digestive
tract by way of the mouth
Signs and symptoms:
Altered mental status
Burns around the mouth
Odd breath odors
Nausea, vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
First Aid:
Try to identify the poison
Place the victim on his or her left side

Monitor ABCs
Save any empty container, spoiled food for
analysis
Save any vomitus and keep it with the
victim is he or she is taken to an emergency
facility
Inhaled poison
Is a poison breathed into the lungs
Signs and symptoms
Breathing difficulty
Chest pain
Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the
throat
Cyanosis
Dizziness, headache
Seizures, unresponsiveness (advance
stages)
First aid
Remove the victim from the toxic
environment and into fresh air immediately
Check ABC
Seek medical attention
Absorbed poison
Is a poison that enters the body through the
skin
Signs and symptoms
History of exposures
Liquid or powder on the skin
Burns
Itching, irritation
Redness, rash, blisters
First Aid

remove the clothing

with a dry cloth, blot the poison from the
skin. If the poison is a dry powder, brush it
off
flood the affected area with large amount of
water
continue monitoring the patients vital signs
Injected poison
Is a poison that enters the body through a
bite, sting or syringe
Insect bites/sting
Signs and symptoms
stinger may be present
pain
swelling
possible allergic reaction

First aid
remove stinger
wash wound
cover the wound
apply a cold pack
watch for signals of allergic reaction
General care for poisoning
Survey the scene
Remove the victim from the source of the
poison
Do a primary survey
Care for any life threatening condition
If the victim is conscious, do a secondary
survey
Do not give the victim anything by mouth
unless advised by medical professionals

Module 8: Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries

Common Causes
Vehicular accident
Motorbike accidents
Mishandling of tools & equipment
Falls
Sports
Sign and symptoms
Pain
Bruising
Swelling
Misshapen appearance and obvious
deformity
Exposed bone
Pale, bluish skin; loss of pulse in an injured
limb
Numbness further down the arm or leg
Module 10: Common Emergencies
Environmental Emergencies
Hypothermia
Exposure to extreme cold for a short time or
moderate
cold for a long time can cause hypothermia.
1. Mild Hypothermia
The patient will present with cold skin and
shivering and will still be alert and oriented.
First Aid
Check responsiveness.
Cover the patient with a warm blanket.
Apply hot compress.

 Check vital signs.

Refer to a physician.
2. Severe Hypothermia
Patients may become unresponsive. This is
a true
medical emergency that can lead to death.
First Aid
Check responsiveness.
Check ABC, perform CPR if needed.
Care for shock
Refer to a physician.
Mechanism of Heat Loss
Convection
Respiration
Radiation
Conduction
Evaporation

Heat Cramps
A response to heat characterized by fatigue,
weakness, and collapse due to inadequate intake
of water to compensate for loss of fluids through
sweating.
First Aid
Have the victim rest with his or her feet
elevated.
Cool the victim.
Give the victim electrolyte beverages to
sip or make a salted drink.
Monitor the victim for signs of shock
If the victim starts having seizures, protect

him/her from injury and give first aid for

convulsions.
If the victim loses consciousness, give
first aid for unconsciousness.
Heat Exhaustion
A response to heat characterized by fatigue,
weakness, and collapse due to inadequate intake
of water to compensate for loss of fluids through
sweating.
First Aid
Have the victim rest with his or her feet
elevated.
Cool the victim.
Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip
or
make a salted drink.
Monitor the victim for signs of shock.
If the victim starts having seizures, protect
him/her from injury and give first aid for
convulsions.
If the victim loses consciousness, give first
aid for unconsciousness.
Heat Stroke or Sunstroke
A response to heat characterized by
extremely high body temperature
and disturbance of sweating mechanism
First Aid
Cool the victim.
Give First Aid for Shock.
If the victim starts having seizures, give
first aid for seizures.
Keep the victim cool as you await medical
help.

Seizure
Is a sudden involuntary muscle contraction,
usually due to uncontrolled electrical activity in
the brain
Signs and Symptoms
Local tingling or twitching in some parts of
the body
Brief blackout or period of confused
behavior
Sudden falling, loss of consciousness
Drooling, frothing of the mouth
Vigorous muscle spasm; twitching, jerking
limbs, stiffening
Grunting; snorting
Loss of bladder and bowel control
Temporary cessation of breathing
Seizure are often associated with epilepsy;
high blood pressure; heart disease; brain
tumor, stroke, or other brain illness or
injury; shaking young children violently;
fever in children; head injury; electric shock;
heat illness; poisoning; venomous bites and
stings; choking; and drug overdose or
alcohol withdrawal
First Aid management
If you know the person has epilepsy, it is
usually not necessary to call physician unless:
If the seizure lasts longer than a few
minutes
Another seizure begins soon after the first

He or she does not regain consciousness

after the jerking movement has stopped
However, you should call a physician when
someone having a seizure also Is pregnant
Carries identification as a diabetic
Is in the water and has swallowed large
amounts of water